XEROPTHALMIA

CORNEA IS DRY AND LUSTURELESS, EVENTUALLY OPAQUE AND SOFT, COLOUR YELLOWISH. INFANTS FACE. IT IS DUE TO THE SECONDARY SERIOUS INFECTION OF CORNEA OCCURING WHEN THE PROTECTIVE SECRETIONS OF THE EYE ARE DECREASED AS A RESULT OF KERATINIZATION OF THE EPITHELIAL CELLS WHICH FOLLOW VIT A DEFICIENCY AS INFANTS FED FOR SEVERAL WEEKS EXCLUSIVELY ON GRUEL AND SKIMMED MILK. CORNEA BECOMES DULL AND LOOSES THE SENSITIVITY. DEVELOP A GREY FILM ON A SURFACE WHICH RAPIDLY SPREADS AND FINALLY TURNS YELLOW. IT DESTROYS THE EYE BEFORE THE DEFICIENCY CAN BE CORRECTED OR INFECTION IS CONQUERED.

BITOTS SPOTS
SPOT IS WHITE OR CREAM COLOURED AND TRIANGULAR IN SHAPE WITH BASE POINTING TOWARDS CORNEA- SPOT ON THE LATERAL SIDE OF THE CORNEA INFANTS FACE. THE SPOTS WERE FIRST DISCOVERED BY BITOT IN 1863 ARE FORMED BY THE HEAPING OF DEGENERATED CONJUCTIVAL EPITHELIUM, DUE TO VIT A DEFICIENCY. THEY CAN BE OVAL , ROUND, THOUGH IN MAJORITY OF CASES, THEY ARE SITUATED LATERAL TO CORNEA , THEY MAY ALSO BE FOUND ON THE LATERAL SIDE.

DENTAL CARIES
GREENISH / BLACKISH DEPOSITS ON THE BACK OF TEETH INCISORS. IT MAY OCCUR AT ANY AGE BUT MOST FREQUENTLY (a) BETWEEN AGES OF 5 AND 8 AFFECTING PERMANENT TEETH. IT IS MOST FREQUENT AT THE SITES WHERE FOOD IS RETAINED AND FERMENTATION TAKES PLACE. Eg 1. DEEP GROOVES ON THE SURFACE OF MOLARS. 2. LATERAL ASPECTS OF TEETH. NECK OF TEETH FOR UNCARED DEBILATED CHILDREN. THE FIRST STAGE CONSIST OF A GREENISH OR BLACKISH DEPOSIT ON THE BACK OF TEETH, SPECIALLY UPPER INCISORS WHICH IS DIFFICULT TO REMOVE.

MICROSPRAM LANOSUM
THE DISEASE IS CONTACTED BY DIRECT CONTACT, HAIR BROWS AND THE LIKE. THE LESION CONSISTS OF BROKEN HAIR, SO LESIONS OF RINGED VARIETY CLICK THE DIAGNOSIS.

TINEA BARBAE
IT IS PUSTULAR RING FORM OF THE BEARD. IT IS FOLLICULITIS OF THE HEAVY REGIONS OF THE FACE CAUSED BY THE ENDOTHRIX AND ECTOTHRIX , TRICHOPHYTA. IT IS GENERALLY CONTACTED BY FARMERS IN CONTACT WITH INFECTED ANIMALS . THE LESION CONSISTS OF PAPULES, PASTULES AND SCALY LESIONS

LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
IT IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF AN IMMUNOLOGICALLY MEDIATED CONDITION. IT IS A SERIOUS MULTI-SYSTEM DISEASE WITH A VARIETY OF CUTANEOUS AND ORAL MANIFESTATIONS. CLINICAL FEATURES: MORE FREQUENTLY FOUND IN WOMEN AROUND 31 YEARS OF AGE. FEVER, ARTHRITIS , WEIGHT LOSS , FATIGUE AND MALAISE. IN 40-50% OF AFFECTED PATIENTS ARE CHARACTERISTIC RASH HAVING THE PATTERN OF A BUTTERFLY , DEVELOP OVER THE MOLAR AREA AND NOSE. SUNLIGHT OFTEN MAKES THE LESION WORST.

PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA ( MIXED TUMOR)

THIS TERM IS A MISNOMER AS SUGGESTED BY WILLIS. IT CHARACTERISES CLOSELY THE UNUSUAL HISTOLOGICAL PATTERN OF THE LESION, IT IS ALMOST UNIVERSALLY AGREED THAT THE TUMOR IS NOT A MIXED TUMOR AS IT IS DERIVED FROM MORE THAN ONE PRIMARY TISSUE. IT SHOWS THE SLOWLY GROWING TUMOR OF THE PAROTID GLAND. TYPICALLY IT APPEARS AS A PAINLESS, SLOWLY GROWING , FIRM MASS. IT IS WELL CIRCUMSCRIBED, ENCAPSULATED TUMOR. INITIALLY IT IS MOVABLE BUT BECOMES LESS MOBILE AS IT GROWS LARGER . IT CAN OCCUR MOSTLY IN THE PATIENTS IN FORTH TO SIXTH DECADES BUT THEY ARE ALSO RELATIVELY COMMON IN YOUNG ADULTS AND HAVE BEEN KNOWN TO OCCUR IN CHILDREN.

ACTINOMYCOSIS
ACTINOMYCOSIS IS A RARE INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL DISEASE OF HUMANS GENERALLY CAUSED BY ACTINOMYCES ISRAELII. ACTINOMYCOSIS OCCURS RATHER FREQUENTLY IN CATTLE AS A DISEASE CALLED LUMPY JAW. THIS NAME REFERS TO THE LARGE ABSCESSES THAT GROW ON THE HEAD & NECK OF THE INFECTED ANIMAL.

TYPES OF ACTINOMYCOSIS: CERVICOFACIAL, THORACIC, PELVIC & ABDOMINAL. CLINICAL FEATURES: CEVICOFACIAL ACTINOMYCOSIS: 1. HISTORY OF DENTAL MANIPULATION OR TRAUMA TO THE MOUTH, POOR ORAL HYGIENE, DEMTAL CARIES, OR PERIODONTAL DISEASE; MAY ARISE FOLLOWING LOCAL TISSUE DAMAGE CAUSED BY NEOPLASM OR RADIATION TREATMENT. 2. PAINLESS OR OCASSIONALLY PAINFUL SOFT-TISSUE INVOLVING THE SUBMANIBULAR OR PERIMANDIBULAR REGION; OVER TIME, MULTIPLE SINUSES DRAIN PUS CONTAINING SULFUR GRANULES; TENDENCY TO REMIT AND RECUR. 3. REDDISH OR BLUISH DISCOLORATION OF THE SKIN OVERLYING THE LESION. 4. CHEWING DIFFICULTIES (ie, WITH INVOLVEMENT OF MASTICATORY MUSCLES).