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Cap 6
Cap 6
3
4
diagonal 21 x# A(x) 2 a1 x# b
3
4
(diagonal)#
#
3. A(x)
diagonal 2x A(x) 2x
x x #
#
1(diameter)#
4
4. A(x)
1 c a2 x # b x # d
4
1c2 a1 x# bd
4
1 a1 2x# x% b ; a 1, b 1;
"
x&
5 "
21 1
2
3
5"
161
15
(diagonal)#
#
6. A(x)
21 x#
"
#
"
x$
3 "
STEP 2) a 0, b 1
8 1 "3
16
3
1 x# 1 x#
"
x$
3 "
"
#
8
3
1
3
13
1
4
1
4
2 sec# x 1
2 sin x
cos# x
dx
1
4
2 tan x x 2 cos" x 1$
1$
362
1
4
23
1
3
2 "" 23
#
1
3
2 ""
#
1
3
13
1
4
9. A(y)
(diameter)#
1
4
5y# 0
&
541 y5
!
"
#
10. A(y)
1
4
51
4
51
4
43
21
3
sin x
cos# x
dx 2 23 13 43
21
3
y% ;
y% dy
a2& 0b 81
"
#
(leg)(leg)
#
1 y# 1 y#
2 sin x
cos# x
1
4
"
y$
3 "
"
#
21 y# 2 a1 y# b ; c 1, d 1;
4 1 "3
8
3
11. (a) It follows from Cavalieri's Principle that the volume of a column is the same as the volume of a right
prism with a square base of side length s and altitude h. Thus, STEP 1) A(x) (side length)# s# ;
STEP 2) a 0, b h; STEP 3) V 'a A(x) dx '0 s# dx s# h
b
(b) From Cavalieri's Principle we conclude that the volume of the column is the same as the volume of the
prism described above, regardless of the number of turns V s# h
12. 1) The solid and the cone have the same altitude of 12.
2) The cross sections of the solid are disks of diameter
x x# x# . If we place the vertex of the cone at the
origin of the coordinate system and make its axis of
symmetry coincide with the x-axis then the cone's cross
sections will be circular disks of diameter
x
x x
4 4 # (see accompanying figure).
3) The solid and the cone have equal altitudes and identical
parallel cross sections. From Cavalieri's Principle we
conclude that the solid and the cone have the same
volume.
13. R(x) y 1
1 2
4
2
14. R(y) x
3y
#
x
#
8
12
#
V '0 1[R(x)]# dx 1'0 1 x# dx 1'0 1 x
2
x#
4
dx 1 x
x#
#
21
3
dy 1'
V '0 1[R(y)]# dy 1'0 3y
#
0
1
4
y du
1
4
9
4
y# dy 1 34 y$ ! 1
3
4
dy 4 du 1 dy; y 0 u 0, y 1 u
#
x$
12 !
8 61
1
4
1%
V '0 1[R(y)]# dy 1'0 tan 14 y dy 4 '0 tan# u du 4 '0 a1 sec# ub du 4[u tan u]!
1
14
14
12
1
#
12
u 1 V 1'0
"
8
(sin 2x)#
4
12
dx; u 2x du 2 dx
sin# u du
1
8
#u
"
4
sin
1
2u !
1 '0 x% dx 1 x5
2
&
321
5
1 '0 x' dx 1 x7
2
#
!
1281
7
$
x$
3 $
1 9x
21 9(3)
27
3
2 1 18 361
1 13
"
#
5"
1
30
(10 15 6)
12
1#
1 csin xd !
2x%
4
1
30
"
x&
5 !
1(1 0) 1
12
1
8
1#
du
8
dx
4
1[R(x)]# dx
; x 0 u 0,
0 0
1#
16
363
364
14
'014 1[R(x)]# dx
1%
1 [2x]!
14
1%
22 [sec x]!
tan3 x
1%
1 1# 0 22 2 1 "3 a1$ 0b 1 1# 22
24. R(x) 2 2 sin x 2(1 sin x) V '0 1[R(x)]# dx
12
12
41'0 3#
12
cos 2x
2
2 sin x
1#
41 3# x sin42x 2 cos x !
41 341 0 0 (0 0 2) 1(31 8)
"
1 y4 41
!
1[1 (1)] 21
1#
11
3
1y
4
V 'c2 1[R(y)]# dy
0
29. R(y)
2
y 1
1y !
4 #
4[0 (1)] 4
"
(y 1)#
dy
"
41 y"
1 41 4 (1) 31
!
30. R(y)
2y
y # 1
#
dy;
cu y 1 du 2y dy; y 0 u 1, y 1 u 2d
V 1'1 u# du 1 "u " 1 #" (1)
2
1
#
31. For the sketch given, a 1# , b 1# ; R(x) 1, r(x) cos x; V 'a 1 a[R(x)]# [r(x)]# b dx
b
12
12
1#
21 1# 1 1# 21
32. For the sketch given, c 0, d 14 ; R(y) 1, r(y) tan y; V 'c 1 a[R(y)]# [r(y)]# b dy
d
14
1%
"
x$
3 !
1 1 "3 0
21
3
"
x#
# !
41 1 "# 21
1 1# 1
1#
#
1
365
366
1 'c1 ax% x# 6x 8b dx
2
&
1 x5
x$
3
1 32
5
8
3
6x#
#
8x
24
#
16 5"
"
"
3
6
#
530533
8 1 33
5 3 28 3 8 1
1'c1 a4 x# b (2 x)# dx
2
#
x&
5 "
32
5
12 2 3 "5 1 15
1 1# 1 1# 1 1(1 2)
1 '0 a2y y# b dy 1 y#
1
"
y$
3 !
1 1 3"
41
3
33
5
1081
5
1171
5
1'0 a2y y# b dy 1 y#
1
"
y$
3 !
1 1 "3
21
3
1'0 (4 y) dy 1 4y
4
%
y#
2 !
1(16 8) 81
V '0
1 '0
1 y3
1 a[R(y)]# [r(y)]# b dy
c3 a3 y# bd dy 1'0
$
!
y# dy
13
1'0 4 1 y dy
1
1 '0 4 1 2y y dy
1
1 '0 3 2y y dy
1
1 3y 43 y$#
1 3
"
y#
# !
"# 1 18683
4
3
71
6
#
1'0 2 y"$ 1 dy
1
1 3y 3y%$
"
3y&$
5 !
1 3 3 53
31
5
367
368
1'0 (4 x) dx 1 4x
4
%
x#
# !
1(16 8) 81
1'0 y% dy 1 y5
2
&
#
!
321
5
#
(c) r(x) 0 and R(x) 2 x V '0 1 a[R(x)]# [r(x)]# b dx 1'0 2 x dx
4
1'0 4 4x x dx 1 4x
4
8x$#
3
%
x#
# !
1 16
64
3
16
#
81
3
#
y&
5 !
1 64
3
32
5
2241
15
y
#
#
1'0 1 y# dy 1'0 1 y
2
1 y
y#
#
#
y$
12 !
1 #
4
2
8
12
y#
4
dy
21
3
y
#
#
V '0 1 a[R(y)]# [r(y)]# b dy 1 '0 2 y# 1 dy 1 '0 4 2y
2
1'0 3 2y
2
y#
4
dy 1 3y y#
#
y$
12 !
1 6 4
8
12
1 2 23
y#
4
1 dy
81
3
1 x
2x$
3
"
x&
5 "
10 3
21 1515
21 1
2
3
15
161
15
21
15
(45 20 3)
561
15
"
x&
5 "
21 3
4
3
15
2
3
15
21
15
(45 10 3)
641
15
"
x&
5 "
21 3
369
#
1 '0 hb x h dx
b
1'0 hb# x#
b
x
1h# 3b
#
x#
b
2h#
b
x h# dx
b
x 1h# b3 b b
!
1 h# b
3
#
(b) r(y) 0 and R(y) b 1 yh V '0 1 a[R(y)]# [r(y)]# b dy 1b# '0 1 yh dy
h
1b# '0 1
h
2y
h
y#
h#
dy 1b# y
y#
h
y$
3h# !
1 b# h
3
1b# h h 3h
1 'ca b a# y# b a# y# dy
#
1a#
#
2a# b1#
50. (a) A cross section has radius r #y and area 1r# #1y. The volume is '0 #1ydy 1 cy# d ! #&1.
&
dV
dh
Aahb. Therefore
dh
dt
dV
dt
"
)1
dV
dh
Aahb
dh
dt
$
)1
$ units
sec
hca
(b) Given
and a 5 m, find
dV
dt
dV
dh
dh
dt
a$
3
1 a# h
so
dh
dt
"
A ah b
dV
dt .
units$
sec .
hca
y$
3 ca
h$
3
dh
dt ,
&
1 a# h a$
h# a ha#
(h a)$
3
a$
a$
3
1h# (3a h)
3
d^
k"
53. The cross section of a solid right circular cylinder with a cone removed is a disk with radius R from which a disk of radius
h has been removed. Thus its area is A" 1R# 1h# 1 aR# h# b . The cross section of the hemisphere is a disk of
#
radius R# h# . Therefore its area is A# 1 R# h# 1 aR# h# b . We can see that A" A# . The altitudes of
both solids are R. Applying Cavalieri's Principle we find
Volume of Hemisphere (Volume of Cylinder) (Volume of Cone) a1R# b R "3 1 aR# b R
2
3
1 R$ .
370
54. R(x)
rx
h
h # #
r x
dx
h#
1r#
h#
x3 1hr# h3
!
"
3
c7
1
144
x
1#
7$
3
(256)(16)
16$
3
'
x&
5 !
12x$
1
144
12 6$
6&
5
16$
3
1 73 256(16 7)
1 6 $
144
x#
144
12
a36 x# b dx
36
5
1
144
(
y$
3 "'
'06 a36x# x% b dx
1 6036
196
144
5
361
5
1'0 c# 2c sin x
'1
(b)
1cos 2x
dx 1 0 c# "# 2c sin x cos#2x dx
#
1
1 c# "# x 2c cos x sin42x ! 1 c# 1 1# 2c 0 (0 2c 0) 1 c# 1 1# 4c . Let
2
V(c) 1 c# 1 1# 4c . We find the extreme values of V(c): dV
dc 1(2c1 4) 0 c 1 is a critical
#
#
point, and V 12 1 14 1# 18 1 1# 14 1# 4; Evaluate V at the endpoints: V(0) 1# and
#
#
V(1) 1 3# 1 4 1# (4 1)1. Now we see that the function's absolute minimum value is 1# 4,
taken on at the critical point c 12 . (See also the accompanying graph.)
#
From the discussion in part (a) we conclude that the function's absolute maximum value is 1# , taken on at
the endpoint c 0.
(c) The graph of the solid's volume as a function of c for
0 c 1 is given at the right. As c moves away from
[! "] the volume of the solid increases without bound.
If we approximate the solid as a set of solid disks, we
can see that the radius of a typical disk increases without
bounds as c moves away from [0 1].
58. (a) R(x) 1
1 'c4 1
4
1 x
x$
24
21 4
V 'c4 1[R(x)]# dx
4
x#
16
8
3
x#
16
dx 1'c4 1
4
x&
516# %
45
21
15
21 4
x#
8
x%
16#
4$
24
4&
516#
(60 40 12)
641
15
dx
ft$
(b) The helicopter will be able to fly 64151 (7.481)(2) 201 additional miles.
6.2 VOLUME BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
1. For the sketch given, a 0, b 2;
shell
shell
V 'a 21 radius
height
dx '0 21x 1
b
x#
4
dx 21'0 x
x#
4
dx 21'0 2x
x$
4
21 3 61
2. For the sketch given, a 0, b 2;
shell
shell
V 'a 21 radius
height
dx '0 21x 2
b
dx 21 x#
x$
4
#
x%
16 !
dx 21 x#
21 4#
#
x%
16 !
16
16
21(4 1) 61