Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

UNIT-I

1. CONSTRUCTION & PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR or ALTERNATOR or AC GENERATOR
1. Electrical Machine: It is a device, which converts one form of energy into another form of energy by utilizing the force as motion of electric charge is called known as electrical machine. 1.1.1. Synchronism: Achieved a coincidence within a point of time is known as synchronism. 1.1.2. Synopsis: AC system has a number of advantages over dc system. Now-a-days the three phase AC system is being used for generation, transmission and distribution of power. The machine which converts mechanical power into 3- electrical power is called an alternator or synchronous generator or AC generator or a machine for generating alternating currents is referred to as an alternator. The term AC Generator is also frequently used, in place of alternator and this is often contracted to just generator. Alternators are the primary source of till the electrical energy which we consumed. These machines are the largest energy converters in the world. The prime mover which is used for generation purpose is turbines. For commercial and industrial purpose the four-stroke engines are used as prime movers to give mechanical power to the alternators.

1.2. Operating Principle of an Alternator: An alternator operates on the same fundamental principle of electro-magnetic induction as a dc generator. i.e., when the flux cuts the conductor (or) conductor cuts the flux an emf induced in the conductor. In dc generator, the field poles are stationary and the armature conductors rotate. The alternating induced emf in armature conductors are converted to a dc voltage at the brushes by means of the commutator. In alternators, there is no commutator required to supply electrical energy with an alternating voltage.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Therefore, it is not necessary that armature be the rotating one. The alternator also has an armature winding and a field winding. But the one important difference between the two is, For an alternator, armature winding is placed or housed in a stator instead of rotor in a dc generator. The field winding is housed in a rotor poles. It is more usually convenient, advantageous to place the field winding on rotating part (rotor) and armature winding on stationary part (stator). 1.2.1. Difference between DC & AC Generator: DC GENERATOR

ALTERNATOR

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Flemings right hand rule. Stationary field. Rotating armature. Conductors cut the flux. Large size of brushes and brush gear required for rotor because armature current is high equal to the load.

Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Flemings right hand rule. Rotating field. Stationary armature. Flux cuts the conductor. Small size of brushes and brush gear arrangement required for rotor because field current is small.

Prime mover as IC engine or fly wheels.

Prime mover as Turbines.

1.2.2. Advantages of stationary armature: The field winding of an alternator is placed on the rotor and connected to dc supply through the slip ring. The 3- armature winding is placed on the stator. This arrangement has the following advantages. 1. Easier to insulate the stationary winding for high voltages because they are not subjected to centrifugal force and extra space is available on stator. 2. Stationary 3- armature winding is directly connected to the load without giving through large, unreliable slip-rings and brushes. 3. One (or) two slip-rings are required for dc supply to the field winding on the rotor. Since exciting current is small, the slip rings and brush gear required are of light construction. 4. Due to simple and robust construction of the rotor, higher speed of rotating dc filed is possible so that output electrical power increased. 5. Stationary armature windings can be cooled more efficiently. 6. Rigid and convenient construction because stationary armature winding is capable of handling high voltage and current. In addition, water cooling can be installed more conveniently on stator rather than rotor by flexible water tube connection.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

7. Lesser rotor weight because field winding requires less amount of copper. Reduces the inertia due to low-priced bearings and also longer life because of minimum wear and tear. The above are the major advantages of the stationary armature windings.

Note:

All Alternators above 5KVA employs Stationary Armature, Rotating Field. All synchronous generators and motors require direct current for excitation.

1.3. Construction Details: An alternator has 3- armature winding on the stator and dc field winding on the rotor. 1.3.1. Stator: It is the stationary part of the machine and is built up of sheet steel laminations having slots on its inner periphery. The slots are laminated and are insulated from each other by a thin coating of oxide and enamel. Open slots are used, permitting easy installation of stator coils and easy removal in case of repair. A 3- winding is placed in these slots and serves as the armature winding of alternator. The armature winding is always connected in star and the neutral is connected to the load because, for star connection, Vph= Vl 3

Since the emf is proportional to number of turns, so that it requires less number of turns than Delta. Neutral protects the system in case of ground faults.

1.3.2. Rotor: The rotor carries a field winding which is supplied with direct current (dc) through two slip rings by a separate dc source. Depending on the construction of rotor the alternators are classified into two types. i. ii. Salient or projecting pole type. Non-Salient or Cylindrical or Wound type.

(i). Salient or Projecting pole type: In this type, salient or projecting poles are mounted on a large steel (circular type) frame which is fixed to the shaft of an alternator as shown in figure. The poles are made of thick steel laminations riveted together and attached to a rotor by a dovetail joint. The individual field pole windings are connected in series in such a way that when a field winding is energized by the dc exciter, adjacent poles have opposite polarities.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Low and medium speed alternators (120 500rpm) such as those driven by diesel engines or water turbines have salient pole rotors due to the following reasons: a) The salient field poles would cause an excessive windage loss if driven at high speed and would tend to produce noise. b) Salient-pole construction cannot be made strong enough to withstand the mechanical stresses to which they may be subjected at higher speeds.

Since a frequency of 50Hz is required, we

must use a large number of poles (P) on the rotor of slow speed (N) alternator. 120*f 1 NS = P P

NS =

Low speed rotors always posses a large diameter to provide the necessary space for the poles. Consequently, salient pole type rotors have large diameters and short axial lengths. The pole face is so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from the pole centre to pole tips. This makes the flux distribution over the armature uniform to generate sinusoidal waveform of emf. The pole shoe covers about 2/3rd of pole pitch. Poles are laminated to reduce eddy current losses.

(ii). Non Salient pole type or cylindrical or wound rotor: In this type, the rotor is made of smooth solid forged steel radial cylinder having a number of slots along the outer periphery. The field windings are embedded in these slots and are connected in series to the sliprings through which they are energized by the dc exciter. It is clear that the poles formed are non-salient i.e., they do not project out from the rotor surface. High-Speed alternators (1500 or 3000 rpm) are driven by steam turbines and use of non-salient pole rotors due to the following reasons:

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

a) The type of construction has mechanical robustness and gives noise less operation at high speeds. b) The flux distribution around the periphery is nearly a sine wave and hence a better emf wave form is obtained rather than salient pole rotor. Since steam turbine runs at high speed and a frequency of 50Hz is required, we need a small number of poles i.e., 2 and 4. For a 2-pole it is 3000rpm and 4-pole it is 1500rpm. It possesses small diameter and very long axial lengths because high speed of rotation produces strong centrifugal forces which impose an upper limit on the diameter. Therefore, high-power & high speed rotors have to be very long. The special features of non-salient pole field structure are as follows. 1. Better emf waveform obtained. 2. Noiseless operation. 3. Robust construction. 4. Less windage loss. 5. Highest operating speed possible. 6. Dynamic balancing is better.

1.4. Operation of an Alternator: The rotor winding is energized from the dc exciter and alternate N and S poles are developed on the rotor. When the rotor is rotated in anti-clockwise direction by a prime mover, the stator (or) armature conductors are cut by the magnetic flux of rotor poles. Consequently, emf is induced in the armature conductors due to electromagnetic induction. The induced emf is alternating since N and S poles of rotor alternately pass the armature conductors. The direction of induced emf can be found by Flemings right hand rule and frequency is given by, N*P 120

F = Where, N = speed of rotor (rpm) P = number of rotor poles.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

The above figure shows star-connected armature winding and dc field winding. When the rotor is rotated, a 3- voltage is induced in the armature winding. The magnitude of the induced depends upon the speed of rotation and the dc exiting current. The magnitude of emf in each phase of the armature winding is the same. However, they differ in phase by 1200 electrical as shown in the phasor diagram.

1.5. Supply Frequency: The frequency of induced emf in the armature conductors depends upon speed and number of the poles. Let, N = rotor speed (rpm) P = number of rotor poles F = Frequency of emf (Hz) Consider a stator conductor that is successively swept by N and S poles of the rotor. If a positive voltage is induced when a N-pole sweeps across the conductor, a similar negative voltage is induced when a S pole sweeps by. This means that one complete cycle of emf is generated in the conductor as a pair of poles passes it. i.e., one N-pole and the adjacent following S-pole. The same is true for every other armature conductor. We know that from graphical representation of graphical plot, the rotating field travels a distance covered by 2-poles. Number of cycles for one revolution = Number of revolution /second P 2 for P pole machine. N (sec) 60

No. of cycles per second =

no. of cycles No. of revolution revolutions second P N * 2 60 PN 120

= But number of cycles / second is its emfs frequency.

F = Frequency =

It may be noted that N is the synchronous speed. For a given alternator, the number of rotor poles is fixed and therefore, the alternator must be run at synchronous speed to give an output of desired frequency. For this reason, an alternator is sometimes called synchronous generator.
T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur 6

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Note:In other words, the synchronous machines doubly excited energy-conversion devices. In general, the generated induced emf is depends on the relative motive between the field flux lines and armature conductors. If it is working as a motor, the field winding is energized from a dc source and its armature winding is connected to ac source. Finally the synchronous machine delivers or exports ac power.

1.6. Differences between Salient and Non-Salient pole type rotors: S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. SALIENT POLE TYPE ROTOR This type of rotor is having large diameters and small axial length. Poles are separately projected to the large cylindrical steel frame. Simple in construction, N = 150 to 1500rpm Low and medium operating speed. (120 to 400rpm) Somewhat noisy operation due to air-gap between the poles, air friction is maximum. These are employed with hydraulic turbines and diesel engines. The emf wave form is not a exact one, large diameter, short axial length. Poles are laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. Rotor surface is not smooth. Dynamic balancing is less in sufficient. NON SALIENT POLE TYPE ROTOR This type of rotor is having small diameters and long axial length. Poles are in-built to the solid forged steel radial cylinder. Robust in construction, N=1500 to 3000rpm High operating speed (1500, 3000rpm) Noiseless operation minimum. and air friction is

Employed with steam turbines i.e., turbo type. Better emf wave form will obtained, small diameter & large axial length. Less windage (air resistance) loss. Rotor surface is smooth. Dynamic balancing is better.

1.7. Basic terms related to windings: Conductor: A length of wire which is used for energyconversion process is called conductor. Turn: One turn consists of two conductors. In a figure the AB and DE is a coil side or conductors form a turn. Coil: One coil consists of number of turns. One coil has one turn shown in fig. (a) One coil has two turns shown in fig. (b)
T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur 7

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Multi turn coil has shown in fig. (c) i.e. one coil has more than two turns.

Coil side: One coil with any number of turns having two coil sides or conductors i.e. PQ is one coil side one turn and ST is another will side. Pitch: The term pitch indicates a particular method of measurement in terms of coil sides and teeth. Pole pitch: A pole pitch is defined as the distance between two adjacent poles. Pole pitch is always 1800 electrical.

Coil span or coil-pitch: The distance between two coil sides of coil is called coil-span or coil-Pitch. It is usually measured in terms of teeths, slots. Full-pitched winding: If pole pitch is equal to coil-span or coil-pitch then that type of winding is called full-pitched winding.
T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur 8

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Short-pitched winding: If the winding has pole pitch is not equal to coil span (or) coil span is less than pole-pitch is called known as short-pitch winding.

Back-pitch (YB): The distance measured in between two coil sides of a turn is called known as back pitch. (YB) Front pitch (YF): The distance between the second conductor of one coil and first conductor of second coil is called front pitch (YF) Resultant Pitch (YR): The distance between the beginnings of one will and the beginning of the next coil to which it is connected called resultant pitch. (YR) 1.8. Armature windings: The armature windings of dc machines are usually closed circuit windings but alternators winding may be either closed giving delta connections or open giving star connections. These are classified as follows. Distributed and concentrated windings. Closed and opened windings. Single layer and double layer winding. Full-pitched and short-pitched windings. Integral and Fractional-slot windings.

(i). Distributed and Concentrated type windings: In concentrated type winding, all the winding turns are wound together in series to form one multi turn coil. This type of windings is used as field windings in salient pole synchronous machine as well as dc machines.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

In concentrated coils, all the turns have some magnetic axis. The primary and secondary windings of transformers are of concentrated type. If one slot per pole (or) slots equal to number of poles are employed, then concentrated winding in obtained. Concentrated windings give maximum induced emfs for a given number of conductors but the wave form of induced emf is not exactly of sinusoidal form. If the conductors are placed in several slots under one pole, the type winding is called distributed winding. Otherwise, all the turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-pitch coils. These coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap periphery to form phase or commutator winding. Stator and rotor of induction machines, the armatures of both synchronous and dc machines have of distributed type windings. Advantages of distributed windings: a) The harmonic emf is reduced and so the wave form is improved. b) It diminishes armature reaction and armature reactance. c) The core is better utilized as a number of small slots evenly spaced.

(ii). Closed and Opened windings: The closed windings are only used for commutator machines i.e., such as dc and ac commutator machines. For this there is a closed path, if one starts from any point on the winding and traverses it, one again reaches the starting point from one where had started. It should be housed at outset of armature always using the double layer windings. Each coil in double layer winding has its one coilside in top layer and its other will side on bottom layer. The closed type windings are two types. a. Simplex lap winding. b. Simplex wave winding. The major difference between above two is depends on the manner connecting the coil ends to the commutator segments. For lap winding, the two coil-ends of a coil are connected to the two adjacent commutator segments. For wave winding, the two coil-ends of a coil are bent in opposite directions and connected to commutator segments which two pole-pitches (3600) apart. The open-windings are used only for ac machines like synchronous machines, induction machines, etc. open windings terminate at suitable number of slip-rings or terminals. Open windings are always of star type connection. Close windings are of - type connection.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

(iii). Single layer and Double layer windings: If the winding of one coil-side occupies the total slot area, then it is called single layer winding.

Advantages: The following are the advantages of single layer winding. Higher efficiency and quite operation because of narrow slot openings. Space factor for slots is higher due to absence of inter layer separator. The number of coils, the number of turns per coil, the coil pitch, the number of circuits and the connection of the phases are give the desired emf wave form. In case the slot contains even number of coil sides in two or double layers, than the winding is called as double layer winding.

The winding may be arranged to be connected either Y or , with leads brought out from both ends of each phase to make this possible.

Advantages: Ease in manufacture of coils and lower cost of winding. Less number of coils is required as spare in the case of winding repairs. Fractional slot windings, pitch coils are employed. Lower leakage reactance and therefore better performance and more economical. Modern practice all over the world favours use of double layer windings. Single layer winding is only employed for small rating ac machines and where as double layer windings are more common above 5KW machines.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

(iv). Full-pitch and short-pitch or chorded windings: If the coil-span or coil-pitch is equal to the pole-pitch then the winding is termed as full-pitch winding shown in figure. If the coil-span or coil-pitch is less than the pole-pitch (1800) then the winding is termed as short-pitch / chorded winding as shown in fig. If there are S slots (or teeths) and P poles, then pole pitch = P slots per pole. = Short-Pitch angle
S S

If Coil-Pitch = P , it results in full-pitch winding If Coil-Pitch < P , then it results in Short-pitch winding Advantages of short-pitch or Fractional-pitch or Chorded winding: The ends of the coils are shorter, which means less copper loss due to less total length. The end coils can be formed more compactly. The end belts will need less winding space resulting in a shorter unit. Improved emf wave form due to reduction of harmonics. Fractional number of slots per pole in a turn reduces the tooth/teeth ripples. Mechanical strength of the coil is increased. Since all ac equipments are designed to operate on a pure sine wave, the generation of harmonics is to be avoided. This is especially so when the factor that achieves it is otherwise desirable. The major disadvantage of short-pitch coils are, the total voltage around the coil is somewhat reduced. Because the voltages induced in the two sides of the short-pitched coil are slightly out of phase, their resultant vectorial sum is less than their arithmetic sum.
S

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

(v). Integral slot windings: (m = integer value) To maintain uniform magnetic reaction throughout the surface of armature, the armature conductors should be properly distributed. Integral means forming a whole. If the number of slots/phase/pole (m) is a while or integer number then that type of winding is said to be integral slot winding. The number of slots in an ac machine should always be integral multiples of three. However, the number of slots per pole per phase may be integer or a fraction. The winding may be single layer or double layer. Assure that the full-pitch or pole-pitch of a winding is 6 slots per pole.

If the coil-pitch is taken to be equal to pole-pitch, then the upper coil-side in slot-1 should be connected to bottom coil side in slot 7(=1+6). Since there are 6 slots per pole of 1800, the slot angular pitch = =
1800 6

= 300

Upper coil-side in slot-2 must be connected to bottom coil-side in slot-8 (2+6 = 8). The winding is further completed for phase-R only shown in figure. For a 3- machine, from the above figure the slots 7, 8, 13, 14 contain coil sides belonging to the same phase-R. In general, it can be stated that for full-pitch integral slot winding, each slot contains coil-sides belonging to the same phase.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

13

Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

Fractional slot winding: (m = fractional value) The number of slots per phase per pole is a fractional then it is known as fractional-slot winding. But the total number of slots must be multiples three (3). This helps to maintain symmetrical winding. The advantages of these windings are, Reduces the high-frequency harmonics in the emf and mmf wave forms. This winding permits the use of already existing slotting nos. for the armature laminations. Allows choice of coil-pitch. The restrictions of this winding are, It can be used only with double-layer windings. The number of parallel circuits is limited .

Let S be the total number of slots and P be the number of poles. Then slot per pole per phase, for a 3- winding are (S/3)/P. If K is highest common factor between S/3 and P the slots / pole/ phase can be, S/3 K x SK SK = P K x PK PK
S/3 K P K

Where,

SK =

PK =

The ratio of Sk / Pk is called the characteristic ratio of the fractional slot winding. 1.9. Difference between Fractional and Integral Slot winding: S. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. INTEGRAL SLOT WINDING FRACTIONAL SLOT WINDING

Number of Slots/Phase/Pole (m) should Number of Slots/Phase/Pole (m) should be an whole / integral number. fractional number. Number of slots is integral multiples of Number of slots is integral multiples of three. three. Applicable for both single and double layer Practicable only with double layer arrangement. winding. Integral slot winding may not appear to be It may appear to be little complicated. complicated. Manufacturing in little complicated. Easier to manufacture and the cost is low.

Obtained lesser power density compared to It is obtained higher power density. fractional slot winding. Longer non-over-lapping emf turns. Shorter non over-lapping emf turns.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

1.10. Pitch factor or Chording factor: - (KP or KC) Pitch factor is defined as the ratio of emf with short-pitch coil to the emf with full-pitch coil.

Already we know that, pole-pitch is the distance between the

centre lines of adjacent N and S pole measured along the circumference of armature surface. When two sides of a coil are full pole pitch apart, it is called full-pitched coil. The emf in coil side of a full-pitched coil is in phase.

In practice, coil pitch is less than pole pitch and hence emfs
in the coil sides have a phase difference. The resultant emf in the coil will be less than that of full-pitched coil. Therefore, for full-pitch coil, KP = 1 while for short-pitch coil, KP<1. Let us consider the coil sides are housed in slots 1 and 7 gives the full-pitched coil. If the coil-sides are placed in slots 1 and 6 gives short/fractional pitched winding because coil span less than pole-pitch (<1800 ) or equal to 5/6th pole-pitch. 1800 It falls short by pole-pitch or by = 300 (or) 5/6 one pole pitch 6 5/6 1800 = 1500 (coil span) Short pitch angle = Pole pitch coil span = 1800 - 1500 = 300

The advantages and disadvantages as we know already in previous section.

Therefore, KP or KC = Vector sum of the induced emfs per coil arithmatic sum of the induced emfs per coil

It is always less than unity.

Let Es be the induced emf in each side of the coil. If the coil were full-pitched i.e., its two coil sides were one-pole pitch (1800 ) apart.

Then total induced emf of arithmetic sum is 2Es

. (1)

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

If it is short pitched by 300 (), their resultant Er which is the vector sum of two voltages with 300 electrical (ES)

From the Vector diagram, OQR = 1800 - 300 OQS = = 1 [OQR] 2

1 (1800 - 300 ) = 750 . 2 or OQS = 900 - 150 = 750

Er = OR = OS + SR

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

300 300 = OQ cos + QR cos 2 2 = Es cos 150 + Es cos 150 Er = 2Es cos 150

..(2)

KP or KC =

emf with short-pitched coil emf with full-pitched coil 2Es cos 150 = 2Es

KP = cos 150 = 0.966 In general, if the coil span falls short of full pitch by angle i.e., short-pitch angle is denoted (electrical). 2

KP or KC = cos

1.11. Distribution / Breadth / Belt / Spread factor: (Kd) Distribution factor is defined as the ratio of emf with distributed winding to the emf with concentrated winding denoted by Kd. R, Y, B, R1, Y1, B1 are three-phase windings displaced by 1200 electrical. From the diagram we can say that it is having 36 slots, 3- winding with distributed winding because coils are not concentrated or bunched in one slot, but are distributed in a no. of slots to form a polar groups under each pole.

Obviously it is having 3 slots/pole/phase because it is 3- winding, single layer winding, 4-pole machine. Now, these three coils which regress one polar group are not bunched in one slot but in three different slots. 9 = no. of slots per pole 36 =9 4

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

1800 Angular displacement between any two adjacent slots= = 200 9

If the 3-coils are bunched in one slot (concentrated winding), then the total induced emf induced in the three coil sides of the coil is arithmetic sum of three emfs. Let ES be magnitude of each coil side. i.e., 3ES .. (1) For distributed winding the three coils are displaced 200 in three different slots. Then the vector sum is, OC = Er = OE cos 200 + ED + DC cos 200 = Es cos 200 + Es + Es cos 200 = 2Es cos 200 + Es = 2Es 0.9397 + Es Er = 2.88Es (2) (2) emf with distributed winding = (1) emf with concentrated winding 2.88 Es 3Es 1

Kd =

Kd = 0.96 General case:

Let be angular displacement between the slots. Its value, 1800 1800 = no. of slots / pole n

m = no. of slots/pole/phase. m = spread angle. Then the resultant emf in one polar group is mES (i.e., m AE) ES = voltage induced in one coil side.

T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

The method for finding the vector sum of m voltages each of value Es and having mutual phase difference of . (If m is large, then the curve ABCDE will become part of a circle of radius r)

AB = ES = 2r sin Arithmetic sum = mES = m 2r sin Vector sum = AE = Er = 2r sin

.(1) 2 m ..(2) 2

Kd =

Vector sum of emfs in a coil arithmatic sum of emfs in a coil 2r sin 2 (2) = = (1) m 2r sin
m 2

Kd =

sin

m 2

m sin 2

1.12. Induced emf equation of a 3-Alternator: Let, = flux per pole (wb) N = rotor speed (rpm) F = frequency of induced emf (Hz) P = no. of poles Z = no. of conductors/coil sides in series / phase = 2T T = no. of turns [one turn = 2coil sides or conductors] sin Kd =Distribution factor= KP = Pitch factor = cos 2
m 2

m sin 2

Kf = form factor = 1.11 for sinusoidal For one revolution of the rotor it takes a time of N sec Each stator conductor cut by flux of . Change in flux / pole = d = p Change in time
T. Y. Saravanan M. Tech.., NEC::Gudur

60

= dt =

60 N
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Electrical Machines-III

Construction & Principle of Operation of Synchronous Generator

d P NP = = = Average induced emf / conductor (1) 60 dt 60 N Now, we know that, f = PN 120 f N= (2) 120 P

(2) in (1) as NP 60 NP 120 f = . 60 P Avg. emf per conductor = = 2f (volts) If there are z conductors in series / phase, Then average induced emf/conductor = 2fz = 2f(2T) = 4fT We know, Form factor = Kf = Then, RMS value of emf/ph = 1.11 avg. = 1.11 4fT Eg(rms) = 4.44fT volts. rms = 1.11 avg

But the above equation is not being so, the actual available voltage is reduced in the ratio of two factors i.e., KP and Kd. Actual available voltage/ph = 4.44 Kp Kd f T (volts) If alternator is star connected, then emf is 3 times of phase emf.

Winding factor (Kw):It is the product of the distribution and pitch factors. i.e., Kw = KP Kd It is denoted by Kw

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