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(1)-INTRODUCTION
Peter Newmark born on 12th April 1916 and died on 9th July 2011 was an English professor of translation at the university of Surrey. He was one of the main figures in founding translation studies in the English-speaking world since 1980s. He was also very influential in the Spanishspeaking world.
. Newmark is widely read through a serries of accessible and occasionally polemical works, the titles of which are as straightforward as himself: A
Newmark was associated with the foundation and development of the center for translation studies at Surrey. He was chair of editorial board of journal of
Newmark suggests the solution of conflict of loyalty, or in other words, narrowing the gap between emphasis on source and target language by
Semantic translation attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language, allow the exact contextual meaning of
This description of communicative translation resembles Eugene Nidas dynamic equivalence, in the effect it is trying to create on the tt reader, while,
Some of semantic translations features are: authorcentered, pursuing authors thought process and related to thought, concerned with author as individual, semantic and syntactic oriented, faithful and more literal, informative. Some of communicative translations features are: readercentered, pursuing authors intention and related to speech, adapting and making the thought and cultural content of original more accessible to the reader, effect-oriented, faithful and freer, effective.
Based on his own experience on translators training, Peter Newmark proposed these two translation methods for three main types of texts. The three
Generally, a communicative translation is likely to be smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to particular register of
A semantic translation, on the other hand, tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed, more concentrated, and pursues the thought-processes
A semantic translation is more source text focused. Although not necessarily a literal translation, it follows the source text more closely. A
Therefore, the translators understanding of the texts meaning is reflected in the translation, and so there is more scope for different interpretations from
(3)-COMMENTS
Newmark indicates that semantic translation differs from literal translation, in that, it respects context, interprets and even explains metaphors for
Newmark believes literal translation to be the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that, translation starts from
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in, as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value, that is, the beautiful and natural
The distinction between faithful and semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while ,the second is more flexible and
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original, in such a way that, both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. According to Peter Newmark, only semantic and communicative translation fulfils the two main aims of translation which are first accuracy and second economy. A semantic translation is more likely to be economical than a communicative translation unless for the latter, the text is poorly written.
In general, a semantic translation is written at the authors linguistic level, a communicative at the readerships. Badly and inaccurately written
A communicative translation is often better than its original. Semantic translation is accurate, but may not communicate well; whereas communicative translation communicates well, but may not be very precise. There is no one communicative nor one semantic method of translating a text, there are in fact widely overlapping bands of methods. A translation can be more or less semantic or more or less communicative. Even, a particular section or sentence can be treated more communicatively or less semantically.
Newmark defines Juliane House pair of overt and covert translation in terms of his own semantic and communicative translation. It is said that
From this perspective, legal statements also have a strong expressive function; however, authorities probably wish that the public could abide the law
Furthermore, Zhang believes that translation method is not to be determined by the text category only. Other factors need to be considered as well, such
For example, the translation of a piece of news. If the target text is to be used as news, then the errors in the original text is to be corrected; but if it is to be
According to the description of Holmes map of translation studies, it is more appropriate to classify semantic and communicative translation as partial
Newmarks semantic and communicative translations could be considered as medium restricted, text type restricted and problem restricted theory, as it deals
(5)-REFERENCES
1-en.wikipedia.org & www.guardian.cop.uk
4.proz.com/forum/translation_theory_and_practice/23 4007-semantic_and_communicative_translation 5-aa-translation.ning.com/profiles/blogs/semantictranslation-and 6.docencia.udea.edu.co/TeoriaTraduccion/comunicati vo/peter02.html 7-An article about comparative study of Yan Fu and three Western translation theories