Intersymbol Interference(ISI)

ISI in the detection process. (a) Typical baseband digital system (b) Equivalent model

Due to the effect of system filtering,the received pulses can overlap one another.
The tail of a pulse can smear into adjacent symbol intervals, Thereby interfering with the detection process and degrading the error performance;such interference is termed intersymbol interference(ISI).

Nyquist channels for zero ISI. (a) Rectangular system transfer function H(f). (b) Received pulse shape h(t)=sinc(t/T)

The theoritical minimum system BW needed to detect Rs symbols/s without ISI is Rs/2 Hz.(Nyquist)
A system with bandwidth W=1/2T=Rs/2 Hz can support a maximum transmission rate of 2W=1/T=Rs symbols/s without ISI

Pulse Shaping

Pulses formed by ideal LPF

The minimum required system bandwidth W for a symbol rate of Rs symbols/s without ISI is Rs/2 hertz. The Nyquist BW constraint

Sequence of Pulses formed by ideal LPF

The Raised-Cosine Filter

A filter which meets the requirement that the impulse response have zeros at uniformly spaced time intervals. Its frequency response function is

Where : W = absolute BW W0 = minimum Nyquist BW The roll-off factor is r = ( W W0 ) W0 where 0r1

Raised-cosine filter characteristics. (a) System transfer function. (b) System impulse response.

Eye Pattern

Eye Pattern

Eye Pattern

Band-width Limitation