Airport Performance Measurement

Agenda

Airport Characteristics Airport Key Performance Indicators

The Airport System

Approach Runway Taxiway Apron Gate Pier Arrival concourse Passenger & baggage reclaim Ground transportation and parking Departure Runway

Aircraft

Airside

Taxiway Apron Gate Pier Departure concourse Passenger & baggage processing

Catering Mail Cargo processing

Adapted from Ashford, Stanton, Moore: Airport Operations

Landside

US Airport Ownership
Total US airports 18,345

Open to public 5,357

Closed to public 12,988

Privately owned 1,191

Publicly owned 4,166

Airport Stakeholders
Airport Users Administrative Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers

Management

Airlines

Owners (public and private) Regulators

Cargo operators

Other business partners (e.g. concessionaries)

Agenda

Airport Characteristics Airport Key Performance Indicators

Characteristics of Profiled Airports

Profile of six airports: San Francisco area: OAK-SJC-SFO Located within 34 mile drive of each other Metro DC area: BWI-DCA-IAD Located within 57 mile drive of each other
Total Precipitation
120 Total Precipitation (mm) 100
15 Snow (cm)

Passenger Enplanements and Runways

Enplanements (million) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 SFO IAD BWI DCA OAK SJC 0 4 3 2 1 Enplanements (2005) Runways Runways
N

Washington San Francisco

20

Snow

Washington San Francisco

80 60 40 20 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D

10

0 J F M A M J J A S O D

Sources: FAA, Airport websites, The Weather Network

Passenger-Oriented Airport Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Percentage flights delayed

Uncontrollable: Weather, traffic volume Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations (e.g. ramp service)

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines Cargo operators Other business partners

Connecting times
Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Physical organization of airport, efficiency of handling operations (e.g. baggage transfer times, security screening efficiency, etc.)

Wait times at check-in, security, immigration

Uncontrollable: Peakness of airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations

Baggage delivery (timeliness, lost bags)

Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of baggage handling operations

Flight Arrival Status (Sept 06)

Flights Arriving On Time

Extreme Weather Percentage of Arriving Flights Delayed 1.20% 1.00% 0.80% 0.60% 0.40% 0.20% 0.00% OAK SJC SFO BWI DCA IAD

86.00% Percentage of Arriving Flights 84.00% 82.00% 80.00% 78.00% 76.00% 74.00% 72.00% 70.00%

Central California

Metro DC

OAK

SJC

SFO

BWI

DCA

IAD

On-time: Arrival within 15 minutes of schedule

Extreme weather delay: Significant meteorological conditions (actual or forecast) that, in the judgment of the carrier, delays or prevents the operation of a flight (e.g. tornado, blizzard, hurricane, etc.)
Source: Bureau Of Transportation Statistics Airline Service Quality Performance

Flight Arrival Status (Sept 06)

NAS Delay Percentage of Arriving Flights Delayed
Percentage of Arriving Flights Delayed Air Carrier Delay 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% OAK SJC SFO BWI DCA IAD

10.00% 9.00% 8.00% 7.00% 6.00% 5.00% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% 1.00% 0.00% OAK SJC SFO BWI DCA IAD

NAS delays: Delays and cancellations attributable to the national airspace system that refer to a broad set of conditions nonextreme weather conditions, airport operations, heavy traffic volume, air traffic control, etc.

Air carrier delay: The delay was due to circumstances within the airline's control (e.g. maintenance or crew problems, aircraft cleaning, baggage loading, fueling, etc.)

Source: Bureau Of Transportation Statistics Airline Service Quality Performance

Passenger-Oriented Airport Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Percentage flights delayed

Uncontrollable: Weather, traffic volume Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations (e.g. ramp service)

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines Cargo operators Other business partners

Connecting times
Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Physical organization of airport, efficiency of handling operations (e.g. baggage transfer times, security screening efficiency, etc.)

Wait times at check-in, security, immigration

Uncontrollable: Peakness of airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations

Baggage delivery (timeliness, lost bags)

Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of baggage handling operations

Airport Security Wait Times

Average Wait Time (Monday 7 am)
30 25 Wait Time (min) 20 15 10 5 0 OAK SJC SFO BWI DCA IAD

Source: TSA

Passenger-Oriented Airport Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Percentage flights delayed

Uncontrollable: Weather, traffic volume Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations (e.g. ramp service)

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines Cargo operators Other business partners

Connecting times
Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Physical organization of airport, efficiency of handling operations (e.g. baggage transfer times, security screening efficiency, etc.)

Wait times at check-in, security, immigration

Uncontrollable: Peakness of airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of airport operations

Baggage delivery (timeliness, lost bags)

Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Efficiency of baggage handling operations

Mishandled bags per 1000 passengers 10 15 20 25 30 0 Hawaiian Jetblue Continental Aloha AirTran Northwest Frontier ATA Southwest American Alaska United ExpressJet US Air Delta Mesa Skywest American Eagle Comair Atlantic Southeast 5

Baggage Handling by Airline

September 2006

Baggage Handling Effectiveness

Source: US DOT

Airport Management-Oriented Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Cost/passenger -- Cost/ton of cargo -- Cost/WLU

Uncontrollable: Fixed asset depreciation costs Controllable: Labor rates, labor efficiency, number of passengers/amount of cargo

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines Cargo operators Other business partners

Labor cost/aircraft movement

Controllable: Labor rates, labor efficiency, number of aircraft movements

Aircraft movements per runway

Uncontrollable: Number of runways, weather Controllable: Overall number of aircraft movements

Minimum connecting times

Uncontrollable: Airline schedules Controllable: Physical organization of airport, efficiency of handling operations (e.g. baggage transfer times, security screening efficiency, etc.)

Operating Expense Per WLU

Operating Expense/Enplaned WLU (2005)
Operating Expense/WLU $18 $16 $14 $12 $10 $8 $6 $4 $2 $0 OAK SJC SFO BWI DCA IAD

1 Work Load Unit = 1 passenger or 100 kg of cargo Operating expense = Cost for staff, communications and utilities, supplies and materials, repairs and maintenance, contractual services etc. Excludes depreciation.

Sources: FAA, Airport websites

Airport Owner Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Cost/passenger -- Cost/ton of cargo -- Cost/WLU

Uncontrollable: Fixed asset depreciation costs Controllable: Labor rates, labor efficiency, number of passengers and amount of cargo

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines

Cargo operators Other business partners

Landing fee revenue/aircraft movement Emissions/aircraft movement

Aircraft Landing Fees

E.g. at IAD Landing fee: $3.32 / 1000 lb B747 landing weight: Approx. 400,000 lb Total fee: $1,328
Source: Air Transportation Research Society 2006 Airport Benchmarking Report

Affected Individual Airport Key Performance Indicators

Airport Users Administrative Management Owners (public and private) Regulators

Number of noise level infringements Emissions/aircraft movement Proportion of passengers using public transport

Outside entities Individuals living nearby

Passengers Airlines Cargo operators Other business partners

Summary
A variety of KPIs can be tracked, but which KPIs are important and which direction is desirable varies by which perspective one takes Some KPIs can be optimized locally, but such an optimization can lead to a sub-optimal point at the global (organizational) level KPIs are impacted both by controllable and uncontrollable factors. In a comparison, one needs to adjust for the uncontrollable factors in order to determine how to optimize the controllable factors