Transport Layer

Transport layer acts as a liaison between the upperlayer protocols and the lower-layer protocols.
TCP, UDP.

Purpose of Transport Layer Enables multiple applications to communicate over the network at the same time on a single device Ensures that, if required, all the data is received reliably and in order by the correct application Employs error handling mechanisms

 Major functions of the transport layer and the role it plays in data networks
Tracking the individual communication between applications on the source and destination hosts Segmenting data and managing each piece Reassembling the segments into streams of application data Identifying the different applications To accomplish this, the Transport layer assigns an application an identifier. The TCP/IP protocols call this identifier a port number.

Transport Layer Role and Services

Transport Layer Services

 Supporting Reliable Communication

 Role of port numbers in the TCP and UDP protocols.

 Port Numbers

Netstat is an important network utility that can be used to verify those connections. Netstat lists the protocol in use, the local address and port number, the foreign address and port number, and the state of the connection.

 Segments

TCP Header Format

UDP Header Format

 Describe the role of port numbers in establishing TCP sessions and directing segments to server process

 Trace the steps in the handshake in the establishment of TCP sessions

Managing TCP Sessions

TCP sequence numbers

Managing TCP Sessions

Sequence numbers and acknowledgement numbers are used to manage exchanges in a conversation

Managing TCP Sessions

Retransmission remedy for lost data employed by TCP

UDP Protocol
UDP protocol and the types of communication for which it is best suited

UDP Protocol