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What is the boundary condition at ground ( z = 0 ) and does a single horseshoe vortex satisfy it?? B.C.: solid wall
v v u n = 0 w = 0 at z = 0!
h b
b b
Image vortices
(opposite strength) Image vortex Result: downwash is decreased due to upwash caused by ground plane (which is modified by image vortex). For our simple model:
1 wi = + b b 1 + 16( h ) 2 b
ground effect
wi
Di L
wi L = V bV D i
h 16( ) 2 b h 1 + 16( ) 2 b h 16( ) 2 b h 1 + 16( ) 2 b
h 16 ( ) 2 b h 1 + 16 ( ) 2 b
Di = Di
C Di = C Di
16.100 2002