MC Lab Manual-2013

Embedded Systems & MC lab
THE 8051 - MICRO CONTROLLER Intels 8051 is one of the most popular microcontrollers. Many derivative microcontrollers have since been developed that are based on and compatible with the 8051.Thus, the ability to program an 8051 is an important skill for a system designer to develop products based on these microcontrollers. Difference between Microprocessor & Microcontroller Microprocessor Microcontroller
8051 Features: 40- pin DI package Harvard Architecture 8-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit 8-bit data bus multiplexed with address bus On-chip oscillator:116MHz operating frequency(fxtal) Each machine cycle contains 6 states: 12 clock cycles fclk = fxtal/12. 16-bit address bus :216 = 65,536 = 64K bytes of Locations. 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, 32 REGs, 16 bytes Bit addressable RAM, 80 bytes user RAM. 4 bank of 8 registers (R0-R7): 8-bit each Two pointers PC & DPTR Two 16 bit timers/counters with interrupts Four 8 bit parallel ports: with single line access 1 serial port with interrupt facility 2 external Interrupts( total - 5 Interrupts) A & B math registers Stack: Internal RAM, 8 bit SP=07H default
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8051 Programming Model
Bit Addressable Register
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Program Status Word (PSW) Register
Timer/Counter Mode selection (TMOD) Register
Timer/Counter Control (TCON) Register
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Serial control (SCON) Register
Interrupt Enable (IE) Register
Interrupt Priority (IP) Register
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Power Control (PCON) register
Port 3 alternate pin functions
Interrupt Vectors
All above mentioned features with control register set is for all 8051 microcontroller and Microcontroller used in lab for practical implementation is from ATMEL with series number AT89C51ED2 and following sections would give complete details and extra features of microcontroller MCB 51 target board.
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INTRODUCTION TO ESA MCB 51 TARGET BOARD This is a development board and supports a wide variety of 8051(with on-chip ROM) compatible 8-bit microcontroller. ESA MCB 51 is designed to be general purpose development board for single chip MCU applications that may be used as an instructional learning aid and also as a development tool in R&D labs in industries. ESA MCB 51 development board is built around Atmel AT89C51ED2/RD2 microcontroller. ESA MCB 51 Capabilities The powerful full-chip monitor provides communication with Keil Vision Debugger. Executes user programs at full speed or debug the program using single step and break point facilities available in Keil Vision debugger. Examine/ modify the contents of CPU registers and memory contents. On board LCD (16 x 2), interfaced to port lines. All the 32 I/O lines are terminated on 4 different 10 pin connectors. 24 port lines (i.e. P0, P1 and P2) are terminated 0n 26-pin connector. On board ISP (In-System Programming) support for on-chip flash programming. Block Diagram: Fig 1
AT89C51ED2/RD2 Microcontroller AT89C51RD2/ED2 is high performance CMOS Flash version of the 80C51 CMOS single chip 8-bit microcontroller. It contains a 64-Kbyte Flash memory block for code. The 64Kbytes Flash memory can be programmed either in parallel mode or in serial mode with the ISP(In System Programming) capability or with software. The programming voltage is internally generated from the standard VCC pin. The AT89C51RD2/ED2 retains all of the features of the Atmel 80C52 with 256 bytes of internal RAM, a 9-source 4-level interrupt controller and three timer/counters. The AT89C51ED2 provides 2048 bytes of EEPROM for non volatile data storage. 80C52 Architecture Compatible 8051 Instruction Compatible Four 8-bit I/O Ports (44 Pins Version)
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Three 16-bit Timer/Counters 256 Bytes Scratch Pad RAM 9 Interrupt Sources with 4 Priority Levels ISP (In-System Programming) Using Standard VCC Power Supply 2048 Bytes Boot ROM Contains Low Level Flash Programming Routines and a default Serial Loader 64K Bytes On-chip Flash Program/Data Memory Byte and Page (128 Bytes) Erase and Write 100k Write Cycles On-chip 1792 bytes Expanded RAM (XRAM) On-chip 2048 Bytes EEPROM Block for Data Storage (AT89C51ED2 Only) SPI(Serial Peripheral ) Interface (Master/Slave Mode) Full-duplex Enhanced UART with Dedicated Internal Baud Rate Generator Hardware Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-Out) Power Control Modes: Idle Mode, Power-down Mode
Block diagram of AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller: Fig 2
On-Chip memory of AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller: Fig 3
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Communication between ESA MCB 51 target board & host computer The board is connected to host computers serial port through DB-9 connector (PC side) and RJ-11(target side). The communication is RS-232 standard compliance. The RS-232 level shifter (MAX-232) is used in between RJ-11 and on chip UART. So, on chip UART is used to interface the board with PC. The AT89C51ED2 has got serial loader (boot loader) program allows ISP of the flash. The target uses the on chip flash monitor to communicate with Keil Vision debugger. The flash monitor allows the user to debug the on chip code. The typical layout of flash monitor and Keil debugger is shown below Fig 4.
Only four pins of DB 9 are connected to four pins of RJ-11 connector. The connected pins are, Transmission(Tx) GND Receiving (Rx) GND INTRODUCTION TO KEIL EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT TOOLS Keil software embedded development tools provide a powerful development environment for rapidly creating and testing embedded systems software. Integrated editor, compiler, assembler and debugger enable you to build sophisticated, complex applications quickly and easily. The Keil Vision development supports three major microcontroller architectures which allow us to develop a wide range of applications. 8 bit 8x51 family of controllers 16-bit Infineon C16x/XC16x and ST10/Super 10 32 bit ARM based devices The supported controllers can be seen in target devices list. We are using AT89C51ED2 microcontroller by Atmel, the compiler tools are installed only for 8051 variants. Hence other devices are not seen. Software Development Cycle When you use the Keil Vision, the project development cycle is roughly the same as it is for any other software development project. 1. Create a project, select the target chip from the device database, and configure the tool settings. 2. Create source files in C or assembly.
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3. Build your application with the project manager. 4. Correct errors in source files. 5. Test the linked application. The following block diagram illustrates the complete Vision software development cycle. Each component is described below Fig 5.
Vision IDE The Vision IDE combines project management, a rich-featured editor with interactive error correction, option setup, make facility, and on-line help. Use Vision to create your source files and organize them into a project that defines your target application. Vision automatically compiles, assembles, and links your embedded application. A51 Macro Assembler & C51 Compiler Source files are created by the Vision IDE and are passed to the C51 Compiler (High level language programs) or A51 Macro Assembler (Assembly level language programs). The compiler and assembler process source files and create relocatable object files. The Keil A51 macro assembler supports the complete instruction set of the 8051 and all derivatives. Following are the reasons to write instructions in assembly language. 1. To speed computer operation. The high level language compilers often produce excess or overhead codes. 2. To reduce the size of program. 3. To write programs for special situations. In hard embedded systems, where response time critical to functionality, the assembly coding can be used to meet all deadlines. E.g. Anti-lock brake systems, Robot arms, etc. 4. The program size is less in assembly coding resulting in need of less memory chips. So the cost of the system reduces. 5. To understand the processor architecture well. The Keil C51 Compiler is a full ANSI implementation of the C programming language that supports all standard features of the C language. In addition, numerous features for direct support of the 8051 architecture have been added. Using a high-level language like C has many advantages over assembly language programming: 1. Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required. Rudimentary knowledge of the memory structure of the CPU is desirable (but not necessary).
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2. Details like register allocation and addressing of the various memory types and data types is managed by the compiler. 3. Programs get a formal structure (which is imposed by the C programming language) and can be divided into separate functions. This contributes to source code reusability as well as better overall application structure. 4. The ability to combine variable selection with specific operations improves program readability. 5. Keywords and operational functions that more nearly resemble the human thought process may be used. 6. Programming and program test time is drastically reduced. 7. The C run-time library contains many standard routines such as: formatted output, numeric conversions, and floating-point arithmetic. 8. Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs because of modular program construction techniques. 9. The language C is a very portable language (based on the ANSI standard) that enjoys wide popular support and is easily obtained for most systems. Existing program investments can be quickly adapted to other processors as needed. But compilers never generate optimized code as compared assembler which translates assembly programs into machine codes. But, in some of the compilers special options will be given to generate optimized code as in Keil software. Note that, while defining optimized code memory requirement and execution time of object files are considered. The Keil software does two types code optimization techniques (These can be enabled or disabled). In spite of all these optimizations, object code generated by compilers is only comparable in speed and memory requirement with that of object files generated by assemblers but not the same. Many embedded development tools are now available with facility of writing assembly instructions in high level language programs. LIB51 Library Manager The LIB51 library manager allows you to create object library from the object files created by the compiler and assembler. Libraries are specially formatted, ordered program collections of object modules that may be used by the linker at a later time. When the linker processes a library, only those object modules in the library that are necessary to create the program are used. BL51 Linker/Locator The BL51 Linker/Locator creates an absolute HEX file using the object modules extracted from libraries and those created by the compiler and assembler. An absolute object file or module contains no relocatable code or data. All code and data reside at fixed memory locations. The absolute HEX file may be used: To program an Flash ROM or other memory devices, With the Vision Debugger for simulation and target debugging, With an in-circuit emulator for the program testing. Vision Debugger The Vision symbolic, source-level debugger is ideally suited for fast, reliable program debugging. The debugger includes a high-speed simulator that let you simulate an entire 8051 system including on-chip peripherals and external hardware. The attributes of the chip you use are automatically configured when you select the device from the Device Database. The Vision debugger offers two operating modes- Simulator mode and Target mode. Simulator mode configures Vision debugger as software only product that accurately simulates target systems including instructions and on-chip peripherals. This allows code
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testing before hardware is available and gives you benefits for rapid, reliable embedded software development. Simulation allows software testing on your desktop with no hardware environment. Early software debugging on a functional basis improves overall software reliability. Simulation allows breakpoints that are impossible with hardware debuggers. Simulation offers optimal input signal. Failure scenarios that would destroy real hardware peripherals are easily checked. The target mode connects the vision debugger to real hardware. The appropriate target driver is required depending on the target board connected. For ESA MCB-51 target board, Keil Monitor-51 driver is used. Intel HEX file This is a file format for conveying binary information for applications like programming microcontrollers, EPROMs, and other kinds of chips. The format is a text file, with each line containing hexadecimal values encoding a sequence of data and their starting offset or absolute address. There are three types of Intel HEX: 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. They are distinguished by their byte order. Each line of Intel HEX fioile consists of six parts: 1. Start code, one character, an ASCII colon ':'. 2. Byte count, two hex digits, a number of bytes (hex digit pairs) in the data field. 16 (0x10) or 32 (0x20) bytes of data are the usual compromise values between line length and address overhead. 3. Address, four hex digits, a 16-bit address of the beginning of the memory position for the data. Limited to 64 kilobytes, the limit is worked around by specifying higher bits via additional record types. This address is big endian. 4. Record type, two hex digits, 00 to 05, defining the type of the data field. 5. Data, a sequence of n bytes of the data themselves. 2n hex digits. 6. Checksum, two hex digits - the least significant byte of the two's complement sum of the values of all fields except fields 1 and 6 (Start code ":" byte and two hex digits of the Checksum). It is calculated by adding together the hex-encoded bytes (hex digit pairs), then leaving only the LSB of the result, and making a 2's complement (either by subtracting the byte from 0x100, or inverting it by XOR-ing with 0xFF and adding 0x01). For example, on : 0300300002337A1E 03 + 00 + 30 + 00 + 02 + 33 + 7A = E2, 2's complement is 1E There are six record types: 00, data record, contains data and 16-bit address. The format described above. 01, End Of File record, a file termination record. No data. Has to be the last line of the file, only one per file is permitted. Usually ':00000001FF'. 02, Extended Segment Address Record, segment-base address. Used when 16 bits are not enough, identical to 80x86 real mode addressing. The address specified by the 02 record is multiplied by 16 (shifted 4 bits left) and added to the subsequent 00 record addresses. This allows addressing of up to a megabyte of address space. The address field of this record has to be 0000, the byte count is 02 (the segment is 16-bit). The least significant hex digit of the segment address is always 0. 03, Start Segment Address Record. For 80x86 processors, it specifies the initial content of the CS: IP registers. The address field is 0000, the byte count is 04, the first two bytes are the CS value, the latter two are the IP value.
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04, Extended Linear Address Record, allowing for fully 32 bit addressing. The address field is 0000, the byte count is 02. The two data bytes represent the upper 16 bits of the 32 bit address, when combined with the address of the 00 type record. 05, Start Linear Address Record. The address field is 0000, the byte count is 04. The 4 data bytes represent the 32-bit value loaded into the EIP register of the 80386 and higher CPU.
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Experiment 1 a) Write an assembly language program to exchange 5 bytes of data at locations 0100H and at locations 0150H. Algorithm 1. Initialize a source pointer (R0), a destination pointer (R1) & a counter (R3). 2. Get data from a source location into accumulator and save in a register 3. Get data from the destination location into accumulator. 4. Exchange the data at the two memory locations. 5. Update pointers to point to next elements in the arrays. 6. Decrement the count register and repeat from step 2 to 5 till count is zero. Before Execution:
After Execution:
Program: ORG SJMP ORG MOV MOV MOV MOV BACK: 0000H 30H 30H DPTR, #0100H R0, #00H R1, #50H R3, #05H DPL, R0 A, @DPTR R2, A DPL, R1 A,@DPTR A, R2 @DPTR, A DPL, R0
;source address ;destination address ;Block is of length 5 elements
MOV MOVX MOV MOV MOVX XCH MOVX MOV
; Save in a reg
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MOV A, R2 MOVX @DPTR, A INC R0 INC R1 DJNZ R3, BACK HERE: SJMP HERE END Output: Before running the program, initialize the 5 data memory locations starting at 0100H & 0150H as shown below. Before Execution:
After Execution:
b) Write an assembly language program to find the LARGEST/SMALLEST element in array of 10 elements. Algorithm 1. Initialize a source pointer, LARGEST element register & a counter. 2. Get data from a source location into accumulator and save in a register 3. Compare current array element with available LARGEST element, go to step 5 if current element is smaller. 4. Else, store the current element as LARGEST element. 5. Update pointer to point to next element in the array. 6. Decrement the count register and repeat from step 2 to 5 till count is zero. 7. Store the LARGEST after the last element of array. 8. To find SMALLEST, initialize R0 to FFH and use JNC instead of JC. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV DPTR,#0100H MOV R0,#00H MOV R1,#0AH MOVX A,@DPTR
; source address ; Largest element is initialized to 0 ; no. of elements
BACK:
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LOOP:
MOV R2,A CLR C SUBB A,R0 JC LOOP MOV A,R2 MOV R0,A INC DPTR DJNZ R1,BACK
; if A> R0, carry flag is 0
MOV A,R0 MOVX @DPTR,A HERE: SJMP HERE End Output: Before Execution:
; Store the largest element
After Execution: Underlined element is largest.
Write an assembly language program to sort an array of elements using BUBBLE SORT. Array starts from location 0101H and size of the array is at location 0100H. Algorithm 1. Initialize a source pointer, an ITERATION (outer-R3) counter & a COMPARISON (inner-R2) counter. 2. Check the number of elements and if it is equal to 0 or 1, end program. 3. Compare the current and the next element in the array. 4. If the current element is larger (smaller for descending order) then exchange the 2 numbers in the array. 5. Decrement the COMPARISON counter and repeat through step 4 until this counter becomes 0. 6. Decrement the ITERATION counter and repeat through step 3 until this counter becomes zero. 7. For descending order use JC instead of JNC.
c)
The given list 28 58
84
16
270
42
19
77
59
17
27
255
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Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4 Iteration 5 Iteration 6 Iteration 7 Iteration 8 Iteration 9 Iteration10 Iteration 11 The final sorted list
28 28 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
58 16 28 28 19 19 19 17 17 17 17
16 58 42 19 28 28 17 19 19 19 19
84 42 19 42 42 17 27 27 27 27 27
42 19 58 58 17 27 28 28 28 28 28
19 77 59 17 27 42 42 42 42 42 42
77 59 17 27 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
59 17 27 57 58 58 58 58 58 58 58
17 27 57 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59
27 57 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77 77
57 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84
255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
16 17 19 27 28 42 57 58 59 77 84 255 Note that, 11 iterations are required to sort array of 12 elements .Totally, 11 comparisons are to be done in first iteration and is reduces by 1 for each subsequent iteration. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV DPTR, # 0100H ;Number of elements MOVX A, @DPTR JZ STOP ;compare with zero MOV R3, A CLR C SUBB A, #01H JZ STOP ;compare with 1 DEC R3 NEXT1: MOV A,R3 MOV R2,A MOV DPTR, # 0101H ;First element NEXT : MOVX A, @DPTR MOV R0, A INC DPTR MOVX A, @DPTR ;second element MOV R1, A CLR C SUBB A, R0 ;(2nd - 1st) no 2nd >1st no exchange JNC NOEXCH ; JC for descending order MOV A, R0 MOVX @DPTR , A DEC DPL MOV A, R1 MOVX @DPTR, A INC DPTR NOEXCH: STOP:
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; This code excahnge two elements
DJNZ R2, NEXT DJNZ R3, NEXT1 SJMP STOP

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END Output: Before Execution: The encircled number in the figure is no. of elements.
After Execution:
d) Write an assembly language program to find the sum of an array of 8-bit BCD numbers starting at location 0100H. Store the result at location 0150H (Most Significant Byte) & 0151H (Least Significant Byte). Algorithm 1. Initialize a source pointer, a counter & a 16-bit result (partial SUM) register. 2. Add the first element to partial SUM register & suitably consider carry generated. 3. Adjust the result suitably to decimal form. 4. Update pointer to point to next element in the array. 5. Decrement the count register and repeat from step 2 to 4 till count is zero. 6. Store the result present in partial SUM registers to the appropriate memory locations. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV DPTR, #0100H ;Source Address MOV R1, # 00H ;Partial Sum Lsbyte MOV R2, # 00H ;Partial Sum Msbyte MOV R3, # 05H ;Count BACK: MOVX A,@DPTR ADD A, R1 DA A MOV R1, A JNC NEXT MOV A, R2 ADD A, #01H DA A MOV R2,A INC DPTR
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;Adjust Ls Part Of Result To Bcd Form
;Adjust Ms Part Of Result Also
NEXT:
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DJNZ R3, BACK MOV DPTR,#0150H MOV A, R2 MOVX @DPTR, A INC DPTR MOV A, R1 MOVX @DPTR, A HERE: SJMP HERE END
;Store The Result
Output: Before Execution: Enter BCD input
After Execution:
Observations to be recorded for Experiment 1 1. Use of ORG 0000H & END statements
2. Use of SJMP 30H & ORG 30H statements
3. Use of HERE:SJMP HERE statement
4. HEX file of any one program
5. Use of MOVX statement
6. Use of DA A instruction
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7. .lst file of any one program
8. Setting clock a real number
9. Use of AT89c51ED2 as a target
10. Contents of code memory as seen in memory window of Keil for any one program
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Experiment 2 a) Write an assembly language program to find the product of a 16-bit number & an 8bit number stored at location 0100h, 0101h & 0102h. Store the result at locations 0103h, 0104h & 0105h. Algorithm 1. Initialize a set of registers with operands. 2. Multiply the LS byte of the multiplicand with the multiplier. 3. Store the LS part of result & preserve the MS part of the result in a register. 4. Multiply the MS byte of the multiplicand with the multiplier. 5. Add the LS part of present result with MS part of the previous result & store it. 6. Add the MS part of present result with carry of the previous addition & store it Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV DPTR,#0101H MOVX A,@DPTR MOV B,A MOV DPTR,#0100H MOVX A,@DPTR MOV R1,A MOV DPTR,#0102H MOVX A, @DPTR MOV R2,A MUL AB INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A,R2 MOV R3,B MOV B,R1 MUL AB ADD A,R3 INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR,A CLR A ADDC A,B INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR,A HERE: SJMP HERE END Output: Before Execution:
;LS Byte Of Multiplier (LS)
; MS byte of Multiplier (MS)
; 8-bit multiplicand (MUP) ; LS x MUP= 16 bit partial result1 ; A-LS byte, B-MS byte ;save LS byte of result1 in 0103H
;MS x MUP= 16 partial result2 ; MS byte of partial result1+ LS byte of partial ; result2 ;Save second byte of result in 0104H ;add carry of previous addtion to MS byte of ; partial result2 ;Save MS byte of result in 0105H
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After Execution:The correct result in odrder is FEFF01H
b) Write an assembly language program to divide a 16-bit number in R2 & R3 by another 8-bit number in R4. Store the result at location 150h & 151h. Algorithm 1. The division operation is implemented as repeated subtraction. 2. Initialize a set of registers with operands & a 16 bit quotient register. 3. Convert the 8 bit divisor to a 16 bit number (by prefixing 0s). 4. Subtract the 16 bit divisor from the 16 bit dividend & increment the quotient register. 5. Repeat step 3 as long as (dividend) > (divisor). 6. Store the result i.e. quotient & remainder at suitable locations. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 0030H MOV R2,#0FFh ;MS byte of 16 bit dividend MOV R3, #0FFh ;LS byte of 16 bit dividend MOV R4, #0E8H MOV R5,#00H MOV DPTR,#0FFFFH BACK: INC DPTR MOV A, R2 CLR C SUBB A, R4 MOV R2, A MOV A, R3 SUBB A, R5 MOV R3, A JNC BACK MOV A, R2 ADD A, R4 MOV R2, A MOV A, R3 ADDC A, R5 MOV R3, A MOV A, DPH MOV R0, DPL MOV DPTR, #0150H
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; 8-bit divisor ; The operation is (R2R3) / (R5R4) ;16 bit quotient in DPTR
; Subtract divisor from MS byte
; Subtract divisor from LS byte ; Repeat until (Dividend >Divisor) ; Get the correct remainder
; This code store result ; Quotient will be there in DPTR (16-bit)

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MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A, R0 INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A, R3 INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A MOV A, R2 INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A OVER: SJMP OVER END Output: After Execution:
; The 16-bit remainder will be there in ; R3(MS byte) and R2(LS byte)
The above program also performs division of two sixteen bit numbers. Change the values of registers depending upon operation required. c) i) Write an ALP to implement (display) an eight bit up/down binary (hex) counters on watch window. Algorithm: 1. Initialize A - register with 00h 2. Use a delay subroutine (in delay program load designed values to R1, R2 and R3, loop and decrement until 0) to create a delay of 1 second. 3. Increment A - register (decrement for down counter) repeatedly. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV A,#00 BACK: ACALL DELAY INC A SJMP BACK DELAY: DECR: DECR1: HERE:
; decrement a for binary down counter
MOV R1,#20H MOV R2,#0FFH MOV R3,#0FFH DJNZ R3,HERE DJNZ R2,DECR1 DJNZ R1, DECR RET END Note: To run this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu, select
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View-> Watch& call Stack window, in the Watches select watch 1(or 2) and press F2 and enter a (for accumulator A) as shown below.
ii) Write an ALP to implement (display) an eight bit up/down BCD counters on watch window. Algorithm: 1. Initialize A - register with 00h 2. Use a delay subroutine (in delay program load designed values to registers R1, R2 and R3, loop and decrement until 0) to create a delay of 1 second. 3. Add A register with 01 and decimal adjust the result (for down counter add 99h) repeatedly. Program: ORG 0H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV A,#00 BACK:ACALL DELAY ADD A,#99H DA A JNZ BACK HERE:SJMP HERE MOV R1,#20H MOV R2,#0FFH MOV R3, #0FFH DJNZ R3,TEMP DJNZ R2, DECR DJNZ R1, DECR1 RET END Note: To run this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu, select View-> Watch& call Stack window, in the Watches select watch 1(or 2) and press F2 and enter a (for accumulator A) d) Write an ALP using subroutines to perform the following; an array of 4 elements is stored in external memory locations starting from 0100H; i) If the first two elements are equal, then store 1 in the first bit (00H) of bit addressable memory, else, store 0. ii) If the last two elements are equal, then store 1 in the last bit of bit addressable memory (7FH), else, store 0. iii) If both these bits are set, then logically AND all 4 elements; else logically OR them and store the result in 5th location of the array.
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;ADD, #01 for BCD up counter
DELAY: DECR1: DECR: TEMP:
Algorithm: 1. Read the elements of the array from the address 0100h 2. Compare the first 2 numbers for equality using sub-routine FIRST & store result in bit address 00h. 3. Compare the last 2 numbers for equality using sub-routine SECOND & store result in bit address 7Fh. 4. Check the result of steps 2 & 3; if both bits are set, then logically AND all elements using L_AND sub-routine; else, logically OR them using L_OR sub-routine. 5. Store the result in 5th location. Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV DPTR,#0100H MOVX A,@DPTR MOV R0,A INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOV R1, A ACALL FIRST INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOV R2,A INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOV R3,A ACALL SECOND JNB 7FH, NEXT JNB 00H, NEXT ACALL L_AND OVER:INC DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A STOP: SJMP STOP NEXT: ACALL L_OR JMP OVER FIRST: CJNE A,00H, SKIP SETB 00H RET SKIP: CLR 00H RET SECOND: CJNE A,02H, SKIP1 SETB 7FH RET SKIP1: CLR 7FH RET
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L_AND: MOV A, R0 ANL A,R1 ANL A,R2 ANL A,R3 RET L_OR: MOV A, R0 ORL A,R1 ORL A,R2 ORL A,R3 RET END Output: Before Execution:
After Execution:
To observe the bit addressable memory locations of internal data RAM, enter D: 20H in memory #2 window as shown below.
e) 3-eight bit numbers NUM1, NUM2 & NUM3 are stored in internal data RAM locations 20h, 21h & 22H respectively. Write an ALP to compute the following. i) If NUM1=0; then LSB OF NUM3 (AND) LSB OF NUM2. ii) If NUM1=1; then MSB OF NUM3 (OR) MSB OF NUM2, iii) If NUM1=2; then Complement MSB OF NUM2. Store the bit result in last address of bit addressable memory. Algorithm: 1. Move NUM1 from internal data memory location20h into R0 register. 2. If NUM1=0; then LSB of 21h (AND) LSB of 22h. Go to step5.
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3. If NUM1=1; then MSB of 21h (OR) MSB of 22h. Go to step5. 4. If NUM1=2; then complement MSB of 21h. Go to step5 5. Store the result at MSB bit of 7Fh location. Program: ORG 00H SJMP 30h ORG 30h MOV R0,20H CJNE R0,#0,CK1 MOV C,08H ANL C,10H SJMP LAST CK1:CJNE R0,#1,CK2 MOV C,0FH ORL C,17H SJMP LAST CK2:CJNE R0,#2,CK3 CPL 0FH MOV C,0FH SJMP LAST CK3:CLR C LAST:MOV 7Fh,C
;R0 - NUM1 ;LSB of NUM2 (21H) - bit address -08h ;LSB of NUM3 (22H) - bit address -10h
;MSB of NUM2 (21H) - bit address -0Fh ;MSB of NUM3 (22H) - bit address -17h
;MSB of NUM1 (21H) - bit address -0Fh
;RES location -7Fh
HERE:SJMP HERE END Output: Run 1: Before Execution: RAM location: 20h=00h (NUM1) RAM location: 21h=FFh(NUM2) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) After Execution: RAM location: 20h=00h(NUM1) RAM location: 21h=FFh(NUM2) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) RAM location: 2Fh=80h (NUM2LSB AND NUM3LSB) Run 2: Before Execution: RAM location: 20h=01h (NUM1) RAM location: 21h=FFh(NUM2) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) After Execution: RAM location: 20h=01h(NUM1) RAM location: 21h=FFh(NUM2) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) RAM location: 2Fh=80h (NUM2MSB OR NUM3MSB) Run 3: Before Execution:
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RAM location: 20h=02h (NUM1) RAM location: 21h=FFh(NUM2) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) After Execution: RAM location: 20h=02h(NUM1) RAM location: 21h=7Fh(NUM2 MSB is complemented) RAM location: 22h=FFh(NUM3) RAM location: 2Fh=00h (NOT of NUM2MSB) The bit address 7Fh is MSB of RAM location 2Fh. Observations to be recorded for Experiment 2 1. Pointer for program memory & data memory.
2. Effect of changing clock frequency on program execution time, delay loops
3. Use call stack window
4. Use of Byte level & Bit level instructions
5. Opcode for all ACALL instructions in a program
6. Contents of data memory as seen in Keil memory window
7. Use of ASCII symbols
8. Use of peripheral window of to observe timer count sequence
9. Effect of clock frequency on timer delay
10. Instruction execution time in terms of clock cycles, machine cycles & instruction cycle
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Experiment 3 a) Write an ALP to convert a BCD number stored at a location into its ASCII equivalent number. Algorithm 1. Move the BCD data to be converted to accumulator. 2. Get the lower nibble(BCD digit) & ADD (or ORL) with 30h 3. Store the converted ASCII value 4. Get the higher nibble(tens BCD digit) & ADD (or ORL) with 30h 5. Store the converted ASCII value Program: ORG 0000H SJMP 30h ORG 30h MOV R1,#50H MOV A,@R1 ;get BCD data byte from RAM location 50h MOV R2,A ;Store in R2 ANL A,#0FH ;Get the lower nibble ORL A,#30H ;Add/OR with 30h i.e., 0-9 converted to 30-39h INC R1 MOV @R1,A ;Store the lower digit's ASCII code MOV A,R2 ;Get back the number SWAP A ;Swap nibbles in A ANL A,#0FH ;Get the upper BCD digit ORL A,#30H ;Convert to ASCII INC R1 MOV @R1,A ;Store the upper digit's ASCII code HERE: SJMP HERE END Output: Before Execution: Internal RAM location: 50H=28(BCD) Internal RAM location: 51H=00 Internal RAM location: 52H=00 After Execution: Internal RAM location: 50H=28(BCD) Internal RAM location: 51H=38(ASCII equivalent of 8) Internal RAM location: 52H=32(ASCII equivalent of 2) b) Write an ALP to generate a square wave of 2 KHz, duty cycle 0.5 on P1.5 by programming on-chip timer in mode-1. Algorithm: 1. Initialize Timer0 in mode-1. 2. Load suitable values in to TH0 and TL0 registers. 3. Set P1.5 pin for 250 Sec and clear for another 250Sec. 4. Repeat step 2 and 3 indefinitely.
The given data is, Period=500 Sec Duty cycle=50% TON=250Sec TOFF= 250Sec Input clock frequency to Timer0= Oscillator frequency/12=11.0592/12=0.9216 MHz Let the number states of TL0 register required for 250 Sec be x.
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250 Sec=x(1/0.9216 M)=>x=230.4 Therefore, the value to be loaded into TL0 register=256-230=26D=1AH For different duty cycles, load different values into TL0 register for TON & TOFF. Program: ORG 0h SJMP 30h ORG 30h MOV TMOD, #01H ; Timer-0, mode-1 REP: MOV TL0, #1Ah ; TON period MOV TH0, #0FFh SETB P1.5 ACALL DEL MOV TL0, #1Ah ;TOFF period MOV TH0, #0FFh CLR P1.5 ACALL DEL SJMP REP DEL: SETB HERE: JNB CLR CLR RET END TR0 TF0, HERE TR0 TF0 ; this is delay routine
Output: To run this program in simulation mode follow the procedure given below. Under View menu select Logic Analyzer window after start debugging option. Select SetUp icon in Logic Analyzer window, this opens up Setup Logic Analyzer window as shown below.
Click on New icon and enter P1.5 as shown in above figure and close. Select Run option under debug menu. The square wave is generated continuously as shown below. Use time cursor to display time values.
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Connect CRO to P1.5 of AT89C51ED2 on ESA MCB 51 target board to display square wave. c) Generate a 1second delay continuously using the on chip timer in interrupt mode. Algorithm: 1. Set up timer0 in mode 2 operation 2. Load TH0 and TL0 with 208 to generate an interrupt every 0.05msec. 3. Reset registers A, R1 & R0. 4. Run the timer0. 5. On interrupt; ISR at 000B location goes to step 6 6. disable timer0 7. Update r1 & r0 8. Check if 20000 interrupts (=1 sec) over. Yes increment accumulator a. 9. Enable timer & return from ISR From the given question it is understood that, timer0 overflow interrupt should be generated for every 0.05 mSec. Input clock frequency to Timer0= Oscillator frequency/12=11.0592/12=0.9216 MHz Let the number states of TL0 register required for 0.05 mSec be x. 0.05 mSec=x(1/0.9216 M)=>x=46.08 Therefore, the value to be loaded into TL0 register=256-47=209D Note that, in ISR remaining delay (1 sec -0.05 mSec) is generated. Program: ORG 0H SJMP 30H ORG 0BH SJMP ISR ORG 30H MOV a,#00 MOV R0,#0 MOV R1,#0 MOV TMOD,#02H MOV TH0,#209 MOV TL0,#209 MOV IE,#82H SETB TCON.4 HERE: SJMP HERE ISR: CLR TCON.4
;TF0 vector
;set timer0 in mode 2-auto reload ;Set up timer 0 to overflow in 0.05msec ;Enable global & timer0 interrupt ;Start the timer0 ;Disable timer0
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INC r1 CJNE r1,#100,SKIP MOV r1,#00 INC r0 CJNE r0,#200,SKIP MOV r0,#00H INC A
;r1*r2 = 100*200 = 20000 * 0.05msec = 1sec
SKIP: SETB TCON.4 ; Enable Timer RETI ; Return from interrupt subroutine END Output: Observe the value of accumulator incrementing approximately for every 1 sec in watch and call stack window. Observations to be recorded for Experiment 3 1. Advantage of generating delay using Timers
2. Methods to generate delay
3. Use of call stack window
4. Values of TH0, TL0 for generating 4KHz frequency with 75% duty cycle 5.
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Experiment 4 a) Write an 8051 C program to interface Logic Controller card and perform various logical functions. Logic Controller Interface: Logic controller interface consists of 8 TTL inputs connected to 8 DIP switches & 8 TTL outputs connected to 8 LEDs. Another set of 8 LEDs used to indicate status of each DIP switch. Using this interface card, different logical operations can be performed. To give input, DIP switches can be used and to output can be displayed on LEDs. [Input port is P1 and the Output port is P0 for interfacing board, switch 2 (SW2) on board for updating input changes]. Connection diagram:
From the connection diagram, it is observed that the DIP switches are connected to port 1(to be configured as input) output LEDs are connected to port 0(to be configured as output). So, the control word for above configurations is obtained as follows. (Port 2 is not used) Program: #include<reg51.h> void msdelay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<1275;i++) for(j=0;j<itime;j++) ; } void main() { unsigned char arr[] = {0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03}, temp; P0=0x00; // output port P1 = 0xff; // configuration input port while(1) { P0 = 0x03 & P0; // masking MSB bits for full adder operation temp = P1 & 0x07;
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if (temp ==0) P0 = arr[0]; else if (temp ==1) P0 = arr[1]; else if (temp ==2) P0 = arr[2]; else if (temp ==3) P0 = arr[3]; else if (temp ==4) P0 = arr[4]; else if (temp ==5) P0 = arr[5]; else if (temp ==6) P0 = arr[6]; else P0 = arr[7]; msdelay(50); } } Activity: Do 4 possible logical operations using the above program (full subtracter, logical OR, XOR etc.,) b) Write 8051 C program to interface stepper motor to rotate in clockwise/ anti clockwise directions & and to rotate the motor through predefined angle of rotation. The stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. In applications such as disk drives, dot matrix printers, and robotics, the stepper motor is used for position control. Stepper motors commonly have a central magnet called rotor or shaft surrounded by stator. The most common stepper motors have four stator windings that are paired with center-tapped common as shown in figure below. This type of stepper motor is commonly called as a four-phase or unipolar stepper motor. Hence, the unipolar stepper motors have 6 leads: 4 representing the four stator windings and 2 commons for the center tapped leads.
The stepper motor moves in fixed repeatable increment, which allows one to move it to a fixed precise position. The direction of rotation is dictated by the stator poles. The stator poles are determined by the current sent through the wire coils. As direction of current changed, the polarity is also changed causing motor rotate in opposite direction. As the
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sequence of power is applied to each stator winding, the rotor will rotate. There are several widely used sequences where each has a different degree of precision. The table below shows 1-phase, 4-step stepping sequence. It is 1-phase because at any time only one coil is excited. It must be noted that although we can start with any of the sequences in table, once we start we must continue in the proper order. Step coil A coil B coil C coil D 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 Clockwise Anti clockwise 3 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 Anyone of these values forms the initial value. The step angle is minimum degree of rotation associated with a single step. This depends on number teeth on rotor and stator. The step angle of motor using in lab is 1.8. So, the steps per revolution is 200 (360o / 1.8o). Note that, after completing every four steps, the rotor moves only by one tooth pitch. Therefore, in a stepper motor with 200 steps per revolution, the rotor has 50 teeth since 4 x 50=200 steps are needed to complete one revolution (Refer figure below). The curtain amount of minimum of current is required to energize the coils. Since, 8051 lacks sufficient current to drive, a driver (Darlington pair formed by 2N3055 & SL100) is used. It must be noted that P0.0 is connected to coil C, P0.1 is connected to coil D, P0.2 is connected to coil A, P0.3 is connected to coil B.
Interfacing diagram:
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Write a program to rotate a motor continuously both in clockwise and anticlockwise direction. Use switch connected to P3.3 in ESA MCB 51 target board. The program should monitor switch status and perform the following. i) If Switch is closed, the stepper motor moves in anticlockwise direction. ii) If switch is opened, the stepper motor moves in clockwise direction. Program: #include<reg51.h> #define sequence1 0x01 #define sequence2 0x08 #define sequence3 0x04 #define sequence4 0x02 void delay(int); void main() { unsigned char direction; while(1) { direction=P3; direction=direction & 0x08; if(direction==0x08) { P0=sequence1; delay(2500); P0=sequence2; delay(2500); P0=sequence3; delay(2500); P0=sequence4; delay(2500); } else { P0=sequence4; delay(2500); P0=sequence3; delay(2500); P0=sequence2; delay(2500); P0=sequence1; delay(2500); } } } void delay(int delayvalue) { int i; for(i=0;i<delayvalue;i++); }
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Alternate program using interrupts: #include<reg51.h> #define sequence1 0x01 #define sequence2 0x08 #define sequence3 0x04 #define sequence4 0x02 bit dir=0; void delay(int); void change_dir()interrupt 0 { dir=~dir; } void main() { EA=1; EX0=1; while(1) { if(dir) { P0=sequence1; delay(2500); P0=sequence2; delay(2500); P0=sequence3; delay(2500); P0=sequence4; delay(2500); } else { P0=sequence4; delay(2500); P0=sequence3; delay(2500); P0=sequence2; delay(2500); P0=sequence1; delay(2500); } } } void delay(int delayvalue) { int i; for(i=0;i<delayvalue;i++); }
//ISR of interrupt 0
//Enable interrupt //Enable external interrupt 0
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Write a program to rotate motor 180 in the clockwise direction. The motor step angle is 1.8. Use the 4-step sequence. The given data is, Step angle=1.8 /step Therefore, for 4-step the angle of rotation= 4x1.8 =7.2. For 180, the 4-step sequence must be repeated for 25 times(180 / 7.2) Program: #include <REG51.H> void delay (unsigned int x) { for(;x>0;x--); return; } main ( ) { unsigned char val; int x=0,i; P0=0x00; while(x<25) { val=0x11; for(i=0;i<4;i++) { P0=val; val=val>>1; //Perform << shift for other direction. delay(5000); } x++; } for(;;); } Alternate exam questions: 1. Write a program to rotate stepper motor 45 degrees in clockwise & 90 degrees in anti clockwise direction continuously. 2. Write a program to rotate stepper motor continuously in clockwise direction for 1 sec, halt for 0.5 sec and in anticlockwise direction for 1sec, halt for 2 sec and repeat. Observations to be recorded for Experiment 4 1. Use of micro stepping in stepper motor
2. Writing program in assembly and C[code size and program execution]
3. Memory location for Variables declared in C
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4. Use of REG51.h header file
5. Purpose of using interrupts over polling mode
6. Contents of stack for function calls in C program
7. Use of flash as program memory
8. Logic high and logic low voltage levels of port pins
9. Stepper motor voltage & current ratings
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Experiment 5 a) Write an ALP to convert a decimal number stored at a location 40H into its hexadecimal equivalent number. b) Write an 8051 C program to interface elevator card & simulate the operations of the elevator. Interfacing Diagram:
The interface has four keys marked 0, 1, 2 and 3 representing the request buttons at the four floors. Pressing of a key causes corresponding flip-flop to be set. The outputs of the four flip flops can be read through port 1(P1.0, P1.1, P1.2 & P1.3). Also, the status of these signals is reflected by a set of 4 LEDs. The flip-flops can be reset through port 0(P0.4, P0.5, P0.6 & P0.7). The column of 10 LEDs representing the elevator can be controlled through port 0(P0.0,P0.1, P0.2 & P0.3). These lines are fed to the inputs of the decoder 7442 whose outputs are used to control the on/off states of the LEDs which simulate the motion of the elevator. Program: #include <REG51.H> #define CHECK(j) (j==0||j==3||j==6||j==9) unsigned char checkPort1(unsigned char); void delay(unsigned int); sbit Flr1=P1^0; sbit Flr2=P1^1; sbit Flr3=P1^2; sbit Flr4=P1^3; main() { unsigned char Flr[9] = {0xff,0x00,0x03,0xff,0x06,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x09}; unsigned char FClr[9] = {0xff,0x0E0,0x0D3,0xff,0x0B6,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x79}; unsigned char ReqFlr,CurFlr = 0x01,i,j,NewFlr; P0 = 0x0f0;
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while(1) { P1 = 0x0f; ReqFlr = P1 | 0x0f0; while(ReqFlr == 0x0ff) ReqFlr = P1 | 0x0f0; ReqFlr = ~ReqFlr;
/* Read Request Floor from P1 */
if(CurFlr == ReqFlr) /* If Request floor is equal to Current Floor */ { P0 = FClr[CurFlr]; /* Clear Floor Indicator */ continue; } /* Go up to read again */ else if(CurFlr > ReqFlr) /* If Current floor is > request floor */ { i = Flr[CurFlr] - Flr[ReqFlr]; /* Get the no of floors to travel */ j = Flr[CurFlr]; for(;i>0;i--) /*Move the indicator down */ { if(CHECK(j)) { NewFlr=checkPort1(j); if(NewFlr!=0) { P0 = FClr[NewFlr]; delay(65000); j--; continue; } } P0 = 0x0f0 | j; j--; delay(15000); } } else /* If Current floor is < request floor */ { i = Flr[ReqFlr] - Flr[CurFlr]; /* Get the no of floors to travel */ j = Flr[CurFlr]; for(;i>0;i--) /* Move the indicator Up */ { if(CHECK(j)) { NewFlr=checkPort1(j); if(NewFlr!=0) { P0 = FClr[NewFlr]; delay(65000); j++; continue;
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} } P0 = 0x0f0 | j; j++; delay(15000); } } CurFlr = ReqFlr; P0 = FClr[CurFlr]; } } void delay(unsigned int x) { for(;x>0;x--); } unsigned char checkPort1(unsigned char j) { if(j==9 && Flr4==0) return 0x08; else if(j==6 && Flr3==0) return 0x04; else if(j==3 && Flr2==0) return 0x02; else if(j==0 && Flr1==0) return 0x01; else return 0; } Observations to be recorded for Experiment 5 1. Use of latched ports /* Update Current floor */ /* Clear the indicator */ /*End of while*/
2.
Use of SBIT data type
3. Contents of disassembly window as seen in keil IDE for any one program.
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4. Logic high and logic low current levels of port pins
5. Use of buffers to connect external devices
6. Fan in & Fan out of 8051 MCU
7. Use of max232 IC
8. Monitor 51 Program
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Experiment 6 a) Write 8051 C program to interface 4 x4 keypad &display the key pressed on LCD Interfacing Diagram:
LCD Interface: The LCD on ESA 51 MCB board is interfaced to 8051 as shown in diagram above. The LCD is 16x2(16 characters each in two rows) and has 16 pins. The table below gives different pin descriptions. The LCD driver requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. If a 4-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 7 data lines (3 control lines plus the 4 lines for the data bus).If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require a total of 11 data lines (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus). The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and R/W. The EN line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending in data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low (0) Set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) High to low pulse is applied on this pin to latch in the data present at the data pins. The RS line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text data which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high. The RW line is the "Read/_Write" control line. When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD.
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When R/W is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction (reading LCD status) is a read command. The busy flag(D7) combined R/W & RS is used to read LCD status. If R/W=1 ,RS =0 if D 7=1(busy flag=1) the LCD is busy taking care of internal operations and will not accept any new operation. When D7=0, the LCD is ready to receive new information. It is recommended to check the busy flag before writing any data to the LCD. Pin 1 2 3 4 Symbol I/O Description VSS -- Ground VCC -- +5 V Power supply VEE -- Power supply to control contrast(0 -5 V) RS I RS=0 to select command register. RS=1 to select data register 5 R/W I R/W=0 for write R/W=1 for read 6 E I/O Enable 7 D0 I/O 8 D1 I/O 9 ` D2 I/O 10 D3 I/O 8-bit data bus 11 D4 I/O 12 D5 I/O 13 D6 I/O 14 D7 I/O 15 VDD -- Power supply for back light(5 V) 16 VSS -- Ground
Keyboard Interface: The keyboards are organized in a matrix of rows and columns. The controller accesses both rows and columns through ports. The interfacing diagram shows 4x4 matrix connected to two ports. The rows are connected to an output port and columns are connected to input port. If no key is pressed, the reading the input port will yield 1s for all columns since they are all connected to high (VCC). If all rows are grounded and a key is pressed, one of the columns will have 0(zero) since the key pressed provides the path to ground. It is the function of the microcontroller to scan the keyboard continuously to detect and identify the key pressed. Program: include<reg51.h> void get_key(void); void display(void); void scan(void); sfr ldata=0XA0; sbit rs=P3^7; sbit rw=P3^6; sbit en=P3^5; sbit busy=P2^7; void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value); void lcd_data(unsigned char value); void delay(unsigned int itime);
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void lcd_ready(); idata temp2,temp3,flag,row,res1; void main () { lcd_cmd(0x38); // 8 BIT DATA , 2LINE, 5X7 DOT MATRIX lcd_cmd(0x0E); // DISPLAY ON, CURSOR ON, NO BLINK lcd_cmd(0x01); //CLEAR DISPLAY
while(1) { get_key(); display(); } } void get_key(void) { flag =0x00; while(1) { for(row=0;row<4;row++) { if(row==0) temp3=0xfe; else if(row==1) temp3=0xfd; else if(row==2) temp3=0xfb; else if(row==3) temp3=0xf7; P1=temp3; scan(); delay(10); if(flag==0xff) break; } if(flag==0xff) break; } } void scan(void) { unsigned char t; P0=0xff;
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temp2=P0; temp2=temp2&0x0f; if(temp2!=0x0f) { delay(30); delay(30); temp2=P0; temp2=temp2&0x0f; if(temp2!=0x0f) { flag=0xff; res1=temp2; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0e) res1='0'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0d) res1='1'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0b) res1='2'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x07) res1='3'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0e) res1='4'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0d) res1='5'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0b) res1='6'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x07) res1='7'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0e) res1='8'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0d) res1='9'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0b) res1='A'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x07) res1='B'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0e) res1='C'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0d) res1='D'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0b) res1='E'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x07) res1='F'; } else flag=0x00; } }
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void display(void) { lcd_cmd(0x01); lcd_cmd(0x80); // FIRST LINE delay(5); ldata=res1; lcd_data(ldata); delay(5); } void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=0; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_data(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=1; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_ready() { busy=1; rs=0; rw=1; while(busy==1) { en=0; delay(5); en=1; } return; } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<50;j++); }
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b) Write 8051 C program to interface 4 x 4 keypad & accept 4 keys consecutively and send to serial port Program: #include<reg51.h> void get_key(void); void scan(void); void send(unsigned char q); void send_string(); void delay(unsigned int itime); idata temp2,temp3,flag,row,res1; void main () { unsigned char t =0, arr[5]; SCON=0x50; //serial communication settings TMOD=0x20; TH1=-3; TL1=-3; TR1=1; send_string(); for(t=0; t<4; t++) { get_key(); arr[t]= res1; delay(150); } for(t=0; t<4; t++) { send(arr[t]); delay(100); } while(1); } void get_key(void) { flag =0x00;
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while(1) { for(row=0;row<4;row++) { if(row==0) temp3=0xfe; else if(row==1) temp3=0xfd; else if(row==2) temp3=0xfb; else if(row==3) temp3=0xf7; P1=temp3; scan(); delay(100); if(flag==0xff) break; } if(flag==0xff) break; } } void scan(void) { P0=0xff; temp2=P0; temp2=temp2&0x0f; if(temp2!=0x0f) { delay(100); flag=0xff; res1=temp2; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0e) res1='0'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0d) res1='1'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x0b) res1='2'; if(temp3==0xfe && res1==0x07) res1='3'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0e)
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res1='4'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0d) res1='5'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x0b) res1='6'; if(temp3==0xfd && res1==0x07) res1='7'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0e) res1='8'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0d) res1='9'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x0b) res1='A'; if(temp3==0xfb && res1==0x07) res1='B'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0e) res1='C'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0d) res1='D'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x0b) res1='E'; if(temp3==0xf7 && res1==0x07) res1='F'; } else flag=0x00; } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<50;j++); } void send_string() { unsigned char temp[20]={\nKeys Pressed:}; char i=0; while(temp[i]!='\0') { send(temp[i]); i++; } }
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void send(unsigned char q) { SBUF=q; while(!TI); TI=0; } Alternate exam question: Write a program to interface 3x8 keyboard and LCD to microcontroller. Observations to be recorded for Experiment 6 1. Allocation of program memory for a program written in C
2. Memory allocation for variables declared in C
3. Use of header files reg51.h
4. RAM locations used for stack operations in C programs
5. Use SFR data type
6. Serial baud rate generation
7. Types of LCDs
8. LCD command set
9. Baud rate Vs Bit rate
10. Null modem connection
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Experiment 7 a) Write an ALP to transmit a message RVCE IS MY COLLEGE serially by programming the serial port with a baud of 9600, 8-bit data with 1-start bit & 1stop bit. In serial transmission as opposed to parallel transmission, one bit at a time is transmitted. In serial asynchronous transmission, the data consists of a Start bit (high), followed by 8 bits of data to be transmitted and finally the stop bit. The byte character to be transmitted is written into the SBUF register. It transmits the start bit. The 8-bit character is transferred one bit at a time. The stop bit is transferred. After the transmission, the TI flag = 1 indicating the completion of transmission. Hence in the subroutine wait until TI is set. Later clear the TI flag and continue with transmission of the next byte by writing into the SBUF register. (The program can also be written in interrupt mode). The speed of the serial transmission is set by the baud rate which is done with the help of timer 1. Timer1 must be programmed in mode 2 (that is, 8-bit, auto reload). Baud rate Calculation: Crystal freq/ (12*32) = (11.0592MHz)/(12*32) = 28800 Serial communication circuitry divides the machine cycle frequency (11.0592MHz)/(12) by 32 before it is being used by the timer to set the baud rate. To get 9600, 28800/3 is obtained by loading timer1 with -3 (i.e., FF 3 = FD) for further clock division. For 2400 baud rate, 28800/12 => -12 = F4 in TH1. Program: ORG 0 SJMP 30H ORG 30H MOV TMOD, #20h ;Timer-1, mode-2 MOV TH1, #-3h ;baud rate of 9600. MOV SCON, #50h ;mode-1, 8 bit data,1-start bit, 1-stop bit. SETB TR1 MOV DPTR, #MYDATA AGN: CLR A MOVC A, @A+DPTR JZ STOP ACALL SEND INC DPTR SJMP AGN STOP: SJMP STOP SEND: MOV SBUF, A HERE: JNB TI, HERE ; monitor TI flag for completion CLR TI RET MYDATA: DB "RVCE IS MY COLLEGE.",0 END
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Output: To see the result of this program, after selecting DEBUG session in the main menu use View-> serial window #1. On running & halting the program, the data is seen in the serial window. b) Write an 8051 C program to transmit characters consecutively using internal serial interrupt and display the same on LCD interface. #include<reg51.h> sfr ldata=0XA0; sbit rs=P3^7; sbit rw=P3^6; sbit en=P3^5; sbit busy=P2^7; void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value); void lcd_data(unsigned char value); void delay(unsigned int itime); void lcd_ready(); void display(); unsigned char res1; void main () { ES=1;
EA=1;
RI=0; lcd_cmd(0x38); // 8 BIT DATA , 2LINE, 5X7 DOT MATRIX lcd_cmd(0x0E); // DISPLAY ON, CURSOR ON, NO BLINK lcd_cmd(0x01); //CLEAR DISPLAY //lcd_cmd(0x80); // FIRST LINE SCON=0x50; //serial communication settings TMOD=0x20; TH1=-3; TL1=-3; TR1=1; while(1); } void receive()interrupt 4 { ES=0; res1=SBUF; display (); RI=0; ES=1; } void display(void) {
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lcd_cmd(0x01); delay(5); lcd_data(res1); delay(5); } void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=0; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_data(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=1; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_ready() { busy=1; rs=0; rw=1; while(busy==1) { en=0; delay(5); en=1; } return; } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<50;j++); }
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Activity: Write an C Program to Display 4 characters on 7 segment LED using MUX and Ports Observations to be recorded for Experiment 7 1. RS-232 data & Control signals
2. RJ-11 & DB-9 Connectors signal assignment
3. Synchronous & Asynchronous serial communication
4. Use of LCD ready function in the above program
5. Importance of receiving the data using serial interrupt
6. What is level converter
7. Functionality of MAX232
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Experiment 8 a) Write an 8051 C program to interface ADC in polled mode. b) Write an 8051 C program to interface ADC in interrupt mode. The A/D conversion is a quantizing process whereby an analog signal is converted into equivalent binary word. An ADC has n-bit resolution where n is 8, 10, 12, 16 or even 24 bits. The higher resolution ADC provides smaller step size, where step size is the smallest change in input analog voltage, an ADC can detect. ADC is governed by conversion time which is defined as time taken to convert the analog input to digital value. The step size is also called as resolution some times. The step size is defined as ratio of a change in value of input voltage needed to change a digital output by 1 LSB. If the full scale input voltage required to cause a digital output of all 1s is VIFS, then resolution (step size) can be given as, Resolution= VIFS / 2n Where, n=no. of output bits Quantization Error The figure below shows transfer curve of 3 bit ADC. From the figure, it is observed that there is an unavoidable uncertainty about the exact value of VIN for all digital output. This uncertainty is specified as quantization error. Its value is LSB.
ADC 816 The ADC0816, ADC0817 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique. This IC has 16-channels (IN0- IN15), so that analog signals from 16 different sources can be given. The 4 user programmable address lines (ADD A-ADD D) select among them any time. In ADC 816, REF(+) & REF(-) set the reference voltage. If REF(+) =5 V and REF(-)=GND, the step size is 19.53 mv(5/256). The input analog voltage can be varied between 0(00H) to 5V(FFH). If REF(+) =2.5 V and REF(-) =GND, the step size is 9.7 mv (2.5/256). The input analog voltage can be varied between 0(00H) to 2.5V(FFH). In the ADC target board of lab, REF(+)=5 V and REF(-)=GND (can be changed also). We use ADD A-ADD D to select IN0 IN15 and activate the ALE to latch in the address. Start(SOC) is for start of conversion. EOC(end of conversion) and OE(output enable) is to read the 8 bit digital value (Refer timing diagram).Conversion time is 100S.
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Successive Approximation Conversion Technique The successive approximation Analog to digital converter circuit typically consists of four chief sub circuits: 1. A sample and hold circuit to acquire the input voltage (Vin). 2. An analog voltage comparator that compares Vin to the output of the internal DAC (digital-to-analog converter) and outputs the result of the comparison to the successive approximation register (SAR). 3. A successive approximation register sub circuit designed to supply an approximate digital code of Vin to the internal DAC. 4. An internal reference DAC that supplies the comparator with an analog voltage equivalent of the digital code output of the SAR for comparison with Vin.
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Consider a three-bit conversion for simplicity. The search tree for an SAR search is illustrated below. To start a conversion cycle a three-bit digital register is first cleared, and then loaded with the triplet 100(MSB set to1). The register state provides the input to a DAC, and that provides a reference output. This output is compared to the analog signal to be converted, and a decision is made whether the analog signal is greater than or less than the reference signal. As the tree suggests, if the analog voltage is lesser, the comparator causes the SAR to clear MSB; otherwise, the bit is left a 1. Then the next bit is set to 1 and does the same test, continuing this binary search until every bit in the SAR has been tested. The resulting code is the digital approximation of the sampled input voltage and is finally output by the DAC at the end of the conversion (EOC).
Interfacing Diagram:
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a) This program demonstrates polled mode of I/O support. This program display converted digital value on serial window. Since the program run in polling mode, the digital value is displayed continuously. The above program can be made interrupt driven using any one external interrupt. Mean while processor can be put in idle mode. (as demonstrated in next program) #include<reg51.h> sbit sel0=P0^0; sbit sel1=P0^1; sbit sel2=P0^2; sbit sel3=P0^3; sbit ale=P0^4; sbit soc=P0^5; sbit rd=P0^6; sbit eoc=P2^0; void delay(unsigned int i) { for(;i>0;i--); return; } void send(unsigned char q) { SBUF=q; while(!TI); TI=0; } void convert(unsigned char y) { unsigned char q; q=y; y=(y>>4)&0x0f; if(y>0x09) y+=0x07; y+=0x30; send(y); y=q; y=y&0x0F; if(y>0x09) y+=0x07; y+=0x30; send(y); } void send_string() { unsigned char temp[20]={'\n','D','i','g','i','t','a','l',' ','v','a','l','u','e',':','\0'}; char i=0; while(temp[i]!='\0') {
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send(temp[i]); i++; } delay(10000); } void main(void) { unsigned char a; P0=0x00; P2=0xff; sel0=0x0; sel1=0; sel2=0; sel3=0; P1=0xff; SCON=0x50; TMOD=0x20; TH1=-3; TL1=-3; TR1=1; while(1) { soc=1; delay(1000); soc=0; delay(10000); while(eoc==0); rd=1; //wait for EOC signal a=P1; rd=0; send_string(); convert(a); delay(64000); } } b) Interrupt driven I/O support(reduces power consumption) #include<reg51.h> sbit sel0=P0^0; sbit sel1=P0^1; sbit sel2=P0^2; sbit sel3=P0^3; sbit ale=P0^4; sbit soc=P0^5; sbit rd=P0^6; sbit eoc=P2^0; unsigned char title[]={'\n','D','i','g','i','t','a','l',' ','v','a','l','u','e',':','\0'}; unsigned char message[]="\nCPU is in IDLE mode,Enable INT0 to continue"; void delay(unsigned int i)
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{ for(;i>0;i--); return; } void send(unsigned char q) { SBUF=q; while(!TI); TI=0; } void convert(unsigned char y) { unsigned char q; q=y; y=(y>>4)&0x0f; if(y>0x09) y+=0x07; y+=0x30; send(y); y=q; y=y&0x0F; if(y>0x09) y+=0x07; y+=0x30; send(y); } void doNothing(void)interrupt 0 { //No code } void send_string(unsigned char temp[]) { char i=0; while(temp[i]!='\0') { send(temp[i]); i++; } } void main(void) { unsigned char a; P0=0x00; P2=0xff; sel0=0x0; sel1=0;
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sel2=0; sel3=0; P1=0xff; SCON=0x50; TMOD=0x20; TH1=-3; TL1=-3; TR1=1; IE=0x81;
//Enable external interrupt 0
while(1) { soc=1; delay(1000); soc=0; while(eoc==0); rd=1; //wait for EOC signal a=P1; rd=0; send_string(title); convert(a); send_string(message); PCON=0x01; //After one conversion, enable idle mode. } } Observations to be recorded for Experiment 8 1. Resolution of ADC
2. Quantization error of ADC
3. ADC control signals
4. Types of ADCs(Explain briefly)
5. Use of Sleep modes of MCU
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6. Idle mode of 8051 MCU
7. Methods to improve resolution of ADC
8. Parallel Vs serial ADC
9. Use of serial window of Keil
10. ADC selection criteria
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EXPERIMENT 9 a) Generate PWM wave on pin P3.1 to control speed of DC motor. Control the duty cycle by analog input. Interfacing Diagram:
This program demonstrates the generation of pulse width modulated wave to control the speed of DC motor. By changing (modulating) the width of the pulse applied to DC motor we can increase or decrease the amount of power provided to the motor, thereby increasing or decreasing motor speed. Notice that, although the voltage has fixed amplitude, it has variable duty cycle. In this program, digital equivalent of analog input voltage is used to vary the duty cycle using timers. Speed varies linearly with analog voltage. Program: #include<reg51.h> sbit sel0=P0^0; sbit sel1=P0^1; sbit sel2=P0^2; sbit sel3=P0^3; sbit ale=P0^4; sbit soc=P0^5; sbit rd=P0^6; sbit eoc=P2^0; sbit pwm=P3^1; void delay(unsigned int i) { for(;i>0;i--); return; } void main(void) { unsigned char a; P0=0x00; P2=0xff; sel0=0x0;
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sel1=0; sel2=0; sel3=0; P1=0xff; TMOD=0x10; TH1=0; TL1=0; while(1) { soc=1; delay(1000); soc=0; while(eoc==0); rd=1; //wait for EOC signal a=P1; rd=0; TH1=a; TL1=a; TR1=1; pwm=0; while(TF1==0); TF1=0; a=~a; TH1=a; TL1=a; pwm=1; TR1=1; while(TF1==0); TF1=0; } } b) Write a program to generate sine wave using DAC. Display the generated signal in logic analyzer window in simulation mode and in CRO in target mode. Interfacing diagram:
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Circuit Diagram:
In DAC 0800A digital inputs are converted to current (Iout) and by connecting a current to voltage converter output result in voltage. The total output current is function of the binary information D0- D7 inputs of the DAC and reference current (Iref) and is given as,
Iref is the current generated by 10 V power supply and 3 K resistor. To generate a sine wave, we first need table whose values represent the magnitude of the sine angles between 0 and 360 degrees. The values for the sine vary from -1.0 to 1.0 for 0 to 360 degrees. The table below shows the angles, the sine values, the voltage magnitudes and integer values representing the voltage magnitude for each angle. Angle 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Vout (Voltage Magnitude) Values sent to DAC 5 V+(5V x sin ) (Vout x 25.6) 5 128 d (80 H) 5.4 139 d (8B H) 5.86 150 d (96 H) 6.29 161 d (A1 H) 6.79 171 d (AB H) 7.11 182 d (B6 H) 7.5 192 d (C0 H)
To generate the above table, we assumed the full scale voltage of 10 V for DAC output. Full scale output of the DAC is achieved when all the data inputs of the DAC are high. To find the value sent to the DAC for various angles, we simply multiply the Vout voltages by 25.6 because there are 256 steps in 10 volts. Therefore, 256 steps/ 10 V =25.6 steps/ volt. Similar procedure is followed to calculate the integer values for all remaining angles. Program: #include <REG51xD2.H> main() {
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unsigned char i, z[]={0x80,0x8b,0x96,0xa1,0xab,0xb6,0xc0,0xc9,0xd2,0xda,0xe2,0xe8,0xee,0xf4,0xf8, 0xfb,0xfe,0xff,0xfe,0xfb,0xf8,0xf4,0xee,0xe8,0xe2,0xda,0xd2,0xc9,0xc0,0xb6,0xab,0 xa1,0x96,0x8b,0x80,0x74,0x69,0x5e,0x59,0x49,0x40,0x36,0x2d,0x25,0x1d,0x17,0x1 1,0x0a,0x07,0x04,0x00,0x00,0x04,0x07,0x0a,0x11,0x17,0x1d,0x25,0x2d,0x36,0x40,0 x49,0x59,0x5e,0x69,0x74,0x80 }; while(1) { for(i=0;i<67;i++) P0=z[i]; } } Alternate exam question: Write a program to generate sine wave of given frequency. Observations to be recorded for Experiment 9 1. Use of I to V converter in DAC board //do it for ever
2. Use of dual DAC on Target board
3. What is peak to peak voltage of sine wave generated
4. What is reference voltage and current for DAC
5. Peace of code for generating square wave, Saw-tooth waveform
6. What is the digital equivalent of 3V analog voltage for ADC0816
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EXPERIMENT 10 a) Write an 8051 C program to measure frequency of TTL waveform. This program demonstrates use of counter to measure the frequency of TTL waveform connected to pin P3.4.After starting counter, it is made to count for approximately for one second. The measured frequency in Hz is displayed on interfaced LCD in reverse order. To meet timing constraint, assembly instructions (inline assembly) are written in C program. Interfacing Diagram:
Program: #include <REG51.H> sfr ldata=0XA0; sbit rs=P3^7; sbit rw=P3^6; sbit en=P3^5; sbit busy=P2^7; unsigned char countOverflow; unsigned long int freq; unsigned int count; void calFreq(); void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value); void lcd_data(unsigned char value); void delay(unsigned int itime); void lcd_ready(); void sendString(); void sendFreq(); unsigned char string[]={'F','R','Q','U','E','N','C','Y',' ','M','E','T','E','R'}; unsigned long int frqOffset[]={0,65536,131071,196608,262144,3276800,393216,458752}; void onCounterOverflow(void)interrupt 1 {
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TF0=0; countOverflow+=1; } main() { IE=0x82; lcd_cmd(0x3C); while(1) { TH0=TL0=0; count=0; countOverflow=0; TMOD=0x15; #pragma asm MOV R0,#14 CLR A MOV TH1,A MOV TL1,A MOV TH0,A MOV TL0,A MOV TCON,#50h Here:JNB TF1,Here CLR TF1 MOV R1,#91 Wait:DEC R1 CJNE R1.#00h,wait DJNZ R0,here CLR TR0 CLR TR1 #pragma endasm lcd_cmd(0x01); sendString(); lcd_cmd(0x0C0); calFreq(); sendFreq(); lcd_data('H'); lcd_data('z'); } } void sendFreq() { unsigned char temp; while(freq!=0) { temp=freq%10; freq/=10;
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/* 10x5 dot matrix, 2 line dislay, 8 bit data line*/
/*clear */
temp=temp+(0x30); lcd_data(temp); } } void calFreq() { freq=frqOffset[countOverflow]; count=TH0; count=count<<8; count+=TL0; freq+=count; } void sendString() { char i; for(i=0;i<14;i++) { lcd_data(string[i]); } } void lcd_cmd(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=0; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_data(unsigned char value) { lcd_ready(); ldata=value; rs=1; rw=0; en=1; delay(5); en=0; return; } void lcd_ready() { busy=1; rs=0; rw=1;
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while(busy==1) { en=0; delay(5); en=1; } return; } void delay(unsigned int itime) { unsigned int i,j; for(i=0;i<itime;i++) for(j=0;j<50;j++); } Note: Before compiling, Select Generate Assembler SRC file & Assemble SRC file under options for source group1 and add C51S library file to project (path: source drive\Keil\C51\LIB). Observations to be recorded for Experiment 10 1. Inline Assembly
2. Situations demanding inline assembly
3. Keil optimization tools
4.
DAC 0800
5. Compare IDLE mode with NOP instructions.
6. Use of adding C51S library file to the program
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION R.V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BANGALORE 59. Embedded systems & Microcontrollers Lab Viva Voce Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Differentiate between RISC & CISC. What is hardwired control unit? What is micro programmed control unit? Mention different ways to implement processor register. What is the meaning of hardware support & software support for an instruction? Differentiate between microprocessor & microcontroller. What is embedded system? Differentiate between hard & soft embedded systems with examples. What is real time embedded systems. Mention important constraints of embedded systems. Why RISC processors are called load & store architectures? Differentiate between Von Neuman & Harvard architectures with examples. Compare clock speeds of microprocessor & microcontroller. What is general purpose processor? Mention qualifying factors of microcontroller for an embedded system. Mention variants of 8051 microcontroller. What is instruction set compatibility? What is the driving capability of 8051 microcontroller ports? What is orthogonal instruction set? What is power on reset? How reset action of 8051 is initiated? What is minimum & maximum clock frequency of Intels 8051? Differentiate between instruction cycle, machine cycle & clock cycle? Why AT89C51ED2 is operated at 11.0592 MHz? Explain naming convention of AT89C51ED2. Why the crystal oscillator used to drive MCUs? Why the machine cycle width of AT89C51ED2 is 12 clock cycles (probable reason)? Explain data memory organization of Intels 8051. Mention the advantages of bit addressable locations. Mention the advantages of bit addressable locations with context to program memory. Explain data memory organization of AT89C51ED2. Explain interfacing of external data memory with timing diagram. Explain organization of the program memory in Intels 8051? What is the status of PSEN signal to access on chip ROM? What is the status of EA pin to access on chip data RAM? How microcontroller differentiates between on chip & off chip data memory access? Show the flag register status after execution of (23h-77h) operation. Show interfacing of 4K x 8 ROM chip to 8051 microcontroller. Write instruction to move the stack above 80h location. Mention different units of ports.
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41. The data memory of AT89C51ED2 is 256(00-FFh) bytes. The SFRs are also implemented in RAM locations 80-FFh. Write instructions to RAM locations & SFRs. 42. How to test stack overflow? 43. Differentiate between directive & instruction. 44. What is read-modify-write instruction? 45. The ALE signal is generated twice/machine cycle. Two bytes are fetched though an instruction is 1 byte which takes atleast 1MC to execute. Will the second byte is decoded? 46. Differentiate between reading a latch & reading a pin with examples. 47. Mention different ways to support I/O devices. 48. Explain port 0 pin structure. 49. Differentiate between bidirectional & quasi bidirectional port with examples. 50. Write a program to read the status of switch & actuating LED continuously. Use directives. 51. Write instruction to configure a port as output. 52. What is the fan out of port pins of 8051microcontoller? 53. Why external pull up resistor is required for I/O operation of port 0? 54. Differentiate between QFP & DIP ICs. 55. What is advantage of fixed length instructions of RISC architectures? 56. Differentiate between timer & counter with an example each. 57. Mention different ways to generate delay using 8051 microcontroller. 58. Mention different ways to control timer/counter running. 59. If the input oscillator frequency is 11.0592 MHz, then what is the TL0 counter frequency? 60. Explain auto reload counter mode of 8051. 61. Write a program to generate delay of 1sec using timer1 in any mode. 62. Write an ISR of timer 1 to read a switch every 100ms. 63. Explain mode 3 of timer 0. 64. What is the maximum input frequency that can be accurately counted by an AT89C51ED2 controller counter at XTAL=16MHz ? 65. Explain TMOD register. 66. Write a program to generate a square wave of 100 KHz &70% duty cycle using delay loop. 67. What is watch dog timer? Mention some probable reasons causing hanging of system. 68. How to control the running of timer 1 if timer 0 is set in mode 3? 69. If the input oscillator frequency is 11.0592 MHz, then what is the TH counter frequency in mode 0 & mode 1? 70. What is the application GATE bit of timer/counter? 71. Mention different conditions which set overflow flag to 0. 72. What is the advantage of bit addressable registers? Explain with examples. 73. Explain control logic of timer/counter. 74. The timer 1 is programmed in mode 2. The value in TH0 register is F3h. What is the initial state for first counting sequence? 75. What is wake up time of 8051?
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76. Design an 8051 based system to measure the pulse width. It is learnt that the pulse to be measured is generated at random interval of times. Use sleep mode of 8051 to reduce power consumption. 77. Explain power saving modes of 8051. 78. Differentiate between parallel & serial data transfer with examples. 79. Differentiate between synchronous & asynchronous serial communication with examples. 80. What is block data transfer? 81. What is baud rate? Compare with bps. 82. Explain simplex, half duplex & full duplex serial communication. 83. Explain data transmission formats of synchronous & asynchronous transmission. 84. What is master-slave configuration? 85. What is RS-232? Explain voltage levels RS-232. 86. Explain 9 signals of RS-232. 87. Explain Null modem connection of RS-232. 88. Mention advantages of high voltage levels of RS-232. 89. Mention different methods to support serial communication with merits & demerits. 90. Explain the registers of 8051 used for serial communication. 91. Explain shift register mode of 8051. 92. The mode 0 of serial interface is half duplex synchronous transmission. Explain how direction of data flow is controlled in this mode. 93. What is the baud rate of mode 0? 94. What is UART? Explain how baud rate is generated in this mode. 95. The timer 0 is configured in mode 3 & timer 1 in mode 1. To generate the baud timer 1 can be used or not? 96. What is multiprocessor communication mode? 97. What is framing error? Explain the support available in 8051 to detect framing error in serial mode 1. 98. Design a scheme for connecting 3 8051 microcontrollers using full duplex serial communication with variable baud rate. Select any one controller as a master and assign address to slaves. Write block diagram showing connection of controllers. It is learnt that master communicate with a salve every 10ms. Write ALP for master for this communication. 99. Explain interrupts of 8051. 100. Explain different actions performed by microcontroller upon arrival of interrupts. 101. Mention different priority levels among 8051 interrupts. 102. How contention among multiples interrupts of same priorities is solved in 8051? 103. Interrupt driven I/O support is better than polling. Why? 104. What is the minimum response time 8051 interrupt? 105. Differentiate between edge triggered & level triggered interrupts. 106. Write an assembly program to generate square wave of 2 KHz square wave & 50% duty cycle using timer interrupts. 107. Why some time interrupts may have high response time? 108. Explain how hardware single stepping is implemented using interrupts. 109. Write a C program to transmit message My best friend serially. Use serial interrupt.
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110. Write a C program to send actuating signal to a bell for every 1 second. 111. Which are the addressing modes supported by 8051.Explain with examples. 112. Explain instruction formats of 8051. 113. Differentiate between MOVX & MOVC instructions. 114. MOV A,80h & MOV A,P0 are the instructions doing same job. Differentiate between these two instructions with respect to assembling time. 115. Write an instruction to push the accumulator on stack. 116. What is DB? Write program statements to store string Microcontroller at memory locations starting at 500h. 117. What is EQU directive? Explain with an example. 118. Why all the programs are instructed to start at program memory locations above 30h? 119. Why END is the last statement of program? What is the machine code for the same? 120. Why the statement Here: SJMP Here required in all programs? 121. What is listing file? 122. Differentiate between .obj & .abs files? 123. What is object to hex converter? 124. What Intel hex file? Why these files are required? 125. Write a program to copy the value 55h into RAM locations 40h to 45h using a)Immediate addressing mode b)indirect addressing mode without a loop c) with a loop 126. Write program to copy the internal code byte at address 0300h to external RAM address 0300h. 127. Explain internal RAM organization of AT89C51Ed2? How accessing of SFRs is differentiated compare to upper 128 bytes of RAM? 128. Write a program to demonstrate the use of MOVC instruction. 129. Write instruction to move content of any upper 128 bytes of RAM locations of AT89C51ED2. 130. Explain the following instruction. XCH A,P0 131. Show that set of XCH instructions executes faster than PUSH & POP when saving contents of A register. 132. Write the instructions to do the following a) Complement the contents of RAM location 30H b) Mask upper four bits of A c) Set lower 4 bits of A 133. What is the operation of following instructions? Mybit equ p1.0 mov c, Mybit mov r0,#Mybit 134. What is the operation of following instructions? In_port equ p1 mov r1,In_port mov r0,#In_port 135. A switch is connected to pin P1.7 and LED to pin P2.0. Write a program to get the status of the switch and send it to LED.
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136. Explain rotate instructions. Write program to transfer accumulator contents serially to some peripheral connected to port pins. 137. Write a program to add 2 16-bit numbers FC45h and 02ECh. 138. Explain DA instruction with an example. 139. How DIV instruction indicates divide-by-zero error? 140. Write syntax instruction of unconditional jump instruction. 141. Explain SJMP, AJMP & LJMP instructions with examples. 142. Differentiate between call & Jump instructions. 143. Write a program to count number of 1s in any number in register B and put the count in R5. 144. Compare IDLE mode with NOP instructions. 145. Explain data types supported by 8051 C compiler of Keil. 146. Write C instruction to store string Microcontroller in code memory. 147. What is resolution of ADC? How resolution of ADC can be varied? 148. What is the digital equivalent of 3V analog voltage? Assume ADC is 0816 & reference voltage is 5V. 149. What is quantization error of ADC? Explain methods to reduce it. 150. Explain successive approximation method of analog to digital conversion. 151. What is resolution of DAC? 152. Explain different stepper motors. 153. What is step angle & pitch of stepper motor? 154. Write block diagram showing connection between Keil IDE running on host system & ESA MCB-51 target board. 155. Explain different units of Keil Vision. 156. What is In-System-Programming? What is boot loader or serial loader? 157. Compare MIPS, MFLOPS & MMACS. 158. What is code banking? Explain support provided by Keil IDE for code banking. 159. Which are the different code optimization techniques available in Keil IDE? 160. Differentiate between basic linker & extended linker of Keil. 161. What is monitor program? 162. Explaining programming 8051 program memory with diagram. 163. What are lock bits? Explain various options which could be obtained by programming lock bits. 164. How the memory map to linker is given in the case of C programs? 165. Explain DB 9 & RJ 11 connector details. 166. Explain some features of AT89C51ED2. 167. Why we must check serial interrupt of Keil Monitor-51 driver settings? 168. Why we must not check serial interrupt of Keil monitor-51 driver settings if the application is using serial interrupt? 169. What is the difference between reset option given in Keil IDE & hardware reset of the MCU? 170. What is Flash memory? Compare with EEPROM.
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Embedded Systems & MC lab

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8051 Programming Model

Bit Addressable Register

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Program Status Word (PSW) Register

Timer/Counter Mode selection (TMOD) Register

Timer/Counter Control (TCON) Register

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Serial control (SCON) Register

Interrupt Enable (IE) Register

Interrupt Priority (IP) Register

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Power Control (PCON) register

Port 3 alternate pin functions

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Block diagram of AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller: Fig 2

On-Chip memory of AT89C51ED2 Microcontroller: Fig 3

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Embedded Systems & MC lab

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Embedded Systems & MC lab

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Embedded Systems & MC lab

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Embedded Systems & MC lab

;source address ;destination address ;Block is of length 5 elements

MOV MOVX MOV MOV MOVX XCH MOVX MOV

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; source address ; Largest element is initialized to 0 ; no. of elements

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; if A> R0, carry flag is 0

; Store the largest element

After Execution: Underlined element is largest.

The given list 28 58

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Embedded Systems & MC lab

; This code excahnge two elements

DJNZ R2, NEXT DJNZ R3, NEXT1 SJMP STOP

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;Adjust Ls Part Of Result To Bcd Form

;Adjust Ms Part Of Result Also

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;Store The Result

Output: Before Execution: Enter BCD input

2. Use of SJMP 30H & ORG 30H statements

3. Use of HERE:SJMP HERE statement

4. HEX file of any one program

5. Use of MOVX statement

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7. .lst file of any one program

8. Setting clock a real number

;r1r2 = 100200 = 20000 * 0.05msec = 1sec