Mathematical Biostatistics Boot Camp 1 1. (1 point) What is P (A B ) always equal to?

Quiz

Week 1

a. 1 P (A

BC )

b. 1 P (AC B C ) c. 1 P (AC )P (B C ) d. P (AC B C ) 1.

a.

Solution:
P (A B ) = 1 P (A B )C = 1 P (AC B C )

2. (1 point) Which of the following are always true about P (

It is smaller than or equal to

It is equal to P (Ei ). It is smaller than maxi P (Ei ).
n i=1

n i=1

P (Ei )

n i=1

Ei )? (Check all that apply.)

It is smaller than mini P (Ei ).

It is larger than or equal to min P (E ). It is larger than or equal to max P (E ).

i i i i

3. (1 point) Consider inuenza epidemics for two parent heterosexual families. Suppose that the probability is 17% that at least one of the parents has contracted the disease. The probability that the father has contracted inuenza is 12% while the probability that both the mother and father have contracted the disease is 6%. What is the probability that the mother has contracted inuenza? a. 12% b. 6% c. 5% d. 25%

e. 11%
f. 17%

3.

e.

Let's have following events: A : father has the u, and B : mother has the u We know the following: P (A B ) = 0.17, P (A) = 0.12, and P (A B ) = 0.06. From the following formula:
P (A B ) = P (A) + P (B ) P (A B )

Solution:

we can derive:
P (B ) = P (A B ) + P (A B ) P (A) = 0.17 + 0.06 0.12 = 0.11

Page 1 of 6

4. (1 point) A random variable, X is uniform, so that it's density is f (x) = 1 for 0 x 1. What is it's 75th percentile? Express your answer to two decimal places. a. 0.25 b. 0.50 d. 0.10 e. 0.90

c. 0.75

4.

c.

Solution:
F ( x) =

The cumulative distribution function for f (x) is:

x x

f (t) dt =
0 0

1 dt = [t]0 = x 0 = x

We want to nd value of x75 such that F (x75 ) = 0.75. We know that F (x75 ) = x75 , so x75 = 0.75. 5. (1 point) A Pareto density is for 1 < x < ? 1 a. x 1
1 x2

for 1 < x < . What is the distribution function associated with this density

b. 1
c. 1 1 d. x 3 1 e. x

1 x 1 x3

5.

b.

Solution:
F ( x) =
1

1 1 dt = t2 t

=
1

1 t

=
x

1 1 1 =1 1 x x

Page 2 of 6

6. (1 point) a. b. c. d.

What is the quantile p from the density ex (1 + ex )2 ?

log ((1 p) /p) p/ (1 p) (1 p) /p 1/ (1 + ex )

e. log (p/ (1 p))

6.

e.

Solution:
F ( x) =

First, we need to nd cumulative distribution function:

x

e t (1 + et )
2

dt,

using substitution u(t) = 1 + et and du = et dt we get:

u(x)

F (x) =
u()

1 du = u2

1+ex

1 1 du = u2 u

1+ex

1 e x e x ex = = 1 + e x ex (ex + 1) ex + 1

Now we want to nd a value of xp such that F (xp ) = p.

F ( xp ) = p exp =p exp + 1 exp = p (exp + 1) exp = pexp + p exp pexp = p exp (1 p) = p exp = p 1p p 1p

xp = log

Page 3 of 6

7. (1 point) of c? a. b. c. d. e. f.

Suppose that a density is of the form cxk for some constant c > 1 and 0 < x < 1. What is the value
k+2
1 k

2
1 k+1

g.

k1 k k+1

7.

g.

Solution:
1 0

xk+1 cx dx = c k+1
k

=
0

c xk+1 k+1

1 0

c c (1 0) = must be equal to 1, so: k+1 k+1

c = 1 c = k + 1. k+1

8. (1 point) Suppose that the time in days until hospital discharge for a certain patient population follows a x/2 density f (x) = 1 for x > 0. What is the median discharge time in days? 2e a. 1.0

b. 1.4
c. 1.8 d. 2.2 e. 2.6

8.

b.

Solution:
F ( x) =

First, we need to nd cumulative distribution function F (x):

x 0 1 t/2 e dt = et/2 = et/2 = e0 ex/2 = 1 ex/2 0 x 0 2 Now we need to nd the value of x50 such that F (x50 ) = 0.5: x

F (x50 ) = 0.5 1 ex50 /2 = 0.5 ex50 /2 = 0.5 x50 /2 = log x50 /2 = log x50 /2 = log (2) x50 = 2 log (2) 1.386 1 2 1 2

R code:

qexp ( 0 . 5 , 1 / 2)
Page 4 of 6

9. (1 point) Consider the density given by 2xex for x > 0. What is the median? a. 1.03
2

b. 0.83
c. 0.79 d. 0.24 e. 0.15

9.

b.

Solution:
F ( x) =

First, we need to nd cumulative distribution function F (x):

x 0

2tet dt,

using substitution u(t) = t2 and du = 2tdt we get:

u(x) x2

F ( x) =
u(0)

e du =
0

eu du = [eu ]x2 = e0 ex = 1 ex

Median is the value of x50 such that F (x50 ) = 0.5.

F (x50 ) = 0.5 1 ex50 = 0.5 ex50 = 0.5 x 2 50 = log 1 2
2 2

x2 50 = log (2) x50 = log (2) 0.833

Page 5 of 6

10. (1 point) Suppose h(x) is such that 0 < h(x) < for x = 1, 2, . . . , I . Then c h(x) is a valid PMF (probability mass function) when c is equal to what? a. b.
1 1+
I x=1 I x=1

h(x)
1

h(x) h(x)

c.

I x=1

d. h(I ) 10.

c.
x

Solution:

We know that 0 < c h(x) < . The second condition to function to be a valid PMF is, that
I

c h(x) = 1.

c h(x) = 1
x=1 I

c
x=1

h(x) = 1
I 1

c=
x=1

h(x)

Question: Points: Score:

1 1

2 1

3 1

4 1

5 1

6 1

7 1

8 1

9 1

10 1

Total 10

Page 6 of 6