52

2. INTEGRAL

2.3

Integrali racionalnih funkcija

Ax + B dx, p2 4q < 0. + px + q

Zadatak 2.30 Izra cunajte integrale: dx dx (a) (b) 2 2 2 x +a x a2 Rje senje. 1 dx = 2 (a) 2 2 x +a a x 1 arctg + C a a (b) Rastavimo izraz dx = x 2 +1 a

(c)

x2

t= x a dt = dx a

1 = a

t2

dt 1 = arctg t + C = +1 a

1 na parcijalne razlomke: a2 1 A B 1 1 1 = = + = A = , B = 2 2 x a (x a)(x + a) xa x+a 2a 2a Dakle, dx dx dx 1 1 1 1 = = ln |x a| ln |x + a| + C = 2 2 x a 2a xa 2a x+a 2a 2a x a 1 +C ln 2a x + a p Ax + B Ax + B x=t p t= x+ 2 2 = dx = dx = (c) 2 p2 dt = dx x2 + px + q x+ p + q 4 2 p A(t 2 )+B tdt Ap dt = dt = A + ( b ) 2 2 2 = 2 t2 + q p4 t2 + q p4 t2 + q p4 arctg q t p2 2 q 4 A p Ap = ln (t2 + q ) + (B ) +C = 2 2 4 2 q p4 x2 arctg q 2p2 q 4 Ap A +C ) = ln (x2 + px + q ) + (B 2 2 2 q p4
x+ p

Zadatak 2.31 Izra cunajte integrale: dx x3 dx 2x3 + 3x2 + x 1 (a) (b) (c) dx x3 2x2 + x x2 + x + 1 (x2 + 2x + 2)2 cos x e3x (10 2e3x ) dx (e) dx. (d) 6 x 3 x 2e 10e + 12 1 + sin4 x

2. INTEGRAL

53

(a) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke: 1 1 A B C = = + + = A = 1, B = 1, C = 1 2 x3 2x2 + x x(x 1 (x 1)2 1) x x 1 dx dx dx dx = + = ln | x | ln | x 1 | +C = 3 2 x x1 (x 1)2 x1 x 2x + x x 1 ln x 1 x 1 + C x3 dx x2 1 x2 dx (b) dx = = x 1 + x + = x+ x2 + x + 1 x2 + x + 1 2 x2 + x + 1 2 x+ 1 1 2 x2 2x + 1 dx x2 2 x + x + arctg = +C arctg + C = 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 x+ 2 + 4 4
4

(c) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke: 2x3 + 3x2 + x 1 Ax + b Cx + D = 2 + 2 = A = 2, B = 1, C = 2 2 (x + 2x + 2) x + 2x + 2 (x + 2x + 2)2 1, D = 1, pa je 2x 1 x + 1 2x3 + 3x2 + x 1 dx = dx + dx = 2 2 2 2 2 x + 2x + 2 (x + 2x + 2) (x + 2x + 2) x + 1 2x 1 t= x+1 x= t1 dx + dx = = = 2+1 2 + 1)2 dt = dx ( x + 1) (( x + 1) 2t 3 t + 2 2tdt dt tdt dt = dt+ dt = 3 +2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t +1 (t + 1) t t +1 (t + 1) (t + 1)2 1 dt ln (t2 + 1) 3 arctg t + +2 = ( ) 2 2 2(t + 1) (t + 1)2 Jo s treba izra cunati: dt 1 + t2 1 dt t2 dt t2 dt = dt = = arctg t = 2 2 (t2 + 1)2 t2 + 1 (t2 + 1)2 (t2 + 1)2 (t + 1) u=t du = dt t dt 1 t = arctg t+ 2 = arctg t+ 2 1 tdt 2 dv = (t2 +1)2 v = 2(t2 +1) 2(t + 1) 2 t +1 2(t + 1) 1 t 1 arctg t + C = arctg t + + C , pa je 2 2 2(t2 + 1) 1 t 2t + 1 () = ln (t2 + 1) 3 arctg t + 2 +arctg t + 2 + C = ln (t2 + 1)+ 2 2(t + 1) t +1 2(t + 1) 2x + 3 2 arctg (x + 1) + C 2 arctg t + C = ln (x2 + 2x + 2) + 2(x2 + 2x + 2) e3x (10 2e3x ) 1 10 2t 5t 1 t = e3x (d) = dx = dt = dt = 3x 6 x 3 x 2 2 dt = 3 e dt 2e 10e + 12 3 2t 10t + 12 3 t 5t + 6 ( ) Rastav na parcijalne razlomke: 5t A B 3 2 5t = = + = A = , B = 2 t 5t + 6 t2 t3 5 5 (t 2)(t 3) dt dt 2 1 2 1 = ln |t 2| ln |t 3| + C = ( ) = 5 t 2 15 t3 5 15

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2. INTEGRAL

(t 3)2 1 (e3x 1)2 1 ln + C = ln +C 15 |t 2|3 15 |e3x 2|3 cos x dt t = sin x (e) = ( ) dx = = 4 dt = cos x dx 1 + t4 1 + sin x Vrijedi: t4 + 1 = (t2 + 1)2 2t2 = (t2 + 2t + 1)(t2 2t + 1), odakle slijedi rastav na parcijalne razlomke: At + B 1 Ct + D 1 1 1 1 = + = A = , B = , C = , D = 4 2 2 1+t 2 2 t + 2 t+1 t 2t + 1 2 2 2 2 t+ 2 t 2 1 1 dt dt dt = = 4 2 2 1+t 2 t 2t + 1 2 2 t + 2t + 1 2 1 2dt 2t + 2 1 = dt + 2+ 4 2 t2 + 2 t + 1 4 2 t 2 t + 1 2 dt 1 2t 2 1 dt + = 4 2 t2 2t + 1 4 2 t2 2t + 1 t+ 2 1 1 = ln (t2 + 2t + 1) + arctg 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 t 1 1 2 2 +C = ln (t 2t + 1) + arctg 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 t2 + 2t + 1 1 = ln + arctg ( 2t + 1) arctg ( 2t 1) + C = 4 2 t2 2t +1 2 2 sin2 x + 2 sin x + 1 1 1 + arctg ( 2 sin x + 1) arctg ( 2 sin x 1) + = ln 2 4 2 sin x 2 sin x + 1 2 2 C

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55

Zadaci za vje zbu

2.32 Izra cunajte integrale: x dx (a) x2 + x + 1

(b)

x3 dx x2 + 2x + 4

(c)

dx x4 + 4x2 + 3

2.33 Izra cunajte integrale: (x + 1)3 dx (a) x2 x 2.34 Izra cunajte integrale: x2 dx (a) (x2 + 1)3

(b)

dx 4 x 1

(c)

x4 dx (x + 1)3

(b)

x8 1 dx x(x8 + 1)

(c)

x4 + 1 dx x6 + 1

2.35 Izra cunajte integrale: x5 + x4 2 dx (b) dx (a) (x3 + x + 1)3 x4 4x2 + 4

(c)

x4 1 dx x(x4 5)(x5 + 5x + 1)