IMS

IMS - DB
SESSION 1 SESSION 2 SESSION 3
IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS (SSAs)
SESSION 4
COBOL BASICS FOR IMS

DL/I CALLS COMMAND CODES DL/I CALLS EXERCISE
SESSION 8
DATABASE ACCESS METHODS

MULTIPLE PROCESSING SECONDARY INDEXING LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
SESSION 12
SESSION 13 SESSION 14
DB RECOVERY/RESTART
EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS COMMON IMS ABENDS
2
SESSION 1
IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
IMS - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DEVELOPED IN 1968 BY IBM DATA LANGUAGE-I (DL/I) WAS DEVELOPED AS A INTERFACE BETWEEN APPLICATION CODE AND DATA IN IMS DATABASE

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
ROOT SEGMENT (PARENT)
Continued ...
FOLLOWS INVERTED TREE STRUCTURE

A2 A1
-- Level 1
EACH BOX IN THE HIERARCHY REPRESENTS A SEGMENT
SEGMENT OCCURRNCES
ROOT SEGMENT WILL BE ON TOP

EACH SEGMENT (EXCEPT ROOT SEGMENT) IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE
C1 D1
B3 B1 B2
-- Level 2
SEGMENT
TWIN SEGMENTS
DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
Continued ...
SEGMENT IS THE SMALLEST INFORMATION THAT DL/I CAN FETCH
EACH SEGMENT WILL HAVE UNIQUE 8 CHARACTER (MAX) NAME
SEGMENTS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE FIELDS
FIELD IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT DL/I CAN HANDLE
EACH FIELD WILL HAVE MAX 8 CHARACTER NAME
SEGMENT TYPE vs SEGMENT OCCURRENCE SEGMENT OCCURRENCE IS A PARTICULAR INSTANCE OF A SEGMENT TYPE
6

TWO TYPES OF FIELDS KEY FIELDS
Continued ...
SEARCH FIELDS
KEY FIELD IS USED TO SEQUENCE DATABASE AND IT CAN NOT BE CHANGED
BOTH TYPES OF FIELDS CAN BE USED TO SEARCH DATABASE

TYPES OF SEGMENTS
ROOT PARENT A SEGMENT WITHOUT PARENT
Continued ...
A SEGMENT WITH ONE OR MORE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS DIRECTLY UNDER IT A SEGMENT WHICH IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ANOTHER CHILD SEGMENT ALL SEGMENTS UNDER A PARTICULAR SEGMENT OF THE DATABASE ALL OCCURRENCES (2 OR MORE) OF A SEGMENT TYPE UNDER A PARENT OCCURRENCES OF DIFFERENT SEGMENT TYPES UNDER A PARENT
8
DEPENDENT
TWIN
SIBLINGS

EXERCISE - 1
1 SUPPLIER
Continued ...
2 BRANCH
3 ORDER
4 ITEM
5 PAYMENT
1. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT ON SEGMENT 3? 2. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE CHILD SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1? 3. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1? 4. HOW MANY LEVELS?

DATABASE RECORD
Continued ...
ONE OCCURRENCE OF A ROOT SEGMENT ALONG WITH ALL ITS DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
10

EXERCISE-2
Continued ...
HOW MANY DATABASE RECORDS?
11

IMS DATABASE LIMITATIONS
IMS SUPPORTS 15 LEVELS 255 SEGMENTS 1000 FIELDS
Continued ...
NO LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF SEGMENT OCCURRENCES.
12

IMS ENVIRONMENT
DL/I FORMS BRIDGE BETWEEN APPLICATION PROGRAM AND IMS DATABASE DB PCB interface
Continued ...
App Prog
DL/I IS DATABASE MANAGER. IT CONSISTS OF IMS PROGRAM MODULES THAT RUN EXTERNAL TO APPLICATION PROGRAM DL/I ALLOWS SEQUENTIAL OR RANDOM PROCESSING OF DATABASE
I/O PCB interface
DL/I
DC
Database
Terminal
13

IMS ENVIRONMENT
MODES OF PROCESSING BATCH DL/I MODE MPP MODE BMP MODE
Continued ...
ONLINE
BATCH
MPP
BMP
DL/I
14

IMS ENVIRONMENT
BATCH DL/I TRUE BATCH PROCESSING NO DATA COMMUNICATION SERVICES ARE USED DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE OFFLINE
Continued ...
MPP (MESSAGE PROCESSING PROGRAM) TRUE ONLINE PROCESSING TRANSACTION ARE ENTERED AT TERMINAL AND STORED IN MESSAGE QUEUE DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE ONLINE
15

IMS ENVIRONMENT
BMP (BATCH MESSAGE PROCESSING)
Continued ...
TWO TYPES
1. TRANSACTION ORIENTED: CAN READ & WRITE TO ONLINE MESSAGE QUEUES
CAN PROCESS ONLINE FILES AND DATABASES
2. BATCH ORIENTED: CAN ONLY READ MESSAGE QUEUES
ACCESS ONLINE DATABASES IN BATCH MODE
16
SESSION 2
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
17
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
DATABASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)
DEFINES THE LAYOUT OF THE DATABASE

DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR DEFINES LAYOUT USING DBDGEN MACRO
PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB) DEFINES THE PROGRAMS VIEW OF THE DATABASE AND APPLICATION PROGRAMS ACCESS AUTHORITY TO DATABASE DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR / PROGRAMMER DEFINES THIS USING PSBGEN MACRO
18
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATA BASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)
Continued ...
STATEMENTS IN DBD MACRO STATEMENT DESCRIPTION
DBD
DATASET SEGM FIELD
SPECIFIES DATABASE NAME, ACCESS METHOD

SPECIFIES DD NAME TO BE USED IN JCL, DISK TYPE SPECIFIES SEGMENT NAME,SEGMENT LENGTH, PARENT SPECIFIES FIELD NAME, LENGTH, STARTING POSITION IDENTIFIES A FIELD AS KEY OR SEARCH FIELD
19
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

SAMPLE DBDGEN
PRINT ON NOGEN
Continued ...
DBD NAME=SUPLRDBD,ACCESS=(HISAM,VSAM)
DATASET DD1=SUPPLR01,OVFLW=SUPPLR02, DEVICE=3390,SIZE=(5120,1024) SEGM NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0,BYTES=38 FIELD NAME=(SUPLCODE,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=SUPLNAME,BYTES=12,START=7,TYPE=C SEGM NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER,BYTES=38 FIELD NAME=(BRNAME,SEQ,M),BYTES=12,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=BRLOCN,BYTES=6,START=33,TYPE=C
20
SEGM NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER,BYTES=52
FIELD NAME=(ORDRNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=BALAMT,BYTES=4,START=49,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=ORDRAMT,BYTES=4,START=45,TYPE=P
SEGM NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER,BYTES=15
FIELD NAME=(ITEMNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=4,START=1,TYPE=C SEGM NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER,BYTES=30 FIELD NAME=(CHEQNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=AMOUNT,BYTES=4,START=7,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=AMOUNT,BYTES=4,START=7,TYPE=P DBDGEN FINISH END
21
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATATYPES USED IN DBDGEN
Continued ...
TYPE C P
DESCRIPTION Character (Default) Packed Decimal
COBOL PICTURE X COMP-3
Z
H F
Zoned Decimal
Half Word Binary Full Word Binary
S9
9(4) COMP 9(8) COMP
22
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
CAN WE DEFINE OVERLAPPING FIELDS?
23
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE PROGRAM COMMUNICATION BLOCKS (PCBs) DB PCB - DEFINES PROGRAMS VIEW OF A IMS DATABASE WHENEVER A DATABASE VIEW DEFINED BY THE PCB IS ACCESSED BY A CALL, THE RESULTS OF CALL ARE PASSED THROUGH THE PCB TO PROGRAM PSB IS GENERATED BY PSBGEN MACRO
24
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PCB GIVES LOGICAL VIEW OF A DATABASE
Continued ...
PORTION OF DATABASE THAT THE PROGRAM PROCESSES IS CALLED APPLICATION DATA STRUCTURE DATABASE
1 SUPPLIER
2 BRANCH
3 ORDER
4 ITEM
5 PAYMENT
25
PCBs
1 SUPPLIER 1 SUPPLIER
2 BRANCH
3 ORDER 2 BRANCH
4 ITEM
5 PAYMENT
1 SUPPLIER
1 SUPPLIER
3 ORDER
3 ORDER
4 ITEM
5 PAYMENT
26
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

SAMPLE PSBGEN
Continued ...
PRINT ON NOGEN PCB TYPE=TP,MODIFY=YES,EXPRESS=YES
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0 SENSEG NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER SENSEG NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER SENSEG NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER SENSEG NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0 SENSEG NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER
27
PCB TYPE=DB, DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=AP SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0 SENSEG NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER SENSEG NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER PCB TYPE=DB, DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0 SENSEG NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER SENSEG NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER PSBGEN PSBNAME=SUPLRPSB,LANG=COBOL END
28
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PROCOPTS IN PSB DEFINES SECURITY LEVEL FOR THE PROGRAM PROCOPT G I R D A L LS K O P Get or Read Insert Replace Delete All Options (G, I, R, D) DESCRIPTION
Continued ...
Initial Load
Sequential Initial Load
Access only Key of segment

Used with G to Indicate that Hold is not allowed Path Calls
29
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
APPLICATION PROGRAM CAN HAVE MULTIPLE VIEWS OF A DATABASE BY USING SEPARATE PCBS FOR A SINGLE DATABASE
PSB PCB1 PCB2
PCB3
PCB4
DBD1
DBD2
DBD3
30
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=AP SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0 SENSEG NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER SENSEG NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER PSBGEN PSBNAME=SUPLRPSB,LANG=COBOL END
1. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT MAY BE UPDATED USING THIS PSB 2. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT CANNOT BE UPDATED 3. GIVE THE VALID PROCOPT TO BE CODED FOR ADDING AND REPLACING RECORDS IN LOCATION SEGMENT
31
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

EMPDATA
Continued ...
WORKDATA
DEPTDATA
BENDATA
BASED ON THE ABOVE VIEW OF DATABASE FILL IN THE MISSING PIECES
OF PCB
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=EMPDB,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=G SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________ SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________ PSBGEN LANG=COBOL,PSBNAME=EMPPSBY END
32
SESSION 3
SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT
33

THE SSA IS AN AREA IN WORKING STORAGE USED TO IDENTIFY THE
SEGMENT TO WHICH ACCESS IS REQUIRED

IT IS AN OPTIONAL DL/I CALL PARAMETER THAT QUALIFIES A CALL BY SPECIFIYING A PARTICULAR SEGMENT TYPE OR OCCURRENCE
WHEN SPECIFIED IN A DL/I CALL THE SSA ALWAYS FOLLOWS I/O PARAMETER THERE MAY BE 1 TO 15 SSAs IN A CALL STATEMENT THE SSAs MUST APPEAR IN HIERARCHICAL ORDER BY SEGMENT TYPE THE SSA CONTAINS INFORMATION TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED SEGMENT. THE INFORMATION COULD BY SEGMENT NAME OR SEGMENT NAME & SEGMENT KEY OR SEGMENT NAME & SEARCH FIELD
34
Continued ...
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MAX 15 SSA?
35

TYPES OF SSAS
UNQUALIFIED
Continued ...
SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT TYPE
QUALIFIED SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT OCCURRENCE
MORE EFFICIENT THAN UNQUALIFIED SSA
36

UNQUALIFIED SSA
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
Continued ...
..
01 SUPPLIER-SSA. 05 FILLER PIC X(8) VALUE 'SUPPLIER'. 05 FILLER PIC XX VALUE '*-'. 05 BG-QUALIFY PIC X VALUE '('.
Blank in 9th position or * in 9th position - in position 10 and a blank in position 11
S U P P L I E R
S U P P L I E R * 37

QUALIFIED SSA
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
Continued ...
01 SUPPLIER-SSA. 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 BG-QUALIFY 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 SUPLCODE 05 FILLER
PIC X(8) PIC XX PIC X PIC X(8) PIC XX PIC X(6) PIC X
VALUE 'SUPPLIER'. VALUE '*-'. VALUE '('. VALUE 'SUPLCODE'. VALUE '= '. VALUE SPACES. VALUE ')'.
..
SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
38
PROCEDURE DIVISION. .. MOVE S00001 TO SUPLCODE. CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING CALL-FUNC SUPPLIER-PCB SUPPLIER-IO-AREA SUPPLIER-SSA
equivalent to
MOVE S00001 TO SUPLCODE. CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING CALL-FUNC SUPPLIER-PCB SUPPLIER-IO-AREA SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
39

OPERATORS USED IN QUALIFIED SSA
Continued ...
OPERATOR
SYMBOLS
Equal to
Not Equal to Less than
EQ, = , =
NE, =, = LT, < , <
Less than or Equal to

Greater than Greater than or Equal to
LE, <=, =<

GT, > , > GE, >=, =>
40

COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODES INCREASE THE FUNCTIONALITY OF IMS CALLS
Continued ...
COMMAND CODES ARE DESIGNATED BY AN ASTERISK * FOLLOWED BY CHARACTERS
NOTE: Detailed description of Command codes will be covered in Session COMMAND CODES
41
SESSION 4
42

DATA DIVISION
IN A COBOL-IMS PROGRAM. THE FIRST SECTION TO CONTAIN ANY IMS RELATED COMPONENTS IS THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
FUNCTION CODES I/O AREA
DATA DIVISION FILE SECTION WORKING STORAGE SECTION LINKAGE SECTION

PROCEDURE DIVISION
SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS

PCB MASKS
43

FUNCTION CODES
Continued ...
A FUNCTION CODE IS A 4 BYTE CODE TO TELL DL/I WHAT KIND OF CALL THE PROGRAM IS MAKING
SOME VALID FUNCTION CODES ARE GU GET UNIQUE GN GET NEXT GNP GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT GHU GET HOLD UNIQUE GHN GET HOLD NEXT GHNP GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT DLET DELETE REPL REPLACE ISRT INSERT XRST EXTENDED RESTART CHKP CHECKPOINT
44

INPUT/OUTPUT AREA
Continued ...
IS A STANDARD RECORD DESCRIPTION IN THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION
WHICH HOLDS DATABASE SEGMENTS FOR MANIPULATION

IS USED BY DL/I TO PASS SEGMENTS TO THE PROGRAM CAN BE USED BY PROGRAMMER TO ADD OR REPLACE SEGMENT DATA
MUST BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF THE LONGEST

SEGMENT TO BE USED BY THE PROGRAM IN CASES WHERE MULTIPLE SEGMENTS OF A HIERARCHY ARE UPDATED OR RETRIEVED, THE I/O AREA MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH TO HOLD THE LARGEST
CONCATENATION OF THESE SEGMENTS
45

THE PCB MASK
USED IN LINKAGE SECTION LINKAGE SECTION
Continued ...
01 PCB-PAYMENT. 05 DBN-PAYMENT 05 LEV-PAYMENT 05 STC-PAYMENT 05 PRO-PAYMENT 05 RES-PAYMENT 05 SGN-PAYMENT 05 LKF-PAYMENT 05 NOS-PAYMENT 05 KFB-PAYMENT
PIC X(8). PIC XX. PIC XX. PIC X(4). PIC S9(5) PIC X(8). PIC S9(5) PIC S9(5) PIC X(100).
COMP. COMP. COMP. (Depends on the concatenated key)

46

THE PCB MASK
THERE SHOULD BE ATLEAST ONE PCB FOR EACH DATABASE USED
Continued ...
STATUS CODE OF PCB MASK EXPLAINS WHETHER A CALL IS SUCCESSFUL OR NOT
THE SEQUENCE IN WHICH PCB MASKS ARE DEFINED IN LINKAGE SECTION NEED NOT BE SAME AS THAT IN PSBGEN MACRO
47

PROCEDURE DIVISION
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Continued ...
ENTRY DLITCBL USING SUPPLIER-PCB, ORDER-PCB,. <= Sequence should match that of PSB Macro :::::::::::: CALL CBLTDLI USING CALL-FUNC SUPPLIER-PCB PAYMENT-IO-AREA SUPPLIER-SSA ORDER-SSA PAYMENT-SSA :::::::::: GOBACK.
48
Continued ...
RUN JCL
RUN JCL EXECUTES THE BATCH PROCESSOR DFSRRC00 AND PASSES THE APPLICATION PROGRAM NAME AND PSBNAME AS PARAMETERS ENTRY DLITCBL PASSES THE PCB ADDRESS TO THE PROGRAM
PROGRAM NAME PSB NAME
DL/I
IMS DATABASE
CBLTDLI ACCEPTS PARAMETERS LIKE FUNCTION CODE, I/O AREA AND SSA TO DO THE NECESSARY DATABASE OPERATIONS AND RETURNS DATA AND STATUS CODES DESCRIBING THE SUCCESS OF THE CALL
DLITCBL
CBLTDLI
GOBACK
APPLICATION PROGRAM
GOBACK IN THE COBOL PROGRAM TAKES THE CONTROL BACKTO DL/I WHICH PERFORMS IMS FILES CLOSING AND TERMINATES THE BATCH STEP. STOP RUN SHOULD NEVER BE USED AS IT WILL NOT FREE RESOURCES 49
SESSION 5
DL/I CALLS
50
DL/I CALLS
DL/I RETRIEVAL CALLS
ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS WILL BE USED IN A RETRIEVAL DL/I CALL
GU
GN GNP
- GET UNIQUE
- GET NEXT - GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT
WHEN A RETRIEVAL IS DONE WITH AN INTENT TO UPDATE OR DELETE RECORDS, THE ABOVE FUNCTION CODES WILL BE PREFIXED WITH HOLD GHU GHN - GET HOLD UNIQUE - GET HOLD NEXT
GHNP - GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT
51
DL/I CALLS
GET UNIQUE
CALL CBLTDLI USING
Continued ...
GU , PCB-MASK, SEGMENT-IO-AREA (SUPPLIER-SSA)--------------->SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001) (ORDER-SSA)------------------->ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001) (ITEM-SSA)----------------------->ITEM *-(ITEMNUMB=I003) AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTD WITH ITEMNUMB=I003 WILL BE IN SEGMENT-IO-AREA
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL O00001
ORDER
I002
I003 C12345
ITEM
C12346
PAYMENT
I001
EXERCISE: WRITE A GU TO RETRIEVE CHEQNUMB=C12346

52
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT OF A GU CALL WITH NO SSA?
53
DL/I CALLS
GET NEXT
RETREIVAL SEQUENCE TOP TO BOTTOM
AKEY
Continued ...
FRONT TO BACK
LEFT TO RIGHT
7 2
11
EKEY
BKEY
GA
6 4 3 GK 5 9 10
CKEY
DKEY
FKEY
54
DL/I CALLS
CALL CBLTDLI USING GN , SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA, (SUPPLIER-SSA)--------------->SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001) (ORDER-SSA)------------------->ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001) (ITEM-SSA)----------------------->ITEM *-(ITEMNUMB=I003)
Continued ...
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH ITEMNUMB= I003 WILL BE IN PROGRAM I/O AREA
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL O00001
ORDER
I002
I003
ITEM
C12346
C12345
PAYMENT
I001
EXERCISE: WHAT WILL BE THE RESULTS OF FOUR CONSEQUETIVE GNs AFTER ITEM=I003 IS
RETRIEVED 55
DL/I CALLS
GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT
CALL CBLTDLI USING GU , SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA, SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE=S00001)
Continued ...
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP , SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA AFTER THE CALL ITEM WITH ITEMNUMB=I001 WILL BE RETRIEVED
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL
O00002 O00001
ORDER
ITEM
I001
I002
C12346 C12345
PAYMENT
56
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT IF GNP IS DONE 4 MORE TIMES IN PREVIOUS EXAMPLE?
57
DL/I CALLS
PATH CALLS EXERCISE
CALL CBLTDLI USING GU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-SEG-IO-AREA, SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001) ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB= O00001)
Continued ...
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT AFTER SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE ABOVE CALL?
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002 O00001
ORDER
ITEM
I001
I002
C12346 C12345
PAYMENT
58
DL/I CALLS
GET HOLD CALLS (GHU/GHN/GHNP)
FUNCTIONS IDENTICAL TO GU/GN/GNP
Continued ...
INDICATES THE REQUESTED SEGMENT(S) MAY BE DELETED OR REPLACED

FORCING IMS TO PUT A LOCK ON THESE SEGMENTS WHICH WILL BE RELEASED ONLY AFTER ANOTHER CALL BY SAME PCB THIS ENSURES DATA INTEGRITY
59
DL/I CALLS
DELETE/REPLACE CALLS
Continued ...
MUST HAVE BEEN OBTAINED WITH A GET HOLD CALL (GHU, GHN, GHNP)
NO INTERVENING CALLS BETWEEN GET HOLD CALL AND REPLACE/DELETE CALLS
MULTIPLE REPLACE ALLOWED AFTER GET HOLD
60
DL/I CALLS
DELETE CALL
CALL CBLTDLI USING GHU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE=S00001)
Continued ...
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
CALL CBLTDLI USING DLET, SUPPLIER-PCB

1
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL O00002 O00001
ORDER
ITEM
I001
C12346 I002 C12345
PAYMENT
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT IF THE FIRST GHU CALL IS SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001)

61
DL/I CALLS
REPLACE (REPL)
UPDATE CONTENTS OF A SEGMENT KEY FIELD SHOULD NOT BE ALTERED SSAs ARE NOT USED NORMALLY COMMAND CODES D - TO REPLACE PATH OF SEGMENTS N - TO EXCLUDE SEGMENTS FROM PATH STATUS CODES DA - TRYING TO CHANGE KEY DJ - NO PRECEDING GET HOLD CALL RX - REPLACE RULE VIOLATION
Continued ...
62
DL/I CALLS
CALL CBLTDLI USING GHU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA, SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE=S00001) ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001) ITEM *-(ITEMNUMB =I001)
Continued ...
Change contents of ITEM-IO-AREA

CALL CBLTDLI USING REPL, SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-IO-AREA WILL RESULT IN UPDATE OF I001
S00001 SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002 O00001
ORDER
C12346 I002
I001
C12345
PAYMENT
ITEM
63
DL/I CALLS
INSERT (ISRT)
TWO MODES OF INSERT
Continued ...
LOAD MODE
UPDATE MODE LOAD MODE:
- FOR INITIAL LOADING OF DATABASE

- ADD TO EXISTING DATABASE
FOR LOAD MODE PROCOPT = L or LS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB
PROCOPT=L LOADS DATABASE BUT NOT NECESSARILY IN SEQUENTIAL ORDER
64
DL/I CALLS
INSERT (ISRT)
UPDATE MODE:
Continued ...
FOR UPDATE MODE PROCOPT=I or IS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB

PROCOPT=I INSERTS SEGMENTS IN SEQ OR RANDOM ORDER PROCOPT=IS ADDS NEW SEGMENTS ONLY IN ASCENDING ORDER
COMMAND CODES
F OR L D - OVERRIDES INSERT RULE - INSERT PATH OF SEGMENTS
65
DL/I CALLS
MOVE DATA FOR ITEM INTO ITEM-IO-AREA WITH ITEMNUMB=I003 CALL CBLTDLI USING ISRT,SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA, SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE=S00001) ORDER ITEM
S00001
Continued ...
(SUPPLIER-SSA) (ORDER-SSA) (ITEM-SSA)
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001) *- ITEMNUMB=IOO3)
SUPPLIER
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH EKEY=99 IS INSERTED
BRANCH HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL O00002 O00001 ORDER
C12346 I003 I001 I002 PAYMENT C12345
ITEM 66
DL/I CALLS
SOME COMMON STATUS CODES
STATUS CODE SPACES AC AI DESCRIPTION SUCCESSFUL CALL CALL HAS SSA WITH A HIERARCHICAL ERROR ERROR WHILE OPENING DATABASE. COMMON CAUSE IS LOADING A DATABASE WHICH IS NOT EMPTY OR DO OTHER THAN LOAD PROCESSING ON EMPTY DATABASE CALL SPECIFIES AN INVALID SSA FIELD NAMED IN A QUALIFIED SSA IS NOT CORRECT SEQUENCE FIELD IS CHANGED CALL IS NOT PRECEDED BY A SUCCESSFUL GET HOLD CALL A HIGHER LEVEL SEGMENT IS RETRIEVED IN SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING CALL TYPES ALL CALLS
Continued ...
ALL GET CALLS ISRT ALL CALLS
AJ AK DA DJ GA
ALL CALLS ALL GET CALLS ISRT REPL DLET REPL GN, GNP
67
DL/I CALLS
SOME COMMON STATUS CODES
STATUS CODE GB GE GK GP II DESCRIPTION END OF DATA BASE WAS REACHED DURING SEQUENTIAL RETRIEVAL SPECIFIED SEGMENT NOT FOUND A SEGMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPE, BUT AT THE SAME LEVEL IS RETRIEVED DURING SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING PROPER PARENTAGE IS NOT IN EFFECT DUPLICATE INSERT CALL TYPES GN
Continued ...
ALL GET CALLS ISRT GN, GNP GNP ISRT
68
SESSION 6
COMMAND CODES
69
COMMAND CODES
ONE OR MORE COMMAND CODES CAN BE USED IN SSA EACH COMMAND CODE IS REPRESENTED BY A SINGLE CHARACTER
FOLLOWING AN ASTERISK AFTER SEGMENT NAME
S U P P L I E R *
DL/I CONSIDERS ALL CHARACTERS FOLLOWING * TO BE COMMAND CODES TILL IT ENCOUNTERS A BLANK OR ( RESULTS IN MINIMIZING THE NUMBER OF CALLS AND HENCE IMPROVE PROGRAM EFFICIENCY
70
COMMAND CODES
SOME COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE D
DESCRIPTION
RETRIEVE A PATH
FIRST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE LAST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS LEVEL MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS AND HIGHER LEVELS DO NOT REPLACE THIS SEGMENT USE A CONCATENATED KEY ESTABLISH PARENTAGE AT THIS LEVEL NULL/IGNORE
71
F
L U V N C P -
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE D
REQUESTS DL/I TO USE PATH CALLS
Continued ...
ALLOWS ENTIRE PATH IN SEGMENT HIERARCHY TO BE RETRIEVED IN ONE

SINGLE CALL FOR PROGRAMS USING PATH CALLS PROCOPT IN PSB SHOULD HAVE P AS ONE OF THE VALUES DL/I DOES NOT RETRIEVE SEGMENTS IF THE CORRESPONDING SSA DOES NOT HAVE PATH COMMAND CODE D
72
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE D
Continued ...
SEGMENT IN THE LAST SSA WILL ALWAYS BE RETRIEVED EVEN IF SSA DOES
NOT HAVE COMMAND CODE D

FOR ISRT CALLS COMMAND CODE D DESIGNATES THE FIRST SEGMENT TO BE INSERTED FOR ISRT CALLS SSAS FOR LOWER LEVEL SEGMENTS NEED NOT HAVE D COMMAND CODE, D COMMAND CODE IS PROPAGATED TO ALL SPECIFIED SEGMENTS AUTOMATICALLY I/O AREA USED SHOULD BE BIG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ALL SEGMENTS
IN PATH
73
COMMAND CODES
PATH CALLS EXAMPLE
CALL CBLTDLI USING GU , SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-SEG-IO-AREA, SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001)
Continued ...
ORDER
ITEM
*D(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
*-(ITEMNUMB=I002)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTS S00001, O00001 & I002 WILL BE RETURNED IN I/O AREA SUPPLIER S00001
BRANCH HABIBULLAH CATHEDRAL O00002 O00001 ORDER
C12346 I003 I001 I002 PAYMENT C12345
ITEM 74
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE F
CALL PROCESSES FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE EXAMPLE:
Continued ...
SEGMENT I001(ITEM) CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER C12346(PAYMENT) BY USING CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA, ITEM *F
O0001
ORDER
I002 I001 C12345
C12346
ITEM
PAYMENT
75
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE L
CALL PROCESSES LAST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE EXAMPLE: SEGMENT CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER SEGMENT 2 BY USING CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP SUPPLIER-PCB, PAYMENT-IO-AREA, PAYMENT*L
Continued ...
O00001
ORDER
I002 I001 C12345
C12346
ITEM
PAYMENT
76
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE N
USED IN REPL CALLS FOLLOWING PATH CALLS
Continued ...
IF ANY SEGMENT RETRIEVED DURING PATH CALL NEED NOT BE REPLACED

COMMAND CODE N IS USED IN SSA OF THAT SEGMENT
77
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE P
Continued ...
IS USED TO SET PARENTAGE TO A SPECIFIC SEGMENT IN THE HIERARCHY USED IN SSAS EXAMPLE: CALL CBLTDLI USING GU SUPPLIER-PCB, ORDER-IO-AREA SUPPLIER*P(SUPLCODE=S00001) ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
WILL RETRIEVE ORDER SEGMENT TO I/O AREA BUT PARENTAGE WILL BE SET TO SUPPLIER
S00001
SUPPLIER
O0002 CATHEDRAL O00001
BRANCH
ORDER 78
SESSION 7
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
79
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...
COURSE COURSE# TITLE DESCRIPN
PREREQ COURSE# TITLE
OFFERING DATE LOCATION FORMAT
TEACHER EMPNUM NAME
STUDENT EMPNUM NAME GRADE
80
DL/I CALL EXERCISE

GIVE SYNTAX OF DL/I CALLS FOR THE FOLLOWING SCENARIOS 1. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS CHENNAI
Continued ...
2. GET ALL STUDENT OCCURENCES FOR THE OFFERING FOUND IN 1
3. GET ONLY STUDENT OCCURENCES WITH GRADE OF A
4. SEQUENTIAL READ OF ALL SEGMENTS IN THE DATABASE
81
DL/I CALL EXERCISE

5. GET ALL STUDENTS WITH GRADE OF A IN COURSE IMS
Continued ...
6. ADD A STUDENT OCCURRENCE FOR THE COURSE IMS OFFERED ON DATE 3/26/02
7. DELETE THE OFFERING OF COURSE XYZ ON 26 March, 2002
8. CHANGE THE LOCATION OF COURSE IMS OFFERED ON 3/26/02 TO MUMBAI
82
DL/I CALL EXERCISE

9. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS CHENNAI, TOGETHER WITH ITS PARENT COURSE OCCURRENCE
Continued ...
10. INSERT A NEW COURSE ABC TOGETHER WITH AN OFFERING AT CHENNAI ON 26 March 2002, FOR WHICH TEACHER IS EMPLOYEE NUMBER 12345
11. GET THE TEACHER OF THE FIRST OFFERING ATTENDED BY STUDENT 222222
83
SESSION 8
DATABASE ACCESS METHODS
84
IMS DATABASE ACCESS METHODS

DL/I PROVIDES TWO BASIC DATABASE ORGANIZATIONS HIERARCHICAL SEQUENTIAL (HS) HIERARCHICAL DIRECT (HD)
Database Organization
HS
Access Methods
HSAM - Hierarchical Sequential Access Method HISAM - Hierarchical Indexed Sequential Access Method SHSAM - Simple HSAM SHISAM - Simple HISAM
HD
HDAM - Hierarchical Direct Access Method HIDAM - Hierarchical Indexed Direct Access Method
DL/I PROVIDES GSAM(Generalized Sequential Access Method) TO ACCESS NORMAL SEQUENTIAL DATASETS
85

HSAM / SHSAM SEGMENTS OF A DATABASE RECORD ARE STORED IN SEQUENTIAL ORDER
Continued ...
VERY EFFICIENT FOR SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING

NEW SEGMENTS CAN NOT BE INSERTED. DATABASE HAS TO BE UNLOADED AND LOADED AGAIN. ONCE DATABASE IS LOADED ONLY GET OPERATIONS ARE VALID (GU, GN , GNP, NOT GET HOLD) ISRT CALL IS VALID ONLY WHILE LOADING NEW DATABASE REPL AND DLET ARE NOT ALLOWED SHSAM IS A SUBSET OF HSAM AND CONTAINS ONLY ROOT SEGMENTS ONLY HSAM/SHSAM DATABASES CAN BE STORED ON A TAPE SEGMENTS CAN NOT SPAN OVER RECORDS
86

HSAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE
Delete byte
Continued ...
00 -FF
00
SEGMENT DATA
Segment Identifier
HSAM DBDGEN
DBD NAME=EXHSAM,ACCESS=HSAM FIELD=.
DATASET DD1=EXHSAMI,DD2=EXHSAMO,DEVICE=3380,RECORD=(512,512) SEGM
87
Continued ...
HISAM / SHISAM SIMILAR TO HSAM AND IN ADDITION INDEX IS ADDED FOR DIRECT ACCESS TO ROOT SEGMENT VERY EFFICIENT FOR SEQUENTIAL AND FAIRLY GOOD FOR RANDOM PROCESSING HISAM DATABASE REQUIRES TWO SEPARATE DATASETS PRIMARY DATASET OVERFLOW DATASET OVERFLOW DATASET IS NOT REQUIRED FOR SHISAM SEGMENTS CAN BE DELETED PREFERABLE IF DATABASE HAS ROOT SEGMENTS ONLY
88

HISAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE
4 Byte RBA Delete byte
Continued ...
RBA
00 -FF
00
SEGMENT DATA
Segment Identifier
HISAM DBDGEN
DBD NAME=EXHISAM,ACCESS=(HISAM,VSAM) FIELD=.
DATASET DD1=HISAMPR,OVFLW=HISAMOV,DEVICE=3380,RECORD=(512,512) SEGM
89

HDAM DIRECT ADDRESS POINTERS TO RELATED SEGMENTS ARE STORED ALONG WITH SEGMENTS VERY EFFICIENT FOR RANDOM PROCESSING BUT NOT FOR SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING ROOT SEGMENTS ARE STORED ACCORDING TO SOME RANDOMIZING SCHEME
Continued ...
HDAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE

Delete byte
00 -FF
00
POINTERS
SEGMENT DATA
Segment Identifier 90

HDAM DBDGEN
DBD NAME=EXHDAM,ACCESS=(HDAM,VSAM),RMNAME=(DFSHDC10,,10)
Continued ...
DATASET DD1=EXHDAM,DEVICE=3380
SEGM
FIELD SEGM .
NAME=SEG1,BYTES=48,POINTER=TWIN
. NAME=SEG2,PARENT=((SEG1,SNGL)),BYTES=32,POINTER=TWIN
91

HIDAM SIMILAR TO HDAM AND IN ADDITION INDEX TO ROOT SEGMENTS WILL BE STORED
Continued ...
EFFICIENT FOR BOTH SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM PROCESSING

MOST COMMON TYPE OF DATABASE ORGANIZATION HIDAM DBDGEN
DBD NAME=EXHIDAM,ACCESS=(HIDAM,VSAM),RMNAME=(DFSHDC10,,10)
DATASET DD1=EXHIDAM,DEVICE=3380 SEGM FIELD SEGM . NAME=SEG1,BYTES=48,POINTER=TWIN . NAME=SEG2,PARENT=((SEG1,SNGL)),BYTES=32,POINTER=TWIN
92

GSAM COMPATIBLE WITH MVS DATASETS NO HIERARCHY CAN HAVE FIXED OR VARIABLE LENGTH RECORDS NO DELETE OR REPLACE INSERT ONLY AT THE END OF DATASET GETS RECORDS SEQUENTIALLY USUALLY USED WHEN CHECK/POINT RESTART IS USED
Continued ...
93
SESSION 9
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
94
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
MULTIPLE PROCESSING MEANS A PROGRAM CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE POSITION IN A SINGLE DATABASE AT THE SAME TIME
ESTABLISHED BY MULTIPLE PCBS MULTIPLE POSITIONING
MULTIPLE PCBS CAN BE DEFINED AND USED FOR A SINGLE DATABASE TO ESTABLISH MULTIPLE POSITIONING HAS THE DRAWBACK OF IMPOSING OVERHEAD DUE TO THE EXTRA PCBS THUS CAUSING INEFFICIENCY
95
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
Continued ...
MULTIPLE POSITIONING LETS A PROGRAM MAINTAIN MORE THAN ONE POSITION WITHIN A DATABASE USING A SINGLE PCB. THE PCB HAS TO BE CODED SUITABLY IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS (POS=M)
MULTIPLE POSITIONING IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN USING MULTIPLE PCBS WHEREAS MULTIPLE PCBS OFFER MORE FLEXIBILITY
96
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
EXAMPLE
CALLS
Continued ...
GN SEGMENTB, GN SEGMENTC, GN SEGMENTB, GN SEGMENTC

A1 A2
B13 B12 B11 C11 C12
C13
B22
C22
B21
C21
97
SESSION 10
SECONDARY INDEXING
98
SECONDARY INDEXING
ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS DB IN A SEQUENCE OTHER THAN PRIMARY SEQUENCE
ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS A SEGMENT WITHOUT SUPPLYING ITS CONCATENATED KEY
THE SECONDARY INDEX ITSELF IS A DATABASE WITH ITS OWN DBD DEFINITION
SECONDARY INDEX DATABASE CONTAINS POINTER TO TARGET SEGMENT AND KEY VALUE OF SOURCE SEGMENT
99
SECONDARY INDEXING
SECONDARY INDEX DATABASE IS MAINTAINED AUTOMATICALLY BY DL/I
SECONDARY DATA STRUCTURES

NEED TO USE PROCSEQ OPTION IN PCB STATEMENT OF PSBGEN MACRO ELSE DATABASE IS ACCESSED AS PER NORMAL HIERARCHY DATABASE TO BE INDEXED MUST BE IN HISAM, HDAM, OR HIDAM, NOT IN
HSAM
LIMITATIONS: 32 SECONDARY INDICES ON ONE SEGMENT TYPE 1000 SECONDARY INDICES FOR A DATABASE
100
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
Indexed Database
Customer
Secondary Index DB
Prefix | Data
Pointer Invoice No
Index pointer segment
Index Target Segment

Ship-to
Index
Source Segment
Buyer Receivable
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item 101
SECONDARY INDEXING
SECONDARY DATA STRUCTURE
Continued ...
Receivable
Ship-to
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item
Customer
Buyer
102
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
Indexed Database
Customer
Secondary Index DB
Prefix | Data
Index Target Segment
Pointer Invoice No
Index pointer segment
Ship-to
Index
Source Segment
Buyer Receivable
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item 103
SECONDARY INDEXING
COURSE COURSE# TITLE DESCRIPN
Continued ...
PREREQ COURSE# TITLE
OFFERING DATE LOCATION FORMAT
TEACHER
EMPNUM NAME
STUDENT
EMPNUM NAME GRADE
104
SECONDARY INDEXING
INDEXING THE ROOT ON A FIELD NOT THE SEQUENCE FIELD
MAINDBD MACRO
DBD SEGM FIELD FIELD LCHILD XDFLD NAME=EDUCPDBD NAME=COURSE,BYTES=256 NAME=(COURSE#,SEQ),BYTE3,START=1 NAME=TITLE,BYTES=33,START=4 NAME=(TPTR,TXDBD),POINTER=INDX NAME=XTITLE,SRCH=TITLE
Continued ...
INDEX DBD MACRO

DBD SEGM FIELD LCHILD NAME=TXDBD,ACCESS=INDEX NAME=TPTR,BYTES=33 NAME=(TITLE,SEQ),BYTES=33,START=1 NAME=(COURSE,EDUCPDBD),INDEX=XTITLE
PSB MACRO
PCB SENSEG SENSEG SENSEG TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=EDUCPDBD,KEYLEN=15 PROCOPT=G,PROCSEQ=TXDBD NAME=COURSE NAME=OFFERING,PARENT=COURSE NAME=STUDENT,PARENT=OFFERING
SYNTAX:
GU
COURSE (XTITLE=DYNAMICS)
105
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
WHAT HAPPENS IF PROCSEQ=TXDBD IS NOT USED? DL/I BY DEFAULT USES PRIMARY PROCESSING SEQUENCE
106
SECONDARY INDEXING
INDEXING THE ROOT ON A FIELD IN THE DEPENDENT
MAINDBD MACRO
DBD SEGM FIELD FIELD LCHILD XDFLD NAME=EDUCPDBD NAME=COURSE,BYTES=256 NAME=(COURSE#,SEQ),BYTE3,START=1 NAME=TITLE,BYTES=33,START=4 NAME=(LPTR,LXDBD),POINTER=INDX NAME=XLOC,SRCH=LOCATION,SEGMENT=OFFERING
Continued ...
INDEX DBD MACRO

DBD SEGM FIELD LCHILD NAME=LXDBD,ACCESS=INDEX NAME=LPTR,BYTES=.. NAME=(LOCATION,SEQ),BYTES=. NAME=(COURSE,EDUCPDBD),INDEX=XLOC
SYNTAX:
GU
COURSE (XLOC=CHENNAI)
107
SESSION 11
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
108
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO SEGMENTS IN TWO PHYSICALLY SEPARATE DATABASES CAN ALSO CONNECT TWO SEGMENTS WITHIN THE SAME DATABASE ALLOWS APPLICATION TO HAVE DIRECT ACCESS FROM A SEGMENT IN ONE PHYSICAL DATABASE TO A LOWER LEVEL SEGMENT IN ANOTHER PHYSICAL DATABASE
RESULTS IN A NEW HIERARCHY- ONE THAT DOES NOT EXIST IN PHYSICAL STORAGE BUT CAN BE PROCESSED BY APPLICATION PROGRAMS AS THOUGH IT EXISTS
THREE TYPES OF LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS UNIDIRECTIONAL LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BIDIRECTIONAL PHYSICALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP BIDIRECTIONAL VIRTUALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
109
Logical Parent PART Database PART Logical Relationship of DETAIL ORDER ORDER Database
Continued ...
Physical Parent of DETAIL
STOCK
DETAIL
SHIPMENT
Logical Children of PART
Physical Children of ORDER
110
PART /ORDER
Logical Database
PART
Continued ...
ORDER/PART
Logical Database
ORDER
STOCK
DETAIL
ORDER
DETAIL
PART
SHIPMENT
SHIPMENT
STOCK
111
SESSION 12
DB RECOVERY / RESTART
112
DATABASE RECOVERY
WHY?
TO RESTORE A DATABASE AFTER ITS PARTIAL DESTRUCTION
WHEN? A DLI BATCH UPDATE JOB FAILS AFTER MAKING AT LEAST ONE DATABASE UPDATE A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED ON A PHYSICAL DASD DEVICE A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN A DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY A FAILURE OF DYNAMIC BACKOUT OR BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY HAS OCCURRED AN IMS ONLINE SYSTEM FAILURE AND EMERGENCY RESTART HAS NOT BEEN COMPLETED
113
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
HOW?
ONLINE RECOVERY PROCESS IMS DOES DYNAMIC BACKOUT USING THE LOG INFORMATION FOR DL/I PROGRAMS FOR BMP PROGRAMS UPDATES ARE AUTOMATICALLY BACKED OUT TO THE LAST CHECKPOINT BATCH RECOVERY PROCESS
FORWARD RECOVERY
BACKWARD RECOVERY / BATCH BACK OUT
114
DATABASE RECOVERY
UTILITIES FOR RECOVERY
DFSUDMP0: DATABASE IMAGE COPY UTILITY FOR CREATION OF IMAGE COPIES OF DATABASES
Continued ...
DFSUCUM0: DATABASE CHANGE ACCUMULATION UTILITY FOR ACCUMULATION OF DATABASE CHANGES FROM DL/I LOG TAPES SINCE THE LAST COMPLETE IMAGE COPY DFSURDB0: DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY FOR RESTORATION OF THE DATABASE, USING A PRIOR DATABASE IMAGE COPY AND THE ACCUMULATED CHANGES FROM DL/I LOG TAPES DFSBBO00: DATABASE BACK OUT UTILITY FOR REMOVAL OF CHANGES MADE TO DATABASES BY A SPECIFIC APPLICATION PROGRAM
115
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
FORWARD RECOVERY
RESTORE MOST RECENT IMAGE COPY DATASET CHANGES MADE TO DATABASE SINCE THE LAST IMAGE COPY ARE APPLIED ON THE RESTORED DATABASE BY USING CHANGE ACCUMULATION DATASETS LOG DATASETS
116
DATABASE RECOVERY
BACKWARD RECOVERY
Continued ...
USES BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY TO DO A FULL BACKOUT OR BACKOUT TO ANY PRIOR CHECKPOINT PSB USED IS SAME AS PSB OF THE PROGRAM WHOSE EFFECTS HAVE TO BE BACKED OUT INPUTS LOG DATASETS DATABASES WHOSE UPDATES ARE TO BACKED OUT CHECKPOINT ID WARNING: DO NOT USE CHECKPOINT ID WHILE BACKING OUT BMP. IT TAKES BY DEFAULT THE LAST CHECKPOINT ISSUED. OUTPUTS BACKED OUT DATABASES LOG DATASETS
117
DATABASE RECOVERY
CHECKPOINT CALL (CHKP)
CHECKPOINT RESTART IS USED DURING BACKWARD RECOVERY
Continued ...
CHECKPOINT COMMITS PROGRAMS UPDATES TO THE DATABASE AND LOGS THE UPDATES TWO TYPES OF CHECKPOINTS BASIC CHECKPOINT STORES JUST CHECKPINT ID ( 8 BYTES STORED IN IO-AREA) SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-CHKP, IO-PCB, IO-AREA SYMBOLIC CHECKPOINT STORES CRITICAL DATA APART FROM CHECKPOINT ID MUST USE XRST FOR RESTARTING SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-CHKP, IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA, IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1
118
DATABASE RECOVERY
RESTART CALL(XRST)
USED TO RESTART A PROGRAM AFTER ABNORMAL TERMINATION
RESTART FROM SPECIFIC CHECKPOINT ID TIME/DATESTAMP
Continued ...
LAST CHECKPOINT (LAST) - BMPs ONLY

MUST BE THE FIRST CALL IN THE PROGRAM SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-XRST, IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA,
IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1
119
DATABASE RECOVERY
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CHKP & XRST CALLS
Continued ...
ALL FILES (INCLUDING SYSIN, SYSOUT) USED BY PROGRAM SHOULD BE DL/I (GSAM) DATABASES OTHERWISE THERE WILL BE DUPLICATE DATA OR LOSS OF DATA
GSAM OUTPUT FILES SHOULD USE DISP=(NEW,KEEP,KEEP) FOR INITIAL RUN AND DISP=(OLD,KEEP,KEEP) FOR RESTARTS
120
SESSION 13
EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS
121
PROGRAMMING TIPS
INSTEAD OF USING GET CALL PRECEDING A ISRT CALL USE ISRT WITH APPROPRIATE SSA
USE QUALIFIED SSAS WHEREVER POSSIBLE IMPLIED SSAS SHOULD BE AVOIDED EVENTHOUGH DL/I CONSTRUCTS MISSING SSAS MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF DL/I CALLS BY USING COMMAND CODES USE SEARCH FIELDS IN DL/I CALLS INSTEAD OF USING IF STATEMENTS IN COBOL PROGRAM
122
PROGRAMMING TIPS
Continued ...
TRY USING SECONDARY INDICES

DESIGN YOUR PROGRAM TO RUN IN BOTH BMP AND BATCH MODE USE CHECKPOINT/RESTART
THERE IS ONLY A SMALL PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GET AND GET HOLD CALLS. SO USE GET HOLD CALLS WHENEVER THERE IS A CHANCE ( > 5%) OF SEGMENT UPDATE/DELETE
IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO PROGRAM FOR EASY ADJUSTMENT OF CHECKPOINT FREQUENCY
123
SESSION 14
COMMON IMS ABENDS
124
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0047
DESCRIPTION
ONE OF THE DBPCBS IN THE PSB FAILED TO OBTAIN THE DATABASE AUTHORIZATION THROUGH DBRC. USUALLY OCCURS WHEN DATABASE IS UP IN ONLINE OR DATABASE IS USED IN UPDATE MODE BY ANOTHER PROGRAM.
SOLUTION
BRING DOWN THE DATABASE USING /DBR DB DATABASE NAME

WAIT TILL CONTENDING JOB COMPLETES AND RESTART THE JOB
125
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0456
DESCRIPTION
A DL/I BATCH REGION, BMP PROGRAM COULD NOT BE INITIATED BECAUSE THE PSB HAS BEEN STOPPED OR LOCKED BY A COMMAND OR A PRIOR PROGRAM FAILURE
SOLUTION
ANALYZE WHY THE PSB IS LOCKED OR STOPPED. RESTART THE JOB AFTER THE PSB HAS BEEN UNLOCKED
TO UNLOCK PSB FOR A BMP PROGRAM USE /START PROGRAM psbname COMMAND
126
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0476
DESCRIPTION
A DL/I CALL DOES NOT INCLUDE A VALID PCB ADDRESS

PROBABLE CAUSES PSB LANGUAGE TYPE SPECIFIED IS NOT SAME AS THAT OF APPLICATION PROGRAM COBOL MAIN PROGRAM ENTERED AT PROCEDURE DIVISION INSTEAD OF DLITCBL BECAUSE ENTRY DLITCBL NOT INCLUDED IN LKED WRONG PCB WITH FEWER PCBS THAN EXPECTED IS USED
127
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0852
DESCRIPTION
THE SEGMENT CODE RETURNED IS NOT VALID FOR THE DATABASE

SOLUTION ANALYZE THE DATABASE. IF THERE IS AN INVALID POINTER, RECOVER THE DATABASE.
128
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U3303
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION PROGRAM TRIED TO USE A DATABASE THAT WAS NOT AVAILABLE FOR ACCESS AND/OR UPDATE. DFS3303I MESSAGE ACCOMPANIES THIS ABEND
SOLUTION
CHECK THE STATUS OF DATABASE GIVEN IN DFS3303I MESSAGE USING

/DISPLAY DB database name IF DATABASE IS DOWN START THE DATABASE USING THE COMMAND /START DB database name
129

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IMS - DB

SESSION 1 SESSION 2 SESSION 3

COBOL BASICS FOR IMS

DATABASE ACCESS METHODS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

FOLLOWS INVERTED TREE STRUCTURE

EACH BOX IN THE HIERARCHY REPRESENTS A SEGMENT

ROOT SEGMENT WILL BE ON TOP

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

SEGMENT IS THE SMALLEST INFORMATION THAT DL/I CAN FETCH

EACH SEGMENT WILL HAVE UNIQUE 8 CHARACTER (MAX) NAME

SEGMENTS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE FIELDS

FIELD IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT DL/I CAN HANDLE

EACH FIELD WILL HAVE MAX 8 CHARACTER NAME

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

BOTH TYPES OF FIELDS CAN BE USED TO SEARCH DATABASE

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

HOW MANY DATABASE RECORDS?

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

NO LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF SEGMENT OCCURRENCES.

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

I/O PCB interface

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

1. TRANSACTION ORIENTED: CAN READ & WRITE TO ONLINE MESSAGE QUEUES

CAN PROCESS ONLINE FILES AND DATABASES

2. BATCH ORIENTED: CAN ONLY READ MESSAGE QUEUES

ACCESS ONLINE DATABASES IN BATCH MODE

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATABASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

DEFINES THE LAYOUT OF THE DATABASE

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

STATEMENTS IN DBD MACRO STATEMENT DESCRIPTION

SPECIFIES DATABASE NAME, ACCESS METHOD

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DESCRIPTION Character (Default) Packed Decimal

COBOL PICTURE X COMP-3

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

CAN WE DEFINE OVERLAPPING FIELDS?

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PRINT ON NOGEN PCB TYPE=TP,MODIFY=YES,EXPRESS=YES

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

Access only Key of segment

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PSB PCB1 PCB2

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

BASED ON THE ABOVE VIEW OF DATABASE FILL IN THE MISSING PIECES

SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT

SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT

SEGMENT TO WHICH ACCESS IS REQUIRED

SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT