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Kf;fpaf; fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; - Fspay; Fsk;(ngUq;Fsk;)> ehl;ba kq;ifapd; rpiy> rka topghl;Lr; rpd;dq;fs;. ngUq;Fsk; efuq;fspd; Nfhl;ilg;gFjpapy; mike;jpUe;jJ. `ug;ghTk;> nkhfQ;rjhuhTk; rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; ,ul;il jiyefH vdf; fUg;gl;ld. fhypgq;fd;: fz;Lgpbj;jtH gp.gp. yhy; (Mz;L 1953). uh[];jhd; khepyk; - fhf;fuh Mw;wq;fiu. Nyhj;jhy;: JiwKf efuk; vd;Wk; thzpg ikak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fz;Lgpbj;jtH v];.MH.uht; (Mz;L 1957). Kf;fpa fz;Lgpbg;G cile;j fg;gy; rpijT (JiwKfkhf ,Ue;jjw;fhd rhd;W) NjhytPuh: fz;Lgpbj;jtHfs; - MH.v];. gp];j; kw;Wk; n[.gp. N[h\p (Mz;L 1985). F[uhj; khepyk;. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fspd; vOj;Jk; nkhopAk; jkpNo vd;W nrhd;dtH - <uhR ghjphpahH. rpe;J rkntsp kf;fspd; rpw;g Ntiyj;jpwDf;F rpwe;j rhd;W: 1. ntz;fyj;jhy; Md ehl;ba kq;ifapd; cUt rpiy (nkhfQ;rjhNuh) 2. jhbAld; fhl;rp jUk; Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; rpiy Kjypad. Kf;fpa njhopy; - Ntshz;ik Kf;fpa czT NfhJik> ghHyp. new;gapiu Kjd;Kjypy; tpistpj;jdH. Milfs; - gUj;jp> fk;gsp Milfs;. mzpfyd;fs;: fpspQ;ry;> jhkpuk;> jq;fk;> nts;sp> je;jk;. rpe;Jntsp kf;fs; nlHuhNfhl;lh (Terracota) vdg;gLk; RLkz; ghz;lk; nra;tjpy; jpwikkpf;ftHfshf ,Ue;jdH. mwpahj tpyq;F Fjpiu> mwpahj cNyhfk; - ,Uk;G. njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapd; je;ij fhdpq; gpuG (Lord Canning) rpe;J rkntsp kf;fs; tzq;fpa flTs; - gRgjp vd;w rptd;> ngz; flTs;: ypq;fk;> #yk;> kuk;. rka topghl;Lr; rpd;dk; - murkuk;. kWgpwtpapy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdH. fly;top thzpgk; nra;jdH. fspkz; Kj;jpiufspy; ,lk; ngw;w glq;fs; - fhisfs;> tz;b> Nahf Kj;jpiuapy; mkHe;Js;s xUthpd; tbtk;> RLkz; cUt nghk;ikfs;> Gwh> glFfs;. RLkz; Kj;jpiu nrt;tf tbtpy; cs;sJ. RLkz; Kj;jpiuapy; rpj;jpu tbtpyhd vOj;Jfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpf efuq;fs; moptpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kuj;jyhyhd nghUl;fs; fhzg;ngwhikahy; mit ngUe;jPapy; mope;jpUf;fyhk;> cs;ehl;Lg; NghH> ,aw;iff; fhuzq;fs;> rpe;J ejpapd; nts;sg;ngUf;F> MhpaHfspd; gilnaLg;G.
jpuhtpl ehfhpfk;:
njhpahj cNyhfk; - ,Uk;G> mwpe;j Kf;fpa tpyq;F Gyp> mwpahj Kf;fpa tpyq;F Fjpiu.
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%d;W rq;fq;fs;
jiyr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; njd;kJiu (fp.K.400 Kjy; fp.K.200 tiu). ,ilr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; fghlGuk; (fp.K. 200 Kjy; fp.gp. 100 tiu) filr;rq;fk; - jiyefuk; ,d;iwa kJiu ( fp.gp. 100 Kjy; fp.gp.300 tiu) Kjy; rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - mfj;jpak;. ,ilr;rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;. filr;rq;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fz E}y; - vl;Lj; njhif gj;Jg;ghl;L gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fs;. kJiu KJ}hpy; jkpo; tsHj;j GytHfspd; filr;rq;fk; eilngw;wJ
ny%hpah fz;lk;:
Fkhpf; fz;lj;jpy; Kjy; kdpj ,dk; Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ngrpa Kjy; nkhopNa jkpopd; %ynkhopahFk;. Fkhpf;fz;lj;jpw;F Kd;djhf mg;gFjpia cs;slf;fpa xU ngUk; fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fhitAk;> M];jpNuypahitAk; ,izf;FkhW epytpaJ.
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NrhoH:
jiyefH ciwa+H JiwKfk; - fhNthpg+k;gl;bdk; nfhb Gyp khiy mj;jpg;g+ gl;lngaH fpy;yp> tstd;> nrd;dp Ml;rpg;gFjp jQ;ir> jpUr;rp khtl;lq;fs;. Gfo;ngw;w kd;dHfs; - fhpfhw;ngUtsj;jhd;> fps;sptstd;. fhpfhyd;: <oj;ij ntd;W me;ehl;Lf; ifjpfisf; nfhz;L fy;yiziaf; fl;bdhH. fhpfhw;ngUtsj;jhd; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhH. ntz;zpg;Nghhpy; Nru> ghz;ba kd;dHfisj; Njhw;fbj;jhH. ntd;dhW fhy;thia ntl;bdhH. nghUzuhw;Wg;gilia ,aw;wpa Klj;jhkf; fz;zpaH kw;Wk; gl;bdg;ghiyia ,aw;wpa cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhH mitia myq;fhpj;jdH. ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ,UtUk; [htfk;> flhuk; Kjyhd fPo;j;jpir ehLfis ntd;wdH.
%Nte;jHfs;
NruH:
jiyefH tQ;rp> f&H JiwKfk; - njhz;b> Krpwp nfhb tpy; mk;G khiy gdk;g+ gl;lngaH thdtH> tpy;ytH> kiyaH. Ml;rpg;gFjp - ,d;iwa Nfush> Nryk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}H.
ghz;baHfs;:
jiyefH kJiu nfhb kPd; khiy Ntg;gk;g+
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rq;ffhyg; GytHfs;:
fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhH> fgpyH> guzH> ef;fPuH> gprpuhe;ijahH> NkhrpfPudhH> ngUQ;rpj;jpudhH. rq;ffhyg; ngz;ghw;GytHfs;: xsitahH> fhf;ifg;ghbdpahH> er;nrs;isahH> Klj;jhk fz;zpahH> nts;sptPjpahH> ghhp kfs;fshd mq;fit> rq;fit.
FWepy kd;dHfs;
uh[d; tpRtgjp fpuhkzp fpufgjp FWepy kd;dHfs; NtspH vdg;gl;ldH. FWepy kd;dHfSs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftH mjpakhd; o Ml;rpg;gFjp Fjpiukiy o jiyefH jf^H o jf^H vd;gJ
jw;Nghija jHkGhp. ,tuJ mitapy; ngz;ghw;GytH xsitahH ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jhH. FWepy kd;dHfisg; gw;wpf; $Wk; fy;ntl;L jpUf;NfhtpY}H fy;ntl;L. rpWghzhw;Wg;gil filNaO ts;sy;fspd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
filNaO ts;sy;fs;:
1. 2. ghhp Ky;iyf;Fj; NjH nfhLj;jhH. Ngfd; - kapYf;Fg; NghHit toq;fpdhH.
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murpay;:
rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gil myF FLk;gk; - FLk;gj;jpd; jiytH fpufgjp. gy FLk;gq;fs; ,ize;jJ fpuhkk; - fpuhkj;jpd; jiytH fpuhkzp. gy fpuhkq;fs; ,ize;jJ tp]; (tpR) tpRtpd; jiytH tpRtgjp. gy tp];fs; ,ize;jJ my;yJ nghpa Ml;rp mikg;G [dh. [dhtpd; jiytd; - uh[d; vd;w murd; my;yJ gpu[hgjp. uh[;aj;jpy; tho;;e;j kf;fs; gpu[;i[fs; vdg;gl;ldH. kfh [dgjk; vd;gJ gy rpw; wuRfs; ,ize;j nghpa muR MFk;. murUf;F epHthfj;jpy; cjtpa mjpfhhpfs;: GNuhfpjH vd;w uh[FU gzp GNuhfpjk; nra;jy;> Ntjk; XJjy; Nrdhdp gilj;jsgjp. gilj;jiytH. murUf;F eph;thfj;jpy; cjtpa mikg;Gfs;: rgh KjpNahH mit rkpjp CH kf;fspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mit.
Ntjfhyk;
Ntjk; tpj; mwpjy; (rk];fpUjk;) Ntjq;fisj; [dh njhFj;jtHfs; MhpaHfs; . tp]; Ntjfhyj;ijg; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; fpuhkk; Mjhuq;fs; - ehd;F Ntjq;fs;> FLk;gk; cgepljq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> gpuhkzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;> Muzaq;fs;. MhpaHfs; kj;jpa Mhpag; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ifgH> Nghyd; fztha; topahf ,e;jpahtpy; FbNawpdH. MhpaHfspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil Nka;j;jy;. ,Uk;Gf;fhyj;ijr; NrHe;jJ fpuhk ehfhpfk;. kfh[dgjk;
r%f tho;f;if:
FLk;gj;jpd; jiytd; - je;ij Kd; Ntjfhy ngz; ftpQHfs; - Jgyh> Nfhrh> tp];ruh> NyhgKj;uh. rhjpg; gphpTfs; Njhd;wtpy;iy. xUjhu kzk;> gyjhu kzk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jd. tpjitfs; kWkzk; nra;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldH. hpf; Ntjfhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpaj; njhopy; - fhy;eil tsHj;jy;. mwpahj cNyhfk; - nrk;G mwpahj tpyq;F Gyp Milfs; - gUj;jp> fk;gsp
Ntjfhyk;
Kd; Ntjfhyk; my;yJ upf; Ntj fhyk; - fp.K. 1500 fp.K. 1000. gpd; Ntjfhyk; my;yJ ,jpfhr fhyk; - fp.K.1000 fp.K. 600
Kd; Ntjfhyk;
Kd; Ntjfhyk; gw;wpa jfty;fisj; jUtJ hpf; Ntjk; ehd;F Ntjq;fspy; kpfg; gioikahdJ hpf;Ntjk;
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rkak;: ,aw;ifiaAk;> mjd; rf;jpfisAk; tzq;fpdH. Nfhapy; topghNlh> rpiy topghNlh Kd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. murH nra;j ahfq;fs;: m];tNkjk; - Fjpiu Nts;tp ,uh[#ak; - %b#l;L tpoh th[Ngak; - NjH ge;jak;
gpd; Ntjfhyk;
,jpfhr fhyk; vd;Wk; fhg;gpa fhyk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rhk> a[_H> mjHtz Ntjq;fspd; fhyj;ijg; gpd; Ntjfhyk; vdyhk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; tphpthd muRfs; vOr;rp ngw;wd. murpay; epiy: ,g;gFjpapy; Nfhryk;> tpNjfk;> FU> kfjk;> fhrp> mte;jp> ghQ;rhyk; Nghd;w muRfs; Njhd;wpd. muRg; gjtp guk;giu gjtpahdJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Nts;tpfs; mjpfhpj;jd. ,uh[#ak;> m];tNkjk;> th[Nak; Nghd;w ahfq;fs; kd;dhpd; Nguhjpf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; nray;gl;ld. rgh> rkpjp Nghd;w mikg;Gfs; tYtpoe;jd.
ngz;fs; epiy: gpd; Ntjfhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; chpikfs; midj;Jk; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. ngz;fSf;F nrhj;Jhpik> fy;tp chpik kWf;fg;gl;lJ. cld;fl;il VWk; tof;fk; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. MSk; rigfspy; gq;F vLj;J nfhs;Sk; chpik ,y;iy. Foe;ijj; jpUkzk; gutyhf ,Ue;jJ. Ntjfhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fs; - fhHfp> ikj;Nuap. fy;tp: FUFy fy;tp Kiw eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. mur FkhuHfSf;Fj; jDHNtjk; vdg;gLk; NghHf;fiy fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
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rkak;: gpd; Ntjfhy kf;fspd; Kf;fpa flTs; - gpuk;kd;> tp\;Z> Uj;ud; (rptd;). kf;fs; Md;kh> tpidg;gad;> Nkhl;rk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ek;gpf;if nfhz;L ,Ue;jdH. capHg; gypapLjYk; flTis tzq;Fk; topghl;L KiwfSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. Gdpj tpyq;F gR. MhpaHfspd; g+HtPfk; gw;wp gy;NtW mwpQHfspd; fUj;Jf;fs; o khf;]; Ky;yH (Max Muller) kj;jpa Mrpah o jahde;j ru];tjp (Dayanand Saraswathi) jpngj; o ghy; fq;fhjH jpyf; (Bal Gangadhar Tilak) - MHbf;
rkzKk; ngsj;jKk;
fp.K. 6-Mk; E}w;whz;L cyfpd; rpe;jidg; Gul;rpf; fhykhFk;.
rkz rkak;
rkz kjj;jpduhy; 24 jPHj;jq;fuHfs; topglg;gLfpd;wdH. Kjy; jPHj;jq;fuh; - MjpehjH vd;w hprgNjtH. 23-MtJ jPh;j;jq;fuH ghHrt ehjH. 24-MtJ jPHj;jq;fuH my;yJ ,Wjp jPHj;jq;fuH tHj;jkhd kfhtPuH.
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