THE SUFI ORDERS IN ISLAM J. SPENCER TRIMINGHAM OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1971Osferd Unicersty Pr, Bly Hae, Landon W. Gonronn unvansrry passe soy PREFACE ‘sion upon many Wester scholars, its organizational aspect, ‘the mystical orders hus been neglected. Yet a misleading impression of Tslamle mysticism is conveyed fi x based exclu ‘ively upon the writings of is pots an theosophist, for mysticism isesentaly a practical discipline based upon the insights of these luminated seeker "No modem study of the orders exists; the pioneer work of Louis Rinn, Marabows et Klouan, published in Algiers in 1884, though concerned primarily with Algeria, still forms a valuable inteeduction, whilst es ange was extended withthe publication of AleChatlices Ler Confcries masulmanes du Hedjas (Pars, 1887). Studie have appeared of particular orders or ara, especialy orth Aftiea, but nothing concerning their development through the centuries, ‘The way in which my own views have changed since commencing this study has coafimed the nes fora reassess- "This stay is primarily concerned with the historical develop- meat of the orders and seks to tace the secensive phases through which the praces of the Suf sprit pawed. This proces took place within the Arsbie and Persian sphere upon which the mein Emphasis is naturally placed, Other cultural sphere took over this development which continued to dominate even though regional cultures made thei own contributions and formed thir distinctive practices. "The intellectual spect isnot ignated, but concem is restricted to the spiritual and intellectual movement which lay behind the ‘Practical working ofthe order, this methods of organization and Fil, In terms of the wider setting within the Islamic culture ‘we are concerned with a vat movement of the spirit which spretd throughout the Islamie world, iauencing the ordinary pereon to les than & metal dite (which cannot be said ofthe matical ‘movement in Christendom), and which today faes a grave crisis through erosion by modern life and thought. T wish to acknowledge the help given me by the Carnegie "Trust for the Universities of Seotland, when T was a member W. MAL Islami mysticiom has exercised 3 compelling atrsc-“ PREFACE, ofthe staf of Glasgow University, through a grant which enabled ‘me to make a study tour in north Afren in 96, My thanks are aso due to my colleague, Professor Nicola Ziade, for his belp in reading my draft and calling my attention to mistakes and 0 rmattrs which needed clarification, oe Beirt ‘Ssptenber 1969 CONTENTS ABPREVIATIONS ix 1. The Formation of Schools of Mysticism 1 11, The Chief Tariga Lines 3 rit, "The Formation of Tas 6 rv, Nineteenth-Century Revival Movernents 10s '. The Mysticism and ‘Theosophy of the Orders 3 vi The Organisation ofthe Orders 166, vit, Ritual and Ceremonial 194 ‘itt, Role of the Orders inthe Life of Islamic Society a8 1x, The Orders in the Contemporary Islamic World 45 A. Relating to Early Stsilas 26r 1, Sis, Malimatls, and Qalandar 264 < Subrawardi Siar faving page 270 . Qiéist Groups on 1 Independent Order ofthe Badawiyya and Buthiniyys 274 ' Shdhi Groups in tbe Maghrib deriving from ‘azalt 27 ‘6, Madyant and Shidhili Groups in Bgypt and Syria 278; Riffs Tatar in the Arab World ako