Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
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Pictograph
Line graph
Bar graph
Histogram
Dots
Scatter diagram
Pie Chart
Dendrogram
Contd’
Frequency polygon
Ogive
Stem and leaf
Box and whisker
Directed and undirected
graphs
Polar coordinate graphs
Three dimensional graphs etc.
Choosing the right graphs
As discussed in the previous
class…
Skills and techniques required…
are….????
Pictograph/ Pictorial
graph:
A pictograph or
pictorial graph
involves
categories and
counts of the
number of people
or things in a
category
(frequency). The
layout of the
graph can be
horizontal or
Purpose of Pictograph:
To simply and clearly illustrate a
mathematical relation.
No attempt is made to show data
points or errors on such a graph.
Here, we have two types of graphs:
Concrete Object Graph
Symbolic Graph
Bar Graphs:
Bar graph is a pictorial Notice that all data does not
representation of frequency fall evenly on a multiple of 20,
distribution of ungroup data by in fact, the bar is in between
a number of bars (rectangles) two grid lines.
of uniform width erected either Bar graphs are useful to get an
vertically or horizontally with overall idea of trends in
equal spacing between them.
responses
For example:
Activity #
Use Computers 65
Example 1: The number of trees planted by Paro College of Education
students in different years on June 2 is given below:
Problem 1:
The data below shows the number of students present in different
classes on a particular day:
# of 16 25 13 26 15 5
student
s
For the class to do:
Problem 2: The daily earnings of 100 shopkeepers in Paro Valley are
given below:
Stem Leaf
3 568
4 022455 789
5 000
A stem-and-leaf plot shows the shape and distribution of data. It can be clearly seen in the diagram
above that the data clusters around the row with a stem of 4.
Points to remember:
Leaf is the digit in the place farthest to
the right in the number, and the stem is
the digit, or digits, in the number that
remain when the leaf is dropped.
To show a one-digit number (such as 7)
using a stem-and-leaf plot, use a stem
of 0 and a leaf of 7.
To find the median in a stem-and-leaf
plot, count off half the total number of
leaves.
For comparing two sets of
data:
We use back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot.
For example: The numbers 40, 42, and 43 are from Data Set A & the
numbers 41, 45, 46, and 47 are from Data Set B.
Construct a back-to-back stem- and-leaf plot.
Solution:
320 4 1567
Advantage of stem and
leaf plot:
Construct a stem and leaf plot, find the median and mode of
the data using the plot created.
Special Case: (when the one of
the stem and leaf values are
missing)
For example, take the following data set:
10, 11, 20, 21, 24, 27, 27, 27, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 31, 33, 33,
33, 33, 33, 39, 53
(Notice here, 40’s are missing)
The stem and leaf plot would then be:
1|01
2|01477788999
3|1333339
4|
5|3
Even though the peak corresponds with the 20s cohort, it's
clear that the most frequently occurring value is 33, and
hence the mode, is 33.
BOX-AND-WHISKER PLOT / 5 NUMBER
SUMMARY:
50, 65, 70, 70, 75, 85, 95, 100, 125, 130, 140
50, 65, 70, 70, 75, 85, 95, 100, 125, 130, 135, 140
4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12
Lower Upper
Median
Quartile Quartile
= 8
= 5½ = 9
Example 4: Find the median and quartiles for the data below.
6, 3, 9, 8, 4, 10, 8, 4, 15, 8, 10
Order the data
Q1 Q2 Q3
Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 4 = 8 = 10
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Note: plotting the median, lower quartile and upper quartile i.e. the box portion
shows the range of middle 50% of the members with the median being the mid-
point.
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 5: Draw a Box plot for the data below
Q1 Q2 Q3
4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 10, 12
Lower Upper
Median
Quartile Quartile
= 8
= 5½ = 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Drawing a Box Plot.
Example 6: Draw a Box plot for the data below
Q1 Q2 Q3
Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 4 = 8 = 10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Drawing a Box Plot.
Question: Sonam recorded the heights in cm of boys in his
class as shown below. Draw a box plot for this data.
QL Q2 Qu
137, 148, 155, 158, 165, 166, 166, 171, 171, 173, 175, 180, 184, 186, 186
Lower Upper
Quartile Median Quartile
= 158 = 171 = 180
Boys
Girls
1. The girls are taller on average. 2. The boys are taller on average.
3. The girls show less variability in height. 5. The smallest person is a girl
4. The boys show less variability in height. 6. The tallest person is a boy
Problem for the class to
do:
Suppose you caught 13 fish, during the after-math of the Paro Flood along
the river side and you measured the length of the fish to be: (in cms)
12, 13,5,8,9,20,16,14,14,6,9,12,12
Draw a box and whisker plot based on medians.
Solution:
Step 1: Rewrite the data in order, from smallest length to largest:
5,6,8,9,9,12,12,12,13,14,14,16,20
Step 2: Now find the median of all the numbers. Notice that since there
are 13 numbers, the middle one will be the seventh number:
i.e. 12
This must be the median (middle number) because there are six numbers
on each side.
Step 3: Is to find the lower quartile. This is the middle of the lower six numbers.
The exact centre is half-way between 8 and 9 ... which would be 8.5
Step 4: Now find the upper quartile. This is the middle of the upper six numbers.
The exact centre is half-way between 14 and 14 ... which must be 14
Now we are ready to start drawing the actual box and whisker diagram
Step 5: Draw an ordinary number line that extends far enough in both
directions to include all the numbers in your data: locate the 5
number…
5 10 15 20
Final box and whisker plot:
Modified version of the box and
whisker plot