P R E S E N T E Do / Does Negacin y preguntas

SI MP L E He / She / It

RUTINA que tan frecuente haces algo: Every morning always Promesas y disculpas: I apologise I insist I promise I recommend I suggest

Julie doesnt drink tea very often. at night on Monday on weekend usually very often

Se usa en situaciones PERMANENTES: My parents live in London THINK cuando significa creer o tener una opinin. I think Sarah is Canadian, but Im not sure. What do you think of my plan? I always do I always go to work by car. Verbos que usualmente NO se usan en presente continuo. Like Want Need Prefer Know Realise Suppose Mean

Consist Understand

Seem Belive

Fit Remember

Belong

P R E S E N T E Am / Is / Are -ING.

C O N T I N U O .

La accin pasa al momento de hablar, las acciones que pasan en el AHORA. She is driving to work. En el presente continuo se puede utilizar THIS day / moment / week TODAY I am reading a really good book at the moment You are working hard today. Ests en medio de algo I am trying to work . Please dont make so much noise. Se utiliza para situaciones TEMPORALES. Im living with some friends UNTIL I find a place of my own. Se utiliza especialmente con los siguientes verbos. Get Become Change Increase Algo sucede con ms frecuencia de lo normal. I am always losing Ive lost my pone again. I am always losing thing. THINK Cuando el pensar significa considerar algo puede ser con presente continuo. I am thinking about what happened. Nicky is thinking of giving up her job. Est considerando.

Rise Fall

Grow Improve

Begin Start

P R E S E N T E

P E R F E C T O .

(I / You /We / They)HAVE = Ive had (Vbo. en PARTICIPIO) (He/She/It) HAS = Shes had (Vbo. en PARTICIPIO) He has lost his keys. l perdi sus llaves recientemente y an no las encuentra. Relacin directa con el AHORA (NOW), accin del pasado repercute con el ahora. Se habla de un PERIODO que CONTINUA HASTA AHORA pero que COMENZO EN EL PASADO. Accin larga que comienza y se ubica en el pasado. Dianas life so far Have you travelled to Xilitla? Recently I havent eaten anything since breakfast. Yes Ive been to Xilitla. In the last few days Ive met a lot of people in the last few days. (Duracin desde el pasado hasta ahora) since brekfast (Un periodo que CONTINUA hasta AHORA) Past Now Past Now Just / Already / Yet ACABO JUST Antes del verbo Are you hungry? No Ive just had lunch.

ALREADY

YA Antes del verbo. Ive already paid it.

YET

AN, TODAVA No lo he hecho an, Es la forma Negativa still es la forma positiva.

El presente perfecto tiene una relacin directa con el pasado, un pasado que repercute con el presente. Un perido que continua hasta ahora, EMPEZO EN EL PASADO Y CONTINUA EN EL PRESENTE. Yo he pintado mi cuarto. Ive painted my bedroom. Nos habla de una situacin finalizada, a diferencia del presente perfecto continuo. Yo he estado pintando mi cuarto..Ive been painting my bedroom. La accin no ha finalizado CONTINUA pintando su cuarto. La diferencia con el presente es que el Presente Perfecto simple mantiene una relacin con el pasado ya que la accin comenz en el pasado y continua en el presente. How much / How many / How many times. Know / Like / Belive

Presente Perfecto Continuo.

Accin que COMENZO EN EL PASADO Y AN CONTINUA EN EL PRESENTE. Acciones que se han DETENIDO o que acaban de detenerse, esa es su conexin con el ahora Paul is very tired. He has been working very hard. l est cansado AHORA. Yo he estado pintando mi cuarto..Ive been painting my bedroom. La accin no ha finalizado CONTINUA pintando su cuarto. Usas HOW LONG? con el presente perfecto continuo. How long have you been reading that book? How long has it been raining?................................It has been raining for an hour / since 1 oclock. Se utiliza para acciones REPETIDAS por un periodo de tiempo. Para decir HACE CUNTO sucedi algo. SINCE: Shes been playing SINCE she was eight. I havent seen Tom SINCE Monday. SINCE + inicio de periodo 8 oclock lunchtime 12 May christmas April 2001 we arrived I got up FOR: Every morning they meet in the same caf. They have been going there FOR years. FOR + periodo de tiempo two hours a long time a week Six months ages years No se puede descartar for de oraciones negativas o interrogativas pero si de las afirmativas. Theyve been married for ten years. Theyve been married ten years. NO USAR for + all Dos Opciones. Tienes que poner for I havent seen Tom FOR three days. 20 minutes five days

They havent had a holiday for ten years.

P A S A D O Did Negacin y preguntas.

S I M P L E .

Eventos del pasado que ya estn completados y es en un momento especfico del pasado.VERBO EN PASADO cuando no lleva el auxiliar did, es decir, en las oraciones afirmativas. Habla de situaciones del pasado, NO para cuestiones recientes o nuevas. Acciones finalizadas en el pasado. Yesterday Last week From 2003 to 2008 Today Last year

El pasado del verbo SER (AM /IS /ARE) es WAS WERE

You / We / They I / He / She / It

When? Utilizada en el pasado simple When did it start raining?........................It started raining an hour ago at 1 oclock. When did Joe and Carol first meet?..........They first met a long time ago. when they were at school.

an, at, a,when.

P A S A D O WAS (I, HE, SHE, IT) / WERE (WE, YOU, THEY) + -ING (era o estaba + gerundio ando, -iendo) Ests en medio de algo.

C O N T I N U O .

Es comn usar el pasado simple junto con el pasado continuo para decir que algo pase en medio de algo. Matt phoned while we were having dinner. It was raining when I got up. When Karen arrived , we were having dinner. PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE. (HABA) HAD + PARTICIPIO I had done.

As ,While When

Cuando hablamos de un hecho en el pasado utilizamos el pasado simple, PERO si queremos hablar de hechos ocurridos despus del tiempo pasado utilizamos pasado perfecto simple. When Sarah arrived at the party , Paul had already gone home. I wasnt sure who she was. Id seen her before, but I couldnt remember where.

PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO. (HABA ESTADO) HAD + BEEN + -ING I had been playing.

HAVE / HAVE GOT Have / Have got (Para: Pertenencias, Parentesco, Posesin) Objetos Personas Enfermedad Inanimado Apariencia car brother headache problems curly hair They have got a new car. Lisa has got two brothers. Ive got headache. She has got a few problems. He got curly hair.

Tres posibles formas de hacer preguntas y respuestas. 1. Do you have any questions? 2. Have you got any questions? 3. Have you any questions? (- usada) I dont have any questions. I havent got any questions. I havent any questions.

En oraciones interrogativas o negativas en PASADO se usa DID /DIDNT

NO USAR GOT Brekfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / and so on A bath / a shower / a swim / a break 7a rest / a party / a holiday / an accident / an experience / a dream A look A chat / a conversation / a discussion / trouble / difficulty / fun / a good time A baby

USED TO SOLA I USED TO play the piano a lot, but I don`t play very much now. En oraciones interrogativas o negativas se usa DID /DIDNT Did you used to eat lot of sweets when you were a child? I didnt used to like him. FUTURO CERCANO AM/IS/ARE GOING TO VOY A PRESENTE CONTINUO I am doing Cuando nos referimos a Un FUTURO muy INMEDIATO FUTURO CERCANO I am going to Yo he decidido hacer algo, ya tengo todo planeado

Un futuro ARREGLADO, ACORDADO What time are you meeting Ana this evening? Im leaving tomorrow. Ive got my plane ticket.

ARREGLADO, ACORDADO con anterioridad. Ive decide not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow. Im going to look for somewhere else to stay

La diferencia es mnima porque cuando ocupas going to para FUTURO, es algo que ya tienes planeado hacer. Planes que ya tienes como un hecho para el futuro. Im going to buy a new car On may22nd, we are going to visit the park. GONNA Reduccin coloquial al hablar

WILL / SHALL FUTURO NO usar will para un futuro que decidiste antes, en ese caso se utiliza el going to EXPRESIN USUAL THINK La negacin de will es WONT. Oferta Ponerse de acuerdo That bag looks heavy. Ill help you Can you give Tim this book? with it. Sure, Ill give it to him when I seem him this afternoon. Cuando algo se rehsa se usa WONT NO utilizar will para algo que decidiste con anterioridad, en ese caso se utiliza going to ing. Para PREDICCIONES. They have been away a long time. When they return, theyll find a long of changes here. En diferentes ocasiones se utiliza con las siguientes partculas. Probably I guess Maybe Im sure I think I dont think I wonder Promesas Thank for lrnding me the money. Ill pay you back on Friday. Preguntas Will you please turn the music down. ILL HAVE something to eat. Tomar I think Ill.I dont think Ill

FUTURO SHALL I WE Se utiliza con las primeras personas del singular y plural

Utiliza con mayor frecuencia en las oraciones interrogativas, si quieres preguntarle a alguien sobre opiniones, especialmente en ofertas y sugerencias. Shall I open the window? Ive got no money. What shall I do? En el lenguaje hablado normalmente se usa el will Las oraciones negativas se construyen SHALL NOT / SHANT

I WILL / IM GOING TO

Jerry: Lets have a party. Susan: That is a great idea. We will invite lot of people.

Susan: Jerry and I have decided to have a party. We are going to invite lots of people.

Una decisin futura pero que se acaba de tomar en ese momento. Para las PREDICCIONES se utilizan ambos. I think the weather will be nice later. I think the weather is going to be nice later.

Ya est completamente decidido el futuro y se hacen planes.

WHEN / IF

Uso de WHEN con idea de FUTURO. Ill phone you when I get home. Lo mismo ocurre con WHILE / BEFORE/ AFTER / AS SOON AS / UNTIL Wait here until I come back. Se usa el presente y el presente perfecto con una idea de futuro. Can I borrow that book when you have finished with it? Puedes usar el presente perfecto despus de WHEN /AFTER / AS SOON AS / UNTIL When Ive phoned Kate, we can have dinner. (PRIMERO le hablo a Kate, sucede un hecho, DESPUS tenemos la cena, ocurre otro hecho) PERO No usas el presente perfecto si los dos hechos ocurren al mismo tiempo en ese caso se usa la primera condicional When I phone Kate Ill ask her about the party. Despus de if es comn usar Presente Simple para el futuro. WHEN Es seguro que pase. When I go out, Ill get some bread. IF Es posible que pase. If I go out, Ill get some bread.

CAN / COULD / (BE) ABLE TO (Ofertas, Peticiones, Invitaciones) Can + Infinitivo Negacin Cant = Cannot

Can (Presente)

Could (Pasado)

Para otros tiempos se puede utilizar be able to. Tom might be able to come tomorrow. (future) I havent been able to sleep recently.

were able to /managed to

Can you wait a moment, please? Could you wait a moment, please? Do Do you think you could take me to the station? Do you think I could borrow your bike? Me permite Can I have the salt? ( formal)

En ingls no puedo formular dos preguntas al mismo tiempo

Could I have the salt, please?

May I have the salt, please? (+formal)

Do you mind if I use your phone? Would you mind opening the window? (el verbo debe escribirse en gerundio) Invitaciones. Would you like a cup of tea? Would you like to eat with us tonight? COULD se puede usar en el FUTURO para sugerencias. What shall we do tonight? We could go to the cinema Para acciones no realistas I am so tired. I could sleep for a week. Cuando algo puede ser posible o no, en el futuro o presente. The story could be true, but I don`t think it. / I couldnt live in a big city. En el PASADO se puede usar could have: I was so tired. I could have slept for a week.

MUST / CANT Must Deber must have done Cant No puedo cant have done Theres nobody at home. They must have gone out. Sarah hasnt contacted me. She cant have got my message MAY / MIGHT Might have / May have (done) Past. She may have been asleep = She was asleep She might not have known about it = She didnt Know COULD es similar a might y may PERO COULDNT es diferente a may not y might not May / Might para FUTURO I may go to Ireland (possible) Might (Subjuntivo) Cuando la situacin no es real y se trata de sueos o deseos se utiliza la 2da CONDICIONAL. If they paid me better, I might work hard could would POSIBLEMENTE Might / May be ing Im going to Paris un July. (sure) I might be going to Paris soon. (posiblemente) Might as well (Podramos hacerlo igual) Shall we walk? We might as well. Its a nice day and I dont want to wait here for an hour.

Pasado

HAVE TO / MUST Have/ Has to + infinitive Must + Infinitivo

Do Does Auxiliares para oraciones interrogativas y negativas. Did Why did you have to leave early? Karen doesnt have to work Saturdays. Tanto have to (tengo que) como must se refieren a una obligacin, es decir, estoy obligado a hacerlo. I have to wear glasses for Reading He has to work late. FUTUTO Ill have to I am going to have to I may/might have to

Son similares have to y must Its late. I must go = Its late. I have to go Puede usarse para: 1. Dar opiniones. Mark is really nice person. You must meet him/You have to meet him. 2. Obligado a hacerlo. (en la mayora de los casos se usa have to) I have to work from 8.30 to 5.00every day 3. Instrucciones escritas y reglas. (Se utiliza must) Application for the job must be received by 18 May.

Jane has to travel a lot for her work.

PASADO NO se usa Must We didnt have much time. We had to hurry. (NO we must hurry) Julia wears glasses. She has had to wear glasses since she was very young. (el since nos indica que debemos ocupar presente perfecto, as como for)

MUST Must + Infinitivo Mustnt (negacin)

Cuando se DEBE hacer determinada cosa, tambin se refiere a in deber moral. You must keep it a secret. You mustnt tell anyone. We must be very quiet. We mustnt make any noise. Need to + Infinitivo Neednt (negacin) Dont to Doesnt to Auxiliar utilizado para las oraciones interrogativas y negativas Cuando es NECESARIO hacer algo. Weve got plenty of time. We neednt hurry. We dont need to hurry. PASADO Tendras que haber hecho Neednt HAVE done Neednt + have + Participio. We neednt have reserved a table. PASADO Didnt need to He didnt need to get up early.

SHOULD Should + Infinitivo Shouldnt Para dar consejos o recomendaciones. (Deberas)

Es comn utilizar should con: I think

I dont think

Do you think?

Maybe

Should no es tan fuerte como: must o have to Deberas haber hecho You should have had

I + Should + HAVE + Participio

Debera haber ESTADO hacIENDO You shouldnt HAVE BEEN listenING to our conversation.

I + Should+ HAVE + BEEN + -ING

Ought TO Puede utilizarse en lugar de should to Do you think I ought TO apply for this job? = Do you think I should apply for this job? Puedes usar should despus de Insist Recommend Suggest demand I insisted that he should apologise. Doctors recommend that everyone should eat plenty fruit. Despus de suggest no se puede usar to What do you suggest we do? What do you suggest we should do? (NO What do you suggest us to do?) Puedes usar should despus de nmeros y adjetivos, especialmente: Strange odd Funny Typical Its strange that he should be late. He is usually on time. I was surprised that he should say such a thing.

propuse What do you suggest we do?

natural

interesting

surprised

surprising

HAD BETTER / ITS TIME SERA MEJOR (Formas de dar consejos) ES TIEMPO

HAD

Normalmente es PASADO PERO en had better significa PRESENTE o FUTURO Id had better go to the bank now/tomorrow.

Id better do I have to meet Amy in ten minutes. Id better go now or Ill be late. Id better not You dont look very well. Youd better not go out tonight. Had better / Should son similares pero no idnticas. Had better se utiliza para situaciones especficas no para cosas en general a diferencia de should que se utiliza en situaciones tpicas, dar opiniones, consejos o advertencias. Its late. Youd better go / Its late. You should go (una situacin especfica) You are always at home. You should go out more often. (en general por lo que no se usa had better) Its time Es hora Its time to go home. Its late. Its time we went home. Cuando se utiliza PASADO went/did/were tiene significado de PRESENTE Its time they were here. Why are they so late? Its time you did something about it. He is very selfish. Its time he realized that he isnt the most important person in the world.

WOULD Would (d) + infinitive. Wouldnt Terminacin RA en espaol en el verbo would be =sera Id love to live by the sea.

SUBJUNTIVO (deseos, anhelos)

Utilizas would cuando imagines situaciones o acciones en el pasado would + have + participio I didnt tell Sam what happened. He wouldnt have been pleased. (habra estado) En algunas ocasiones se utiliza el would en oraciones con if I would have called Lisa if Id had her number. 3ra CONDICIONAL. En algunas ocasiones WOULD puede ser el pasado de WILL Presente Pasado Ill call you on Saturday. Tom said hed call me on Saturday I promise I wont be late. Amy promised that she wouldnt be late Damn! The car wont start. Lisa was annoyed because her car wouldnt start. Para hablar de cosas que ocurran con regularidad en el pasado. Con este significado es parecido a used to. Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room.

W I S H Modos de usar el wish: Subjuntivo: Deseos (Vbo. en pasado) Relacionada con la segunda condicional, algo que podra ocurrir pero NO HAY SEGURIDAD de que pase. I wish I had more free time. If I had (past) more free time, I could (could/would) go to Hawaii. Do you ever wish you could fly? Ejemplos: I wish I had more free time. I wish you didnt have to go soon. Do you wish you lived near the sea? Wish+had (el vbo. est en participio) Con idea de PRESENTE, aunque el verbo est en pasado, hablo en presente, de algo que no est ocurriendo pero que desearamos que as fuera.

I wish I had known about the party. I would have gone if I had known. I should have listened to you. I wish I had taken your advice. I really didnt enjoy the party. I wish we hadnt gone. I hear the party was great. I wish I could have gone I wish Sarah were her now. I wish everything wasnt so expensive. WERE WAS

Refieren al PASADO y para expresarlo se usa HAD + PARTICIPIO

Indicativo: Necesario (Would + vbo. En forma simple) Ejemplos: I wish it would stop raining. I wish you wouldnt complain all the time. I wish Sarah would come. Necesitamos que algo pase.

1a, 2da, 3ra, CONDICIONAL. 1ra. CONCDICIONAL (indicative) Algo que va a pasar DE HECHO. 2da. CONDICIONAL (subjuntivo) Algo que va a pasar pero no hay seguridad de que ocurra. DESEOS ANHELOS. 3ra. CONDICIONAL (hubiera) Es la condicional de los arrepentidos.

If I graduate, I will teach spanish. PRE. SIMPLE FUTURO IF WILL WHEN CAN AFTER MAY BEFOR MIGHT AS SOON AS If we go by bus, it will be cheaper.

If I washed the dish, I could go to the party. would If we went by bus, it would be cheaper. Aunque este en pasado el significado est en presente. If I didnt want to go to the party, I wouldnt go. Who would you ask if you needed help?

If I had studied English, I would have passed. Had+Parti Would+Have/Has+Parti If I had seen you, I would have said hello. Id Id If she had been hungry, she would has eaten something.

REPORTED SPEECH. IF THAT Ordenes en INFINITIVO Presente Simple. Presente Continuo. Pasado Simple. Pasado Continuo. Can. Will. Pasado Simple. Pasado Continuo. Pasado Perfecto Simple. Pasado Perfecto Continuo. Could. Would.

Verbo + -ING Despus de los siguientes verbos SIEMPRE el SIGUIENTE VERBO va en gerundio ING: mind suggest enjoy accept avoid consider deny fancy finish imagine keep postpone risk stop give on put off go on/ carry on keep/ keep on La NEGACIN not ing Cuando no tiene objeto directo despus de advise y allow el siguiente verbo se escribe en gerundio ing. advise allow

Despus de estos verbos, el verbo que sigue se escribe en gerundio ing (con mayor frecuencia) o infinitivo to Prefer Like Love Hate Want Have Need