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The Sephardic names listed on this site are taken form the references listed below.

The names are in alphabetical order. Beside each listing is a number or series of numbers and letters enclosed in parenthesis such as (2) (6A) (9) (29). These numbers correspond to the references listed below where the names were found. The authors of these works have identified the names as being held by Sephardim. The reference code is listed below. NAMES FOUND ON THIS SITE ARE TAKEN FROM THE FOLLOWING REFERENCES

(*) Name for which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found and will be published in SECTION Vl, Heraldry.(+) Known or suspected converso families (as opposed to individual conversos). Most anyone appearing before the inquisition was a converso because the inquisition, by definition, had no power over the Jewish population. They did have control over "New Christians" or conversos.(~) Up load completed (0) Self identified(1) From the civil records of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.(~)(2) From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London.(~)(3) From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England.(~)(4) From the book, "History of the Jews in Venice", by Cecil Roth.(~)(5) Sephardic names extracted from the book, "Finding Our Fathers", by Dan Rottenberg. Each name is followed by a short biography and references for additional information. This book is a fine reference for those interested in learning Jewish genealogy research. The publication explains how and where to conduct research and can be purchased on this site through Amazon.com(6) From the book, " The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World", by Seymour B. Liebman.(~)(6a) Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain.(~)(6b) Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in New Granada.(~)(6c) Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in El Peru.(~)(6d) Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in Rio de La Plata.(~)(7) From the book, "A History of the Marranos", by Cecil Roth.(~)(8) From the book, "Jews in Colonial Brazil", by Arnold Wizhitzer.(~)(9) From the book, "Precious Stones of the Jews of Curacao Jewry 1657-1957.(~)(10) From the

book, "The Jews of Rhodes", by Marc D. Angel.(~)(11) List of (mostly) Sephardic brides from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 19181933.(~)(12) List of (mostly) Sephardic grooms from the publication listed above.(Izmir lists provided by Dov Cohen, Nof Ayalon Israel). Email address dkcohen@neto.net.il(~)13) From the book, "The Jews of New Spain", by Seymour B. Liebman.(~)(14) From the publication, "Los Sefardes", by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958. (Apellidos corrientes entre los Sephardies)(~)(15) From the book, "The Jews of the Balkans, The Judeo-Spanish Community , 15th to 20th Centuries", by Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue.(~)(16) From the book, "The Sephardic Jews of Bordeaux", by Frances Malino.(~)(17) From the book, "Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation", by Miriam Bodian.(~)(18) From the book, "The Sephardim of England", by Albert M. Hyamson.(~)(19) From Vol. 1, "A History of the Jews in Christian Spain", by Yitzhak Baer. (19a) Volume II.(~)(20) From the book, "A Life of Menasseh Ben Israel", by Cecil Roth. This book contains names from the Sephardic community of greater Amsterdam. Amsterdam was a major haven and transfer point for Sephardim and Morranos leaving Iberia.(~)(21) From the book, "Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World: 1391-1648", by Gampel. This book lists Sephardic movers and shakers during the period.(~)(22) From the book, "History of the Jews in Aragon", by Regne. Essentially a series of royal decrees by the House of Aragon. It contains Sephardic names recorded during the period 1213-1327. By this time family names were well developed. Be prepared for a challenge as you attempt to derive the modern equivalents for these 800 year old names. Prefixes such as Aben, Ibn, Aven, Avin, Ben and etc. are attached to the stemsof many names.If your people came from Aragon, and you cannot find the name in this list, I recommend to attach a prefix and look for it in that way. In addition, the spelling of many of the stems have changed with time. Some names (Adret, Cavalleria) exist to this date unchanged. This reference will introduce many new names and/or many new spellings to known names. (22c) indicates those names that are identified as converso names in the records. Suerte!(~)(23) From the book, "Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of theCrypto-Jews", by David Gitlitz. The names of the Sephardim (and their residences) mentioned were, sometimes, involved with the inquisition. There were other names which are not listed here because the author did not identify those names as Sephardic.(~)(24) From the Ph.D. Dissertation of Michelle M. Terrill, "The Historical Archaeology of the 17th

and 18th-Century Jewish Community of Nevis, British West Indies", Boston Univesity, 2000.(~)(25) From the book, "The Jews of Jamaica", by Richard D. Barnett and Philip Wright. This book contains tombstone inscriptions and dates of death from 1663-1880. Only names that appeared Sephardic are included here.(~)(26) From the book, "Die Sefarden in Hamburg" (The Sephardim in Hamburg [Germany]) by Michael Studemund-Halevy. German names are due to inter marriage(~)(27) From the book, "Historia de la Comunidad Isralelita de Chile", by Moshe Nes-El.(~)(28) From the book, "Judios Conversos" (Jewish Converts) by Mario Javier Saban. Los antepasados Judios de las familias Argentinas. This work contains many Sephardic names and family trees within its 3 volumes. Many of the individuals listed appeared before the inquistion and were secret Jews. Some later converted and intermarried. The description "Jew "and "Portuguese" appear to be used interchangeably. Only those names that were identified as Sephardic Jews or descendant from Sephardic Jews or in some cases, new Christians that married into Sephardic families are listed here. It is possible that some Sephardic names not well identified are not listed. If you have Sephardic/Portuguese family roots in early Argentina, research these volumes. Many of the names listed here represent the famous names of Jewish/Sephardic Argentina. Wonderful family trees, well detailed, are provided in the three volumes.(~)(28a) List of Portuguese Jews expelled from Buenos Aries, 1603. The list also contains the name of the vessel and date of arrival in Argentina. Los "Portugueses" Judaizantes expulsados de Buenas Aires.(~)(28b) "Portuguese" of Santiago del Estro. The list provides the year of arrival and entry point into Argentina. Apellidos de los Portugueses de Santiago del Estero.(~)(28c) "Portuguese" of Cordoba. Apellidos de los Portugueses de Cordoba. The list provides the entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28d) "Portuguese" of San Miguel de Tucuman. The book provides the entry and the year of arrival in Argentina.(~)(28e) "Portuguese" of Talavera (1607). The list provides entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28f) "Portuguese" of La Rioja. The list provides entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28g) "Portuguese" of Salta. The book provides the entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28h) "Portuguese" of Villa de Madrid de las Juntas. The book provides entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28i) "Portuguese" of Jujuy. The book provides the entry point and the year of arrival.(28j) "Portuguese" registered in Santa Fe in 1643. The book provides entry point and the year of arrival.(~)(28k) List of names of those Sephardim expelled from Santa Fe. The book provides the place of birth and the year of arrival.(~)(28l)

Jewish Portuguese families of Rio de la Plata.(~)(28m) Sephardic names in the records of the Auto de Fe of Lima in 1639.(~)(28n) The Oliver-Cavia family, descendants of the Jewish house of Ha-Levi Benveniste originally from Spain.(~)(28o) List of the "Portuguese" of Corrientes in the year 1643. Book provides age and place of birth.(~)(29) "Sangre Judia" ("Jewish Blood") by Pere Bonnin. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in inquisition records. Los Apellidos estan sacados de las listas de penitenciados por el Santo Oficio, de los censos de las juderias y de otras fuentes que indican claramente que la persona portadora del apellido es judia o judeoconversa. Tiene Vd. sangre judia? (~)(30) "Raizes Judaicas No Brasil" by Flavio Mendes Carvalho. This book contains names of Sephardim involved in the inquisition in Brazil. Many times date of birth, occupation, name of parents, age, and location of domicile are also included. Included in this list are the names of the relatives of the victims. Many of the victims were tortured to death or exiled so their lines might end here.(~)(31) Sephardic names from the magazine "ETSI". Most of the names are from (but not limited to) France and North Africa. Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip Abensur. Subscriptions are available. If your family comes from the area served by ETSI, this magazine is worth while. <http://www.geocities.com/EnchantedForest/1321> (31/volume number/issue number) For example (31/3/8) = Esti volume 3, issue8. (~)(32) Sephardic surnames from the classic book "Genealogia Hebraica: Portugal e Gibraltar", by Jose Maria Abecassis. This book contains a list of names of Sephardim families that returned to Portugal and Gibralter after hundreds of years of expulsion. Family trees are included for many of the families. (~)(33) Sephardic names from the Jewish Historical Society of England. List of names provided by David Ferdinando david.ferdinando@virgin.net. (~)(33a) "The First English Jew", by Lucien Wolf. (~)(33b) "Crypo-Jews under the Commonweath", by Lucien Wolf. (~)(33c) "The Jewery of the Restoration", by Lucien Wolf.(~)(33d) "The Cemetery of the Resettlement", by Master A.S. Diamond. (~)(33e) "Foreign Trade of London Jews in the 17th Century", by Maurice Woolf. (33f) "The Community of the Resettlement 1656-84 - A Social Survey:, by A.S. Diamond. (~)(33g) "Maria Fernandez de Carvajal" by Lucien Wolf. (~)(33h) "Carvajal and Pepys", by Wilfred Samuel. (~)(33i) Extracts from "Jews of the Canary Islands", ed. Lucien Wolf. (~)(33j) "Process of Antao Rodigues Lindo, Native of Badajoz, Kingdom of Castile". (~)(34) From the

book, "In Sure Dwellings: A Journey From Expulsion to Assimilation", by Margot F. Salom. The names are extracted from the research of an Austalian, Ms. Salom, into the her family. The names have been provided by the author. The book may be purchased form Seaview Press. FP 2000, Adelaide, 5th Australia. The author's email address is Abshl@powerup.com.au. (~)(35) From the book "Histoire des Juifs de Rhodes, Chio, Cos, etc, by Abraham Galante. The names were extracted and provided by Daniel Kazez dkazez@mail.wittenberg.edu.(~)(36) Sephardic names extracted from the book, "Noble Families Among The Sephardic Jews" by Isaac Da Costa, Bertram Brewster, and Cecil Roth. This book provides genealogy information about many of the more famous Sephardic families of Iberia, England and Amsterdam. For those tracing Sephardim from Spain to England or to Amsterdam, this book can be most valuable. Many name changes and aliases are provided. This reference documents the assimilation, name changes and coversion of many Sephardic families in Spain, England and The Netherlands. There is also a large section dealing the the genealogy of the members of Capadose family that converted to Christianity. (~)(37) Sephardic names from the book, "A Origem Judaica dos Brasileiros", by Jose Geraldo Rodrigues de Alckmin Filho, who personally provided the text. This publication contains a list of 517 Sephardic families punished by the inquisition in Portugal and Brazil. As familias punidas pela Inquidicao em Portugal e no Brasil.. (~)(38)Names from the book, "El Libro Verde de Aragon" (The Greenbook of Aragon) by Isidoro de las Cagigas.(~)(38a) Sephardic names to Converso (New Christian) names. Sephardic=Converso.|(~)(38b) Converso names from Sephardi names. Converso=Sephardic.(~)(38c) Sephardic names of Aragon.(~)(39) From ETSI, Volume 4, No.12 dated March 2001, "Aliases in Amsterdam", by Viberke Sealtiel-Olsen, a list of alias names used by Sephardim in Amsterdam. A wonderful research tool for Sephardic research in Amsterdam.(~)(39a) True Sephardic Name=Alias Name (~)(39b) Alias Name=True Sephardic Name.(~)(40) The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (1715-1775) from the Achives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks (London. England). Family names include those circumcised, God fathers, and God mothers. There are also short sections of additional circumcisions 1679-99 (40a), Marriages 167989 (40b), and births of daughters 1679-99(40c) (~)(41) "Conversos on Trial" by Haim Bienart. A well written story of the converso community of Ciudad Real, to include the converso inquisition trials in the mid 15th century. This

book contains a list of names, some times providing the names of relatives, house locations, and professions. A fine resource for those with ties to Ciudad Real. (~)(42) Jewish names contained in Medieval documents from the Kingdom of Murcia. Apellidos judios en documentos medievales del Reino de Murcia. Most of these names, if not all, appear to be original Sephardic names not changed by conversion. (~)(43) Sephardic names from the site TARAZONA JUDIA. 43 (C) indentifies converso anmes .The site is presented as a memorial to the Jews of TARAZONA. (~) http://idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html (44) From the site, "Los Apellidios Biblicos De Mallorica" (Biblical Names of Mallorca) by Miquel Ferra I Martorell. This site can be found at http://www.iciba.org.il/archivo/mallorca.html (44C) New Christians or Conversos from Mallorca.. (45) Apellidos de Judios Sefardies (Surnames of the Sephardic Jews) from the site Comunidad Israelita Pincipado de Austurias. (46) "Diciionario Sefaradi De Sobrenomes" ("Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames"): This reference provides thousand of Sephardic names of immigrants to Brazil. The authors have attempted to provide the ports of departure of these immigrants. The source of this information is also available. (47) From the book, "SEPHARDIM, The Spirit That Has Withstood the times." Contains the names of Sephardim from Curacao. (48) The "Rise and Fall of Paradise", When Arabs and Jews built a Kingdom in Spain. Sephardic names. (49) From the book, "The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", by Haim Beinart. This reference describes in detail the adventures of Sephardim in escaping the inquisition during the period the expulsion. Many vignettes. Rich in names and and history at a personal level. Many names in this publication are not recognizable as Jewish. Only those names recognizable and labeled as Jewish or converso are listed here. There are many hundreds of other names in the glossary that deserve your research.

If you cannot find a name here on Sephardim.com using our search engine below, try using the Ancestry.com search service above.

Arias de Maldonado(23)(49) Arias Montano(23) Burgos(*)(13)(14)(24)(29)

Aria(5)(20)(45)(46) Arias Brandao(46) Arias de Ordona(40a) Arias(*)(5)(11)(18)(19a)(28d)(28g)(2 9)(31/2/4)(40)(41)(46)(49)

Avila de(19)(23)(28m)(30)(41)(42)(46) Avila(*)(5)(14)(17)(18)(29)(30)(37)(40)(45)(49) Benitez(*)(13)(29) Hidalgo(46) Leiba (Also Leiva)(*)(9) Leyba(*)(29) Leyva(also see Leyba)(*)(29) Linares(*)(6a)(46) Lucena de(5)(13)(19a)(21)(23)(30 Lucena(*)(2)(6a)(6c)(9(18)(29)(30)(36)(37)(40a)(45)(46) Velasco de(23)(46)

Benitez(46)(49)

Velasco(*)(2)(5)(14)(29)(30)(37)

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Benitez Surname Meaning & Origin


There are many indicators that the name Benitez may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Benitez is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 4 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

The Jews of New Spain, by Seymour B. Liebman |


Professor Liebman endeavors to discover why, beginning in 1521, Jews migrated from Old Spain to New Spain. He then proceeds to document the persistence of Jewish life in the face of a new Spanish Inquisition and formalized suppression including forced conversion and exclusion from citizenship. The author concludes it was the religious, cultural and personal vitality of Jews that caused their cherished and proud identity to persist, even though most of the earliest Jewish migrants eventually did assimilate into Mexican society.

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author.

Dicionario Sefaradi De Sobrenomes (Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames), G. Faiguenboim, P. Valadares, A.R. Campagnano, Rio de Janeiro, 2004 |
A bilingual (Portugese/English)reference book of Sephardic surnames. Includes New Christians, Conversos, Crypto-Jews (Marranos), Italians, Berbers and their history in Spain, Portugal and Italy. Contains over 16,000 surnames presented under 12000 entries, with hundreds of rare photographs, family shields and illustrations.It also contains a 72-page summary of Sephardic

history, before and after the expulsion from Spain and Portugal, as well as a 40-page linguistic essay about Sephardic names, including an interesting list of the 250 most frequent Sephardic surnames. The period covered by the dictionary is of 600 years, from the 14th to the 20th century, and the area covered includes Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, Holland, England, Germany, Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe, the former Ottoman Empire, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, North America, Central America and the Caribbean, South America and more.

The Abarbanel Foundation Website, "Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal" |
List of names of forcibly converted Jews who were tried by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism in Mexico in the years 1528 - 1815 Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Benitez Surname Highlights: 4 Historical Sources

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Linares Surname Meaning & Origin


The name Linares is of Spanish origin. The English meaning of Linares is City in Spain meaning where linen is made or where flax is grown. There are many indicators that the name Linares may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Linares is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 2 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

The Abarbanel Foundation Website, "Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal" |
List of names of forcibly converted Jews who were tried by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism in Mexico in the years 1528 - 1815 Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Arias Surname Meaning & Origin


The name Arias is of Hebrew origin. The English meaning of Arias is From the Hebrew word arieh meaning lion. There are many indicators that the name Arias may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Arias is cited with respect to Jews & Crypto-Jews in at least 17 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references: Sources 1 - 10 for Arias

List of (mostly) Sephardic brides from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 &amp; 1918-1933". By Dov Cohen. |
Dov Cohen has created an index of brides and grooms based on the organization of Ketubot (Jewish wedding contracts) from marriages within the Turkish community of Izmir. From this material we can identify the Jewish families who lived in Turkey since the Spanish expulsion in 1492 in two periods: the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the secular government of Turkish Republic. Events of these periods forced this community to emigrate to America.

From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London |
Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive

History of the Jews in Venice, by Cecil Roth |


In this work, Cecil Roth covers the long course of Italian-Jewish history extending from preChristian times, comprising in a degree every facet of the evolution of Jewish life in Europe. Contains a huge store of facts tracing regional variations over a period of 2000 years.

Finding Our Fathers | A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy, by Dan


Rottenberg
In this work Dan Rottenberg shows how to do a successful search for probing the memories of living relatives, by examining marriage licenses, gravestones, ship passenger lists, naturalization records, birth and death certificates, and other public documents, and by looking for clues in family traditions and customs. Supplementing the "how to" instructions is a guide to some 8,000 Jewish family names, giving the origins of the names, sources of information about each family, and the names of related families whose histories have been recorded. Other features included a country-by-country guide to tracing Jewish ancestors abroad, a list of Jewish family history books, and a guide to researching genealogy.

The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Hyamson |

A history of the Spanish &amp; Portugese Jewish Community, 1492-1951.

A History of the Jews in Christian Spain,Volume 2, by Yitzhak Baer. |


Traces the economic, social, legal and political life of the Spanish Jewish community from the 11th century re-conquest of Iberia from Muslim rule to the expulsion of 1492. Based on many years of study in the Spanish archives by a Professor from The Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel.

Judios Conversos (Jewish Converts) by Mario Javier Saban. Distal, Buenos Aires, 1990. The ancestors of the Argentinian Jewish families. "Portuguese" (Jews) of San Miguel de Tucuman. |
This best-selling work traces the immigration of Conversos from Portugal to Argentina and Brazil. It contains many Sephardic names and family trees within its 3 volumes. Many of the individuals listed appeared before the Inquisition and were secret Jews. Some later converted and intermarried. Many of the names listed here represent the famous names of Jewish/Sephardic Argentina. Over 100 pages of genealogies, well detailed, are provided.

Judios Conversos (Jewish Converts) by Mario Javier Saban. Distal, Buenos Aires, 1990. The ancestors of the Argentinian Jewish families. "Portuguese" (Jews) of Salta. |
This best-selling work traces the immigration of Conversos from Portugal to Argentina and Brazil. It contains many Sephardic names and family trees within its 3 volumes. Many of the individuals listed appeared before the Inquisition and were secret Jews. Some later converted and intermarried. Many of the names listed here represent the famous names of Jewish/Sephardic Argentina. Over 100 pages of genealogies, well detailed, are provided.

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The

book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author.

Sephardic names from the magazine "ETSI". Most of the names are from (but not limited to) France and North Africa. Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip Abensur. |
ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue + Sources 11 - 17 for Arias Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition. Some common variations of Arias are Aria, Arias Brando, and Arrias.
Arias Surname Highlights: 17 Historical Sources

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT

Leyva Surname Meaning & Origin (leiva not found)


There are many indicators that the name Leyva may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Leyva is cited with respect to Jews & Crypto-Jews in at least 1 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author. Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from

country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Leyva Surname Highlights: 1 Historical Source

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Lucena Surname Meaning & Origin


The name Lucena is of Latin origin. The English meaning of Lucena is :Lucena, Cordova, Spainaa There are many indicators that the name Lucena may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Lucena is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 12 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references: Sources 1 - 10 for Lucena

From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London |
Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B.

Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in El Peru. |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

Precious Stones of the Jews in Cura&ccedil;ao; Cura&ccedil;aon Jewry 1656-1957, by Isaac Samuel Emmanuel (1957) |
Names taken from 225 tombstones of 2536 persons, 1668 - 1859, men, women and some Rabbis. Includes cemetery history and plan, biographies including family histories, chronological list of names, alphabetical list of family names + number of members + eldest tombstone year, large bibliography, general alphabetical index, 15 genealogies.

The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Hyamson |


A history of the Spanish &amp; Portugese Jewish Community, 1492-1951.

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of

the author.

Raizes Judaicas No Brasil,(Jewish Roots in Brazil) by Flavio Mendes de Carvalho. |


This book contains names of New Christians or Brazilians living in Brazil condemned by the Inquisition in the 17th and 18th centuries, as taken from the archives of Torre do Tombo in Lisbon. Many times details including date of birth, occupation, name of parents, age, and location of domicile are also included. The list also includes the names of the relatives of the victims. There are several cases in which many members of the same family were tortured and sentenced so some family lines may end here.

Noble Families Among The Sephardic Jews, by Isaac Da Costa, Bertram Brewster, and Cecil Roth. |
This book provides genealogy information about many of the more famous Sephardic families of Iberia, England and Amsterdam. It documents the assimilation, name changes and conversion of many Sephardic families in Spain, England and The Netherlands. There is a large section dealing with the genealogy of the members of Capadose and Silva families in Spain and Portugal. This reference includes genealogical tables and a translation of Da Costa&rsquo;s 1850 work "Israel and the Gentiles", with chapters by Bertram Brewster on the Capadose conversion to Christianity and by Cecil Roth on their Jewish history.

A Origem Judaica dos Brasileiros (The Origin of The Brazilian Jews), by Jose Geraldo Rodrigues de Alckmin Filho |
This publication contains a list of 517 Sephardic families punished by the inquisition in Portugal and Brazil.

The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (17151775) from the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks(London. England). |
The circumcision register of Isaac and Abraham de Paiba (1715-1775): from the manuscript record preserved in the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London named "Sahar Asamaim" transcribed, translated and edited by the late R.D. Barnett, with the assistance of Alan Rose, I.D. Duque and others; There is also a supplement with a record of circumcisions 1679-1699, marriages 1679-1689 and some female births 1679-1699, compiled by Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira. The register includes surnames of those circumsized as well as

the names of their Godfathers &amp; Godmothers. + Sources 11 - 12 for Lucena Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Lucena Surname Highlights: 12 Historical Sources

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Luzena Surname Meaning & Origin


The name Luzena is of Spanish origin. The English meaning of Luzena is Lucena, Spain There are many indicators that the name Luzena may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Luzena is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 3 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England and transcribed by R. D. Barnett. |
The register gives us dates for the burials in the "Bethahaim Velho" or Old Cemetery. The dates are listed as per the Jewish calendar.

From the publication, "Los Sefard&iacute;es" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim) |

When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (17151775) from the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks(London. England). |
The circumcision register of Isaac and Abraham de Paiba (1715-1775): from the manuscript record preserved in the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London named "Sahar Asamaim" transcribed, translated and edited by the late R.D. Barnett, with the assistance of Alan Rose, I.D. Duque and others; There is also a supplement with a record of circumcisions 1679-1699, marriages 1679-1689 and some female births 1679-1699, compiled by Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira. The register includes surnames of those circumsized as well as the names of their Godfathers &amp; Godmothers. Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Luzena Surname Highlights: 3 Historical Sources

NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Burgos Surname Meaning & Origin (Adalid not found)
There are many indicators that the name Burgos may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Burgos is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 6 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

The Jews of New Spain, by Seymour B. Liebman |


Professor Liebman endeavors to discover why, beginning in 1521, Jews migrated from Old Spain to New Spain. He then proceeds to document the persistence of Jewish life in the face of a new Spanish Inquisition and formalized suppression including forced conversion and exclusion from citizenship. The author concludes it was the religious, cultural and personal vitality of Jews that caused their cherished and proud identity to persist, even though most of the earliest Jewish migrants eventually did assimilate into Mexican society.

From the publication, "Los Sefard&iacute;es" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim) |
When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

From the PhD Dissertation of Michelle M. Terrill, "The Historical Archaeology of the 17th and 18th-Century Jewish Community of Nevis, British West Indies", Boston University, 2000 |
This is an historical archaeological examination of a 17th- and 18th-century Jewish community on the island of Nevis in the British West Indies. Unlike earlier archaeological studies of the Jewish Caribbean Diaspora that focused on single sites, the focus of this investigation was on increasing the understanding of the roles and lives of the Sephardim in the colonial Caribbean. The study of the Neevis community indicates that the Jews of the Caribbean were not fully integrated socially or politically into British colonial society.

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is

also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author.

The Abarbanel Foundation Website, "Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal" |
List of names of forcibly converted Jews who were tried by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism in Mexico in the years 1528 - 1815

Ruth Reyes, "Sephardic Family Names from Puerto Rico", The Casa Shalom Journal, Volume 10, Published by The Institute for Marrano-Anusim Studies, Gan Yavneh, Israel 2008 |
This list is compiled from a catalogue the author found on a visit to Puerto Rico in the Museum of San Juan. Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Burgos Surname Highlights: 6 Historical Sources

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Avila Surname Meaning & Origin (pedrosa not found)


The name Avila is of Arabic origin. The English meaning of Avila is A city and province of Spain

There are many indicators that the name Avila may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Avila is cited with respect to Jews & Crypto-Jews in at least 10 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

Finding Our Fathers | A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy, by Dan


Rottenberg
In this work Dan Rottenberg shows how to do a successful search for probing the memories of living relatives, by examining marriage licenses, gravestones, ship passenger lists, naturalization records, birth and death certificates, and other public documents, and by looking for clues in family traditions and customs. Supplementing the "how to" instructions is a guide to some 8,000 Jewish family names, giving the origins of the names, sources of information about each family, and the names of related families whose histories have been recorded. Other features included a country-by-country guide to tracing Jewish ancestors abroad, a list of Jewish family history books, and a guide to researching genealogy.

From the publication, "Los Sefard&iacute;es" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim) |
When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

Hebrews of the Portuguese Nation, by Miriam Bodian |


This work explores why the Portuguese Jews of northern Europe never established a solid sense of belonging to the wider Sephardi diaspora. It explores how, historically, the Conversos lost the consciousness of being &ldquo;Sephardi&rdquo; in the generations after the expulsion from Spain and the mass baptism of Portugal&rsquo;s Jews in 1497. To be sure, once the Portuguese ex-Conversos organized in Jewish communities, their leaders made efforts to

reconnect with the wider Sephardi world, and these efforts had serious symbolic and strategic value. But the Portuguese Jews&rsquo; rootedness in the Converso experience meant that their core sense of collective self remained distinct. Contributing factors to their enduring sense of distinctness were these aspects of Converso experience: the absorption of Catholic notions of piety; the &ldquo;de-rabbinization&rdquo; of crypto-Jewish belief; and the difficulty for many Conversos of maintaining any stable set of traditional beliefs. The outward image their leaders sought to cultivate may have been one of Sephardi traditionalism, but, at an emotional level, members of these communities continued to regard themselves as members of the &ldquo;na&ccedil;&atilde;o&rdquo;&mdash;a term that evoked the Converso past.

The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Hyamson |


A history of the Spanish &amp; Portugese Jewish Community, 1492-1951.

Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records. |
Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author.

Raizes Judaicas No Brasil,(Jewish Roots in Brazil) by Flavio Mendes de Carvalho. |

This book contains names of New Christians or Brazilians living in Brazil condemned by the Inquisition in the 17th and 18th centuries, as taken from the archives of Torre do Tombo in Lisbon. Many times details including date of birth, occupation, name of parents, age, and location of domicile are also included. The list also includes the names of the relatives of the victims. There are several cases in which many members of the same family were tortured and sentenced so some family lines may end here.

A Origem Judaica dos Brasileiros (The Origin of The Brazilian Jews), by Jose Geraldo Rodrigues de Alckmin Filho |
This publication contains a list of 517 Sephardic families punished by the inquisition in Portugal and Brazil.

The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (17151775) from the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks (London. England). |
This register is from the manuscript record preserved in the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London named "Sahar Asamaim" transcribed, translated and edited by the late R.D. Barnett, with the assistance of Alan Rose, I.D. Duque and others; There is also a supplement with a record of circumcisions 1679-1699, marriages 1679-1689 and some female births 1679-1699, compiled by Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira. The register includes surnames of those circumsized as well as the names of their Godfathers &amp; Godmothers.

Apellidos de Judios Sefardies (Surnames of the Sephardic Jews) from the site Comunidad Judia Del Principado de Asturias |
The Principality of Asturias (Spanish: Principado de Asturias - Asturian: Principu d'Asturies) is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish North coast facing the Cantabrian Sea (Mar Cantbrico, the Spanish name for the Bay of Biscay). The most important cities are the provincial capital, Oviedo, the seaport and largest city Gijn, and the industrial town of Avils. No one knows the exact date at which Jews arrived in Asturias. Based solely on the documentation found so far in Asturias, there are clear references to the mid-eleventh century Council of Coyanza held in the Diocese of Oviedo in 1050 which states in Chapter VI: "... no Christian shall live in the same house with Jews or eat with them; if anyone infringes our constitution, they shall do penance for seven days, and if not willing to do it, being a noble person, they shall be deprived of communion for a full year, and if an inferior person they will receive a hundred lashes." But it is in the twelfth century when the rise and importance of the Jewish people is more noticeable in this region. Jewish witness signatures begin to appear more often on donation pledge cards from 1133. Asturias names are not very common among the Jewish population in other parts of the peninsula around the same time, perhaps causing

confusion.

Ruth Reyes, "Sephardic Family Names from Puerto Rico", The Casa Shalom Journal, Volume 10, Published by The Institute for Marrano-Anusim Studies, Gan Yavneh, Israel 2008 |
This list is compiled from a catalogue the author found on a visit to Puerto Rico in the Museum of San Juan. Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Avila Surname Highlights: 10 Historical Sources

Pacheco Surname Meaning & Origin (adalid not found)


There are many indicators that the name Pacheco may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Pacheco is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 20 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references: Sources 1 - 10 for Pacheco

From the civil records of Amsterdam, The Netherlands |


The Amsterdam Municipal Archives possess a complete set of registers of intended marriages from 1578 to 1811, the year when the present Civil Registry was started. Between 1598 and 1811, 15238 Jewish couples were entered in these books. Both the number of records and the volume of data that may be extracted from them are unprecedented.

From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London |
Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive

From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England and transcribed by R. D. Barnett. |
The register gives us dates for the burials in the "Bethahaim Velho" or Old Cemetery. The dates are listed as per the Jewish calendar.

Finding Our Fathers | A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy, by Dan


Rottenberg
In this work Dan Rottenberg shows how to do a successful search for probing the memories of living relatives, by examining marriage licenses, gravestones, ship passenger lists, naturalization records, birth and death certificates, and other public documents, and by looking for clues in family traditions and customs. Supplementing the "how to" instructions is a guide to some 8,000 Jewish family names, giving the origins of the names, sources of information about each family, and the names of related families whose histories have been recorded. Other features included a country-by-country guide to tracing Jewish ancestors abroad, a list of Jewish family history books, and a guide to researching genealogy.

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

A History of the Marranos, by Cecil Roth. |


The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by the infamous decree of King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella was the culmination of a series of anti-Jewish persecutions throughout the 14th and 15th centuries in which thousands of Jews were massacred. Thousands of others converted in order to escape death. After the expulsion many more joined the ranks of these "new Christians" as an alternative to exile. A large number of converts, while outwardly professing Christianity, secretly continued to practice Judaism. These Marranos, as they were popularly known, were then mercilessly persecuted by the dreaded Inquisition which through tortures of forced confessions and auto-da-fes sent thousands to the stake. Many others managed to escape to countries outside the reach of the Inquisition where they created a widespread Marrano diaspora. Thousands of Marranos have survived even into our times. This seminal work by the eminent historian traces the tribulation of these secret Judaizers as well as the fate of those who succeeded in escaping to other lands where many of them rose to prominence in various fields of endeavor.

Jews in Colonial Brazil, by Arnold Wiznitzer |


Professor Wiznitzer gathered detailed information about individual Jewish settlers in colonial Brazil and about cases where they were brought before the Inquisition at Lisbon, and his study throws new light on some phases of Brazilian colonial history. Many Jews fled to Brazil and others were deported to the colony as convicted heretics after the King of Portugal attemtped to compel all of his Jewish subjects to accept Christianity in 1497.They were active in the establishment of the sugar industry and in trade, and they maintained close relations with another large group of exiles who had taken refuge in Amsterdam.Most of the "new Christians" continued to practice the old religion secretly.

From the publication, "Los Sefard&iacute;es" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim) |
When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Hyamson |


A history of the Spanish &amp; Portugese Jewish Community, 1492-1951.

Die Sefarden in Hamburg (The Sephardim in Hamburg) by Michael Studemund-Halevy. |

The Sephardic community of Hamburg was founded by Portuguese conversos who had settled in the Hamburg area during the three decades prior to 1611. + Sources 11 - 20 for Pacheco Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.
Pacheco Surname Highlights: 20 Historical Sources

Aguilar Surname Meaning & Origin Ordonez Surname Meaning & Origin
The surname Aguilar is a toponymic name, which means that it is derived from a geographical location. Toponymic names can be based on anything from the name of a town or village to the name of a forest or pasture. This is the largest category of family names, probably due to the geographical migrations to which the Jews from Spain and Portugal were subject after the Inquisition and the love they had for the country in which they had lived for many centuries. There are many indicators that the name Aguilar may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Aguilar is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 26 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references: Sources 1 - 10 for Aguilar

From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London |
Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive

From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England and transcribed by R. D. Barnett. |
The register gives us dates for the burials in the "Bethahaim Velho" or Old Cemetery. The dates are listed as per the Jewish calendar.

Finding Our Fathers | A Guidebook to Jewish Genealogy, by Dan


Rottenberg
In this work Dan Rottenberg shows how to do a successful search for probing the memories of living relatives, by examining marriage licenses, gravestones, ship passenger lists, naturalization records, birth and death certificates, and other public documents, and by looking for clues in family traditions and customs. Supplementing the "how to" instructions is a guide to some 8,000 Jewish family names, giving the origins of the names, sources of information about each family, and the names of related families whose histories have been recorded. Other features included a country-by-country guide to tracing Jewish ancestors abroad, a list of Jewish family history books, and a guide to researching genealogy.

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in El Peru. |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

A History of the Marranos, by Cecil Roth. |


The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by the infamous decree of King Ferdinand and

Queen Isabella was the culmination of a series of anti-Jewish persecutions throughout the 14th and 15th centuries in which thousands of Jews were massacred. Thousands of others converted in order to escape death. After the expulsion many more joined the ranks of these "new Christians" as an alternative to exile. A large number of converts, while outwardly professing Christianity, secretly continued to practice Judaism. These Marranos, as they were popularly known, were then mercilessly persecuted by the dreaded Inquisition which through tortures of forced confessions and auto-da-fes sent thousands to the stake. Many others managed to escape to countries outside the reach of the Inquisition where they created a widespread Marrano diaspora. Thousands of Marranos have survived even into our times. This seminal work by the eminent historian traces the tribulation of these secret Judaizers as well as the fate of those who succeeded in escaping to other lands where many of them rose to prominence in various fields of endeavor.

From the publication, "Los Sefard&iacute;es" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim) |
When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Hyamson |


A history of the Spanish &amp; Portugese Jewish Community, 1492-1951.

Secrecy and Deceit | The Religion of the Crypto-Jews, by David Gitlitz


Despite the increased attention given to Hispano-Jewish topics, and the "conversos" or CryptoJews in particular, this is the first thorough compilation of their customs and practices. The author has culled from Inquisition documents and other sources to paint a portrait of the richness and diversity of Crypto-Jewish practices in Spain, Portugal, and the New World. The history of Spanish Jews, or Sephardim, stretches back to biblical times. The Jews of Spain and Portugal made formative contributions to all Hispanic cultures, the impact of which is first being measured and recognized today. The Sephardim experienced a Golden Age in Iberia between 900-1100, during which they acted as the intermediaries between the rival political and cultural worlds of Islam and Christianity. This Golden Age ended with the Reconquest of Spain by Catholic overlords, though for another 300 years the Jews continued to contribute to Iberian life. In 1391 and again in 1492, intense and violent social pressures were put upon the Jews to join the larger Christian community. Many Jews converted, often unwillingly. In 1492 the remaining Jews were exiled from Spain. The converted Jews (Conversos) became an underclass in Spanish society. Many of them clung tenaciously to Jewish practices in the face of torture and

death at the hands of the Inquisition. Having lost contact with other Jews, these people developed a religion which was an admixture of Catholic and Jewish rituals. David Gitlitz examines these practices in detail and attempts to answer the question of whether the Conversos were in fact Jewish. Gitlitz's research is exhaustive. He has combed through thousands of Inquistion records, showing that a sense of "Jewishness" if not Jewish practice remained a core value of many Spaniards' lives well into the 1700s. Gitlitz is convincing in showing that the Inquisition unwittingly aided crypto-Jews in perpetuating themselves by publishing Edicts of Faith. Essentially checklists for informers, they described the behavior of "Judaizers" (sometimes the practices listed were absurd or simply erroneous). These, ironically, were used by Judaizers as guides to religious behavior. It is revealing that as the Inquisition faded, crypto-Judaism waned, though never totally vanished. Gitlitz's knowledge and research on the subject is encyclopedic. The book is written in a "textbook" style which makes it somewhat technical and dry, though it is enlivened by excerpts from Inquisition records, which Gitlitz has apparently chosen for their interest, irony, unintended comedy, or spiritedness. It is difficult to imagine that human beings would face the tortures of the rack for not eating pork. That these same tortured people could summon the will to laugh at their executioners is something wondrous. The book includes the names of the Sephardim (and sometimes their residences too).

The Jews of Jamaica, by Richard D. Barnett and Philip Wright.Oron Yoffe, Ben-Zvi Institute, Jerusalem, 1997. |
The product of many years of painstaking research by two late scholars, Richard D. Barnett and Philip Wright, this volume presents the texts or summaries of 1456 tombstone inscriptions of Jews who lived in Jamaica between 1663, when the British ousted the Spanish, and 1880, when systematic registration of deaths was introduced. Jewish families who had fled the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal settled in Jamaica in increasing numbers during that time. Ashkenazic Jews also settled there in the eighteenth century. The Jews played a significant part in developing the island's natural resources and its international trade. Featuring detailed indexes by name, date and language, The Jews of Jamaica is a valuable tool for the study of immigration to the Americas, the surnames, given names and genealogy of Sephardi Jews. The texts of the inscriptions, many of them in three languages (Hebrew, English and Portuguese or Spanish), are of cultural interest and sometimes refer to dramatic events in the lives of the Jewish residents of Jamaica during a turbulent period. + Sources 11 - 20 for Aguilar + Sources 21 - 26 for Aguilar Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition.

Here are some locations where registries of Sephardic or Christianized Jewish families with this surname have been traced: Puerto Rico, USA Amazonas, Brazil Angola, Belem, portugal Brazil, Lisbon, Portugal Livorno (Leghorn), Italy Madrid, Spain Manaus, Brasil Ouro Preto, Brasil Portugal, Santarem, Portugal Sao Paulo, Brasil Sevilla, Spain Smyrna, Netherlands An interesting fact about the name this name are : The name Aguiar appears in the records of the Inquisition of Lisbon Some common variations of Aguilar are D'Aguilar, Aguylar, and Aguiar. The following website is relevant to the surname Aguilar: http://www.familytreedna.com/public/IberianDNA/default.aspx?section=results Aguilar Surname Highlights: 26 Historical Sources | 15 Locations
Ordonez Surname Highlights: 3 Historical Sources

Next NAMES ANALYSIS REPORT Aguilar Surname Meaning & Origin Ordonez Surname Meaning & Origin
There are many indicators that the name Ordonez may be of Jewish origin, emanating from the Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal. When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian Peninsula. The approximately 750,000 Jews living in Spain in the year 1492 were banished from the country by royal decree of Ferdinand and Isabella. The Jews of Portugal, were banished several years later. Reprieve from the banishment decrees was promised to those Jews who converted to Catholicism. Though some converted by choice, most of these New-Christian converts were called CONVERSOS or MARRANOS (a derogatory term for converts meaning pigs in Spanish), ANUSIM (meaning "coerced ones" in Hebrew) and CRYPTO-JEWS, as they secretly continued to practice the tenets of the Jewish faith. Our research has found that the family name Ordonez is cited with respect to Jews & CryptoJews in at least 3 bibliographical, documentary, or electronic references:

The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain |
Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

Crisis and Creativity in the Sephardic World | 1391-1648,edited by


Gampel.
This book explores antecedents,causes, mechanics and aftermath of the 1492 expulsion from Spain and lists Sephardic movers and shakers during the period.

The Abarbanel Foundation Website, "Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal" |
List of names of forcibly converted Jews who were tried by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism in Mexico in the years 1528 - 1815 Around the 12th century, surnames started to become common in Iberia. In Spain, where ArabJewish influence was significant, these new names retained their old original structure, so that many of the Jewish surnames were of Hebrew derivation. Others were directly related to geographical locations and were acquired due to the forced wanderings caused by exile and persecution. Other family names were a result of conversion, when the family accepted the name of their Christian sponsor. In many cases, the Portuguese Jews bear surnames of pure Iberian/Christian origin. Many names have been changed in the course of migration from country to country. In yet other cases "aliases", or totally new names, were adopted due to fear of persecution by the Inquisition. Some common variations of Ordonez are Ordones and Ordoez.
Ordonez Surname Highlights: 3 Historical Sources

Aguilar - I: Nordic (Northwestern European) Origin. In 409 AD, the Suebi (a Baltic people) and the Vandals (an Eastern Germanic people) established themselves on the Iberian Peninsula. Less than 100 years later the Visigoths (an Eastern Germanic people) conquered Iberia, after they had conquered Rome, and settled there in the year 507 AD. The Visigoths ancient homeland was Sweden, which they had left around Christ's time. These three Nordic peoples brought Haplogroup I and sub-haplogroups I1 and I2 into Iberia. 13% of modern day Iberians share this origin.

Arias - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. vila - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. vila - J2: Semitic Origin. Mostly found in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa. This haplogroup contains the Cohen modal lineage which is found in about 5% of those with this origin. Sephardic Jews and Arab Moors belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. About 28% of Sephardic Jews have this origin. 6% of modern day Iberians have J, J1, or J2 origin.

Bentez - J: Semitic Origin. The mitochondrial haplogroup J contains several sub-lineages. The original haplogroup J originated in the Near East approximately 50,000 years ago. Within Europe, sub-lineages of haplogroup J have distinct and interesting distributions. Haplogroup J* the root lineage of haplogroup Jis found distributed throughout Europe, but at a relatively low frequency. Haplogroup J* is generally considered one of the prominent lineages that was part of the Neolithic spread of agriculture into Europe from the Near East beginning approximately 10,000 years ago. 17% of modern day Europeans share this origin. Fernndes - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. Fernndez - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. Fernndez - J2: Semitic Origin. Mostly found in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa. This haplogroup contains the Cohen modal lineage which is found in about 5% of those with this origin. Sephardic Jews and Arab Moors belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. About 28% of Sephardic Jews have this origin. 6% of modern day Iberians have J, J1, or J2 origin. Fernndez - G2: Caucasus of Europe. This is a fairly rare haplogroup found mostly in men from the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. The highest concentration of Haplogroup G men is found today in the Caucasus Mountains, in several small states to the south of Russia, and in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East. The Alan Sarmatians were military allies of the Vandals and the Suebi during the conquest of Iberia, it is likely this is the origin of haplogroup G2 in Spain. The Alan Sarmatians' ancient homeland was the Caucasus Mountains. 4% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Fernndez - L1b: African Origin. Part of the L cluster of haplogroups, which has been concretely characterized as representing the original human mitochondrial lineage, haplogroup L1b is found in Africa. This haplogroup dates to approximately 30,000 years ago, and is detected in highest frequency in north, west, and central Africa. Future work will further document the historical distribution of this haplogroup and closely related haplogroups of the L cluster. Linares - I2a: Balkans of Europe. In 409 AD, the Suebi (a Baltic people) and the Vandals (an Eastern Germanic people) established themselves on the Iberian Peninsula. Less than 100 years later the Visigoths (an Eastern Germanic people) conquered Iberia, after they had conquered Rome, and settled there in the year 507 AD. The Visigoths ancient homeland was Sweden, which they had left around Christ's time. These three Nordic peoples brought

Haplogroup I and sub-haplogroups I1 and I2 into Iberia. 13% of modern day Iberians share this origin. I2a is found predominately in the Balkans where it probably mutated from "I". It is also found significantly in Sardinia and the Basque country of Spain (I2a2). Linares - J2: Semitic Origin. Mostly found in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa. This haplogroup contains the Cohen modal lineage which is found in about 5% of those with this origin. Sephardic Jews and Arab Moors belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. About 28% of Sephardic Jews have this origin. 6% of modern day Iberians have J, J1, or J2 origin. Linares - E1b1b: Mediterranean Origin. Mostly found in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, the Middle East, North, West, and East Africa. The Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Romans belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of Spain. 10% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Morales - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. Morales - G2: Caucasus of Europe. This is a fairly rare haplogroup found mostly in men from the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. The highest concentration of Haplogroup G men is found today in the Caucasus Mountains, in several small states to the south of Russia, and in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East. The Alan Sarmatians were military allies of the Vandals and the Suebi during the conquest of Iberia, it is likely this is the origin of haplogroup G2 in Spain. The Alan Sarmatians' ancient homeland was the Caucasus Mountains. 4% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Morales - E1b1b: Mediterranean Origin. Mostly found in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, the Middle East, North, West, and East Africa. The Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Romans belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of Spain. 10% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Morales - T: Eurasian Origin. This Haplogroup is about 40,000 years old. T is believed to have originated in Central Asia, and have diffused outward in many directions - perhaps migrating north to the Baltic, and most definitely moving south to the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. In a DNA study done in Spain it was found in 10.7% of those sampled in the Cadiz area of Spain. Morales - E1b1a: Sub Saharan African Origin. Haplogroup E1b1a is an African lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years with the Bantu agricultural expansion. E1b1a is also the most common lineage among African Americans. It is an old, diverse haplogroup with many branches and is found distributed throughout Africa today. It is also found at a very low frequency in North Africa and the Middle East.

Romero - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13. Romero - G2: Caucasus of Europe. This is a fairly rare haplogroup found mostly in men from the Mediterranean, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. The highest concentration of Haplogroup G men is found today in the Caucasus Mountains, in several small states to the south of Russia, and in Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in Europe and the Middle East. The Alan Sarmatians were military allies of the Vandals and the Suebi during the conquest of Iberia, it is likely this is the origin of haplogroup G2 in Spain. The Alan Sarmatians' ancient homeland was the Caucasus Mountains. 4% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Romero - I2a: Balkans of Europe. In 409 AD, the Suebi (a Baltic people) and the Vandals (an Eastern Germanic people) established themselves on the Iberian Peninsula. Less than 100 years later the Visigoths (an Eastern Germanic people) conquered Iberia, after they had conquered Rome, and settled there in the year 507 AD. The Visigoths ancient homeland was Sweden, which they had left around Christ's time. These three Nordic peoples brought Haplogroup I and sub-haplogroups I1 and I2 into Iberia. 13% of modern day Iberians share this origin. I2a is found predominately in the Balkans where it probably mutated from "I". It is also found significantly in Sardinia and the Basque country of Spain (I2a2). Romero - E1b1b: Mediterranean Origin. Mostly found in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, the Middle East, North, West, and East Africa. The Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the Romans belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of Spain. 10% of modern day Iberians share this origin. Romero - J2: Semitic Origin. Mostly found in the Middle East, Mediterranean, and North Africa. This haplogroup contains the Cohen modal lineage which is found in about 5% of those with this origin. Sephardic Jews and Arab Moors belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. About 28% of Sephardic Jews have this origin. 6% of modern day Iberians have J, J1, or J2 origin. Romero - V: European Origin. Mitochondrial haplogroup V is a primarily European haplogroup and underwent an expansion within Europe beginning approximately 13,000 years ago. Though it occurs at low frequency throughout Europe, it is interesting to note that the highest frequency of haplogroup V is found among the Saami in Finland and the Catalunya region of Spain. Some evidence suggests that individuals bearing haplogroup V participated in the colonization of Europe following the last period of glaciation. Future work will better resolve the distribution and historical characteristics of this haplogroup. 5% of modern day Europeans share this origin. Romero - L1b: African Origin. Part of the L cluster of haplogroups, which has been concretely characterized as representing the original human mitochondrial lineage, haplogroup L1b is found in Africa. This haplogroup dates to approximately 30,000 years ago, and is detected in highest frequency in north, west, and central Africa. Future work will further document the historical distribution of this haplogroup and closely related haplogroups of the L cluster.

Velasco - R1b1: Western European Origin. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype. Basque and Celtic people belong to this Haplogroup and they were among the earliest settlers of the Iberian Peninsula. 65% of modern day Iberians share this origin. The following markers are common to the people bordering Europe's Atlantic within a couple of steps; DYS19 (DYS394)=14, DYS388=12, DYS390=24, DYS391=11, DYS392=13 and DYS393=13.

De 1471 datan las primeras referencias a judos en territorios rusos, y ya entonces se promulgaron leyes en contra de ellos, a pesar de su escasa poblacin por aquel entonces. A lo largo de la Edad Media, en Alemania, Austria, Hungra y el Bltico, adems de la misma Rusia, se haban producido numerossimas expulsiones de judos. Todos estos judos acabaron masivamente en un territorio que hoy sera Polonia, Bielorrusia, Moldavia, el Oeste de Ucrania y el Sur de Lituania. Para 1500, todo este territorio era un autntico hervidero de judos que vivan a la sombra del feroz anti-semitismo eslavo. Aqu, entre migraciones de judos, trtaros, khazares y mil siniestros pueblos procedentes de las estepas, se cre la rama juda asquenazi y el idioma yidish.

En amarillo, las zonas emisoras de poblacin juda (por alguna razn, pareca que nadie quera judos en su reino) y las rutas tomadas por las migraciones judas, junto con las fechas. Las ciudades marcadas son aquellas con una gran poblacin juda. Ntese que, curiosamente, los judos han ido a ocupar precisamente la Urheimat de los pueblos eslavos. Nuevos y extraos vientos venan del Oeste. En 1789, la sanguinaria Revolucin Francesa hizo que Catalina se asquease ante las ideas ilustradas que antes haba apoyado. Mientras la Ilustracin emancip a los judos, en 1791, Catalina expuls a los judos rusos a un rea llamada Zona de Residencia, que constaba de territorios tradicionalmente muy judaizados, incluyendo zonas posteriormente arrebatadas a la Mancomunidad Polaco-Lituana y el Imperio Otomano. Se cree que la Zona de Residencia lleg a albergar un total de 5 millones de judos, un 40% de la poblacin total, que se

segregaban de los no-judos, especialmente en las ciudades, donde se formaron hermticos guetos y extraas sectas fundamentalistas como los hassidim o judos chasdicos.

La Zona de Residencia donde se concentraban la mayor parte de los judos del Este, y donde se daba la mayor concentracin juda del mundo. Ntese que la Zona de Residencia se corresponde con las modernas Bielorrusia, Moldavia, gran parte de Ucrania, Polonia y Lituania, y partes de Rusia. Comparar con el anterior mapa de las migraciones judas en el Este. En 1795, Polonia haba sido repartida por Prusia, Austria y Rusia. A la muerte de Catalina en 1796, Rusia haba crecido con territorios de la Mancomunidad Polaco-Lituana, Ucrania, el Khanato de Crimea y el Imperio Otomano.

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