Biology 06/08/13 Epidermis The outer layer of cells covering the leaf, epidermal cells, guard cells, epidermal

hairs, cuticle. Function of the epidermis, protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, in some species absorption of water

Palisade mesophyll One layer or several layers Contain more chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs).

Spongy mesophyll consists of irregularly shaped cells Contains less chloroplast Layer has many intercellular air spaces, allowing gas exchange to accur

Vascular bundles Made up of Xylem (transports water and minerals), phloem (transports glucose/photosynthetic products)

Stomata Tin pores found in the epidermis (can occur anywhere except the roots most abundant in the leaves). Site of gas exchange regulation and water evaporation Bordered by two guard cells Guard cells open and close the stomata according to the current condition Stomata will close during mid-day and during harsh weather conditions

Guard cell function To minimise water loss If plant is hydrated; water passes into the guards cells and increases their turgor This causes the guard cells to buckle and open the stomata If plant is dehydrated; water will move out of the guard cell and will lose their turgor and close.

Stomata will be open if

Biology 06/08/13 Aboudancy of light Bright light Low internal carbon dioxide

Stomata will be closed if Harsh dry weather conditions Mid-day Dehydrated