SEMINAR REPORT ON 400Kv GRID SUBSTATION HEERAPURA ACADEMIC SESSION 2013-14

SUBMITTED TO: MR. ANOOP MAHESHWARI (EXECUTIVE ENGINEER )

SUBMITTED BY:ROHIT NAIR VIT ELECTRICAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words fail me to express my sincerest gratitude to this esteemed organization, which has conferred on us the privilege to pragmatically convert our theoretical knowledge into practical viable experience. During the course of my training at 400Kv GSS HEERAPURA, JAIPUR so many people have guided me and I will remain indebted to them throughout my life for making my training a wonderful learning experience.

I would like to thank MR. ANOOP MAHESHWARI my project head, who gave me opportunity to work in his department and guided me through my project from time to time. His words were a true inspiration for me. The exposure that I have got here would not have been possible without his kind support.

He took keen interest in my project and ensured that my tenure here is a learning experience for a lifetime for me.

I would like to thank MR. A.P VISHNU sir and all those operators, Diploma Engineer Trainees and my trainee colleagues with whom I had developed a special bond.

PREFACE

As per the requirement of B. Tech. Course,400Kv GSS HEERAPURA, JAIPUR (RAJ.) has been kind enough to permit me to complete my Practical Training of 30 days. This report prepared during the practical training which is students first and greatest treasure as it is full of experience, observation and knowledge. The summer training was very interesting and gainful as it is close to real what has been studied in all the years through was seen implemented in a modified and practical form. GSS is the means of connection between generating station and consumer by providing safety and reliability of system in case of default. This substation step down the incoming voltage power transmission to the required valve and then is supplied to the consumer feeder or GSS done by connecting auto transformer operation and requirement of various equipment have been include in detail , further in case of report is the bus bar. Arrangement of different feeder level and switch yards included information of bus bar arrangement of different level isolator and growing substation also power transformer circuit breaker oil, filtration plant, and compression protection control room and place are leveled.

CONTENTS

1.Introduction 2.Equipments in G.S.S. 3.Transformer 4. Bus Bar 5.Circuit breaker 6.Lightening arrestor 7.Isolator 8.Current Transformer 9.Capacitive Voltage Transformer 10.Wave Trap 11.Relays 12.Oil Testing Lab 13.Earthing 14.PLCC 15.Control room 16.Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

When India became independent, the overall installed capacity was hardly 1900 mw. During first year plan (1951-1956) this capacity was only 2300 mw. The contribution of Rajasthan state was negligible during 1&2 year plans the emphases was on industrialization for that end it was considered to make the system of the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan state electricity board came into existence in July 1957. In India electrical power is generated at a voltage of 11KV to 33 KV, which is taken stepped up to the transmission level in the range of 66 KV to 400 KV Member of transmission and switching have to be created. These are known as SUB STATION. Along these transmission lines secondary substation are created where voltage is further stepped down to sub transmission and primary distribution voltage. A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a substation is an intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this purpose substations are installed. The normal voltages for transmission are 400kv, 220kv, 132kv and for distribution 33kv, 11kv etc. The 400 kV G.S.S. HEERAPURA RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM Ltd. (R.R.V.P.N.L.) is ideally located at the Heerapura ajmer road Jaipur Rajasthan. G.S.S. is the means of connection between Generating Station & Consumers (Industrial & Domestic etc.) by providing safety & reliability of whole system in case of fault.

A G.S.S. is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a G.S.S. is an intermediate link between one G.S.S. to consumers. For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. The normal voltages for transmission are 400 kV, 220 kV, 132 kV and for distribution 33 kV, 11 kV etc. In Rajasthan, R.R.V.P.N.L. is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power all over Rajasthan. The steps of this sub-station are:- To step down the incoming voltage of the power transmission to a required value i.e. 400 kV to 220 kV &132 kV and further. There are three incoming lines from different four sub-stations. These are: Heerapura is connected to Bassi via two lines of 400kV named Bassi1 and Bassi2. Heerapura is connected to 400kV Merta line. Heerapura is connected to 400kV Hindaun line.

EQUIPMENTS IN G.S.S
2.1 EQUIPMENTS AVAILABLE IN THE HEERAPURA400kV G.S.S. JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

Transformer(400kV) I.D. NO.

MAKE TELK DO DO DO CAPACITY 250MVA DO DO 315MVA VOLTAGE(kV) 400/200/33 DO DO DO CURRENT 361/656A DO DO 455/828A

ILT-1 ILT-2 ILT-3 ILT-4

 C-Transformer(400kV) SR.NO .
1. 2. 3. 4. ID.NO. SCTA,SCTTA,SCTTB,SC TB 4CTA,4CTTA,4CTTB,4CT B 2CTA,2CTTA 2CTB,2CTTB MAK E WS DO DO ABB TYPE ATS 400/2 DO VOLTAGE(k V) 420/630/142 DO RATIO 2000/1000/300/ 1 DO DO 455/828A

DO DO TMBRL DO -420

C.V.Transformer(400KV) SR.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. ID.NO BASSI-1 BASSI-2 BUS-1 BUS-2 MAKE/TYPE WSI/CVE420/1425 DO DO DO RATIO 400 DO DO DO BURDEN 200,200,100 DO DO DO CLASS 3P,3P,0.5 DO DO DO SEC,CAP 80,000PF DO DO DO

C.V.Transformer (220KV)
S.No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ID.NO. BUS-D BUS-E BUS-F PHULERA KTPS-1 KTPS-2 KOTA-3 MAKE/TYPE CROMPTON WSI/CVE/245 DO DO HBB245-N CROMPTON WSI RATIO 220/3KV/110/3,110,110/3V DO DO 220/3kV/110,110/3V 220/3KV/110/3,110V 220/3kV/100/3,110/3V DO BURDEN 200,100,100 200,200,200 DO 200,200 DO DO DO CLASS 5/3P,3P,3P 3P,3P,3P/0.5 DO 0.5,0.5 DO DO DO SEC,CAP 48,400PF DO DO DO DO DO DO

Circuit Breaker (400kV) SR.N O.

1. ID.N O. .MAKE TYPE 3AT VOLTAGE(K V) CURRE NT STC DC SFG/H F YD 7.5/350

552A BHEL

420/520/1050, 2000A

40KA/1S 1.3

1425 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 552T DO 552B M.G.(FR AN) 552T NGEF 252A BHEL 552T DO 252B ABB DO FA2R DO DO DO 3150 2000

29,000M VA DO DO DO DO

DO DO DO 7/300 DO 8.0/35( PN) DO 7.5/250

S2-M420 420/610/1425 3AT3 DO EL(V)FS L6-2

420/520/1050/ 2000 1425 DO DO 420/1050,142 3150 5

DO DO DO 40KA/3S DO 7.0/31.5

Circuit Breaker(220kV) SR.NO.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. ID.NO. 2452C 2352C 2052C 1652D 1652C 2259C 1852C 1752D 1652G 2252D 2152D 1952C MAKE NGEF DO DO DO DO ABB DO DO DO HVV DD ABB TYPE S1-245 DO DO DO DO ELFSL4-1 DO DO DO DLF245NC-2 DO ELFSL4-1 VOLTAGE(KV) 245/460/1050 DO DO DO DO 245/1000KV DO DO DO 245/460/1050KV DO 245/1050KV CURRENT 2000A DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO 3150A

Lightning Arrester(400KV)
SR.NO.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ID.NO. BASSI-1 BASSI-2 ILT-1 ILT-2 ILT-3 ILT-4 .MAKE WSI PLPRO DO DO WSI DO TYPE CPL ALUGARD2 DO DO 10KA DO VOLTAGE(KV) CURRENT 360KV DO DO DO 890KV DO 10KA DO DO DO 10KA DO

Lightning Arrester(220KV)

SR.NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ID.NO. ILT-1 ILT-2 ILT-3 ILT-4 KTPS-1 KTPS-2 KOTA-3 PHULERA

MAKE ELPRD ELPRD DO DO OBLUM WSI WSI AEG

TYPE ALUGARD2 ALUGARD2 DO DO METOVAR CPL-2 CPL-2 4S204

VOLTAGE(KV) CURRENT DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO 204 DO DO DO DO DO DO DO

Isolators(400kV)
S.No. ID.NO. 589AAAB(S/EB) 1. 589AL,(D/EB) 2. 589A,589B(S/EB) 3. 589BA,BB(S/EB) 4. 689AL(D/EB) 5. 89VT-182(D/EB) 6. 489BA,BC,AB,AC(S/EB) 7. 289BA,BB(S/EB) 8. 289BA,BB(S/EB) 9. 189BT(D/EB) 10. MAKE S&S DO DO RADEKONKAR DO S&S DO DO MULLER &CO DO TYPE RC500 MGB DO DO VOLTAGE(KV) CURRENT STC 420/1425 2000A 40KA/1S DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO DO 40KA/3S DO DO DO DO

RVZ420-3- DO 20-LD DO DO RC500MG B DO DO . .. DO DO DO DO DO

Isolators(220kV)
SR.NO. I.D.NO. 1. 2489CC 2. 2489CA MAKE S&S S&S TYPE RC500 RC500 RATING E/B 2000 DEB 2000 SEB MECHANISM STC MOTOR 40KA/3S MOTOR 40KA/3S

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34 35 36. 37.

2489CAA S&S 2389CC 2389CA 2289CB 2389CD 2289CC 2289CB 89VTF 2289DV 2289DA 2289DC 2189DA 2189DC 2089DB 2089DC 2089DD 2089CC 1889CC 1889CA 1889CB 1889CD 1889 1889 1889CC 1889CB 1889CA 1789DA 1789DB 1789DC 1689GG 1689GF 1689CE 1689CC 1689DB 1689DD S&S S&S SE S&S SE S&S UNISO OBLUM OBLUM OBLUM OBLUM OBLUM UNISO UNISO SE SE S&S ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS ELECTRONICS HIVELM HIVELM HIVELM AMEL HIVELM HLM SE SE S&S S&S S&S S&S

RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 220ABSA2 22ABSD2 DB DB DB RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500 HPPRSHME3 HPS HPS HPS RC500 RC500 RC500 RC500

2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 800 800 800 800 800 800 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000

SEB DEB SEB SEB W/EB DEB D/OEB SEB DEB DEB SEB D/OEB D/OEB SEB SEB W/OEB W/OEB W/OEB DEB W/DEB SEB W/DEB W/DEB W/DEB SEB W/DEB W/DEB W/DEB W/DEB W/DEB SEB SEB SEB SEB SEB

MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MANUAL MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR

40KA/3S 40KA/3S 40KA/3S 400KA/3S 40KA/1S 40KA/3S 40KA/1S 40KA/3S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 20KA/1S 40KA/1S 40KA/1S 40KA/3S 40KA/1S 40KA/1S 40KA/1S . . . . . . . . . . . 40KA/3S 40KA/3S

TRANSFORMER:

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field and second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:

1.Autotransformer: Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary circuits. 2.Capacitor voltage transformer: Transformer in which capacitor divider is used to reduce high voltage before application to the primary winding. 3.Phase angle regulating transformer: A specialized transformer used to control the flow of real power on three-phase electricity transmission networks. 4.Scott-T transformer: Transformer used for phase transformation from three-phase to twophase and vice versa. 5.Polyphase transformer: Any transformer with more than one phase. 6.Grounding transformer: Transformer used for grounding three-phase circuits to create a neutral in a three wire system, using a wye-delta transformer,[76][81] or more commonly, a zigzag grounding winding. 7.Leakage transformer: Transformer that has loosely coupled windings. 8.Resonant transformer: Transformer that uses resonance to generate a high secondary voltage. 9.Audio transformer: Transformer used in audio equipment. 10.Output transformer: Transformer used to match the output of a valve amplifier to its load. 11.Instrument transformer: Potential or current transformer used to accurately and safely represent voltage, current or phase position of high voltage or high power circuits.

BUS BARS:
There are several ways in which the switching equipment can be connected in the electrical layout of substation in a distribution system. The selection of the scheme is in general affected by following aspects. Degree of flexibility of operations desired. Importance of load and local condition freedom from total shutdown and its period desired. Economic consideration, availability and cost. Technical consideration. Maintenance, safety of personnel. Simplicity Provision of extension. Protective Zones.

With these basic requirements, there are several combinations such as Single bus bar arrangement Duplicate bus- bar arrangement Ring bus One & a half breaker arrangement Mesh arrangement Sectionalization of bus

Of this arrangement single bus bar arrangement is employed at 400 KV GSS, Heerapura. In single bus bar arrangement bus bar is split into sections by means of a bus sectionalizer. Single bus bar is easier to use, readily is less (equipment, site procedure, understood by operators, requires less maintenance, spares holding and space). Typical installation consist of basic cubicle types, that can be combined together to form the required switgear.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high-voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Types of circuit breaker: 1.Oil circuit breaker 2.Air blast circuit breaker 3.SF6 circuit breaker 4.Vaccum circuit breaker 5.Water circuit breaker 6.Air break circuit breaker Generally SF6 circuit breakers are used on 400KV GSS. SF6 Circuit Breaker:SF6 circuit breakers work through arc interruption. When electrical current exceeds a certain level (called a rating), the breaker will trip and contacts within the circuit breaker. As the breaker is tripped, a magnetic coil is beneath it and as the movable contact falls into the coil the arc is elongated in a spiral caused by the magnetic coil until the SF6. Several Characteristics of SF6 circuit breakers can explain their success: Simplicity of the interrupting chamber which does not need an auxiliary breaking chamber. Autonomy provided by the puffer technique. The possibility to obtain the highest performance, up to 63 kA, with a reduced number of interrupting chambers. Short break time of 2 to 2.5 cycles. High electrical endurance, allowing at least 25 years of operation without reconditioning. Possible compact solutions when used for gas insulated switchgear or hybrid switchgear.

LIGHTENING ARRESTOR:
A protective device for electrical equipment that reduces excessive voltage resulting from lightning to a safe level by grounding the discharge.A device designed to protect electrical equipment from high transient voltage and to limit the duration and frequency the amplitude of follow-current. Surge arrester are usually connected the electrical conductors of a network and earth though they may.

Types of Lighting Arrester: Originally, three types of surge arresters. They are:

1. Expulsion type: This type of arrester is also called protector tube and is commonly used on system operating at voltages up to 33kV. It essentially consists of a rod gap AA in series with the protector tube. The upper electrode of protector tube is connected to rod gap and the lower electrode to the earth.

2. Valve Type Arrester: Valve type arresters incorporate non linear resistors and are extensively used on systems, operating at high voltages. It consists of two assemblies (i) series spark gaps and (ii) non-linear resistor discs in series.

3. Gapless metal-oxide type: The gapless metal-oxide type arresters are the most widely used today. The metal oxide lightning arrester is the most advanced over-voltage protector. It is widely used as protective devices against switching and lightning over voltages in power electrical systems such as power transformers, distributors, generators, compensation capacitors.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHTENING ARRESTOR:STABILITY: -It should remain in operation during normal conditions even under polluted atmosphere.

RESPONSE:-Protective device should have means of sensing the transient appearing across its terminals very quickly.

PROTECTION:-After passes the surge current the power frequency current which is called power flow current through the arrestor

ISOLATOR:
Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works. So definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power system normally at off load condition. Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be categorized as: Bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with main bus Line side isolator the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder Transfer bus side isolator the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.

Types of Electrical Isolators: There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as: 1. Double Break Isolator 2.Single Break Isolator 3.Pantograph type Isolator

400 KV SIDE ISOLATORS RATINGS: Operating Voltage: 400kV Current Capacity : 2000A Frequency: 50 Hz Operator Motor: 415V ac The isolator used is a centre break, off load type isolator

220 KV SIDE ISOLATORS RATINGS: Type: HCB Voltage: 220 kV Frequency: 50Hz Operating motor voltage: 415 V Control Voltage: 220V

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents. Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry. The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including: 1.Burden 2.Burden class/saturation class 3.Rating factor 4.Load 5.External electromagnetic fields 6.Temperature 7.Physical configuration. 8.The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs.

A Current Transformer

On construction basis that the current transformers may be divided as: Bar type C.T.:A current transformer in which the primary winding consist of a bar of suitable size and material forming an integral part of transformer. For large primary current the bar type construction is ideal because it can meet with the burden and accuracy requirement and the same time can have high thermal and dynamic short time factors. This type of construction is very sturdy. This may be further sub-divided. Separately mounted type Bushing type

Wound Type C.T :A current transformer having a primary winding of more than one full turn wound on core. Where the primary currents are low on the burden and accuracy requirements are high. Primary winding consist of a number of turns normally not exceeding 5. The primary number of turns depends on the primary current. The greater the number of turns lesser the thermal and dynamic short time current factors. The use of one of the other is determined by the rated current of the apparatus and the rated burden required.

Selection of C.T.:-The following points need to be considered while selecting a C.T.

Type. Number of Secondary. Accuracy class of each secondary. Rated burden. Accuracy limit factor. Short time current rating.

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay. The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of wound primary voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2. The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. [2] This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network.

A Capacitive Voltage Transformer

WAVE TRAP:
Wave Trap is the instrument which used to reduce the corona loss in transmission line in power system and in this a parallel tuned inductor -capacitor tank circuit made to be resonant at the desire communication it effort to utilize the same transmission between two substations for the purpose of communication. Wave trap is a parallel tuned inductor - capacitor 'tank' circuit made to be resonant at the desired communication frequency. It is the effort to utilize the same transmission line between two substation for the purpose of communications. At this communication frequency the tank circuit provides high impedance and does not allow to pass through them & onto the substation bus & into transformers.

It is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT. Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L and C in parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the protected line such a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current thus preventing the dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to be prevented from entering the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete loss of communication signals. For this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission line and power station equipment toAvoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other PLC Circuits connected to the same power station. Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and equipments in the stations.

Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments

For matching the transmitter and receiver unit to coupling capacitor and power line matching filters are provided. These flitters normally have air corral transformers with capacitor assumed. The matching transformer is insulated for 7-10 KV between the two windings and perform two functions. Firstly, it isolates the communication equipment from the power line. Secondly, it serves to match .

Figure-4.1 Line Matching Filter & Protective Equipments

Transmitter
The transmitter consists of an oscillator and a amplifier. The oscillator generates a frequency signal with in 50 to 500 HZ frequency bands the transmitter is provided so that it modulates the carrier with protective signal. The modulation process usually involves taking one half cycle of 50 HZ signal and using this to create block to carrier.

Receivers
The receivers usually consist of and alternate matching transformer band pass filter and amplifier detector. The amplifier detector converts a small incoming signal in to a signal capable of operating a relatively intensive carrier receiver relay. The transmitter and receiver at the two ends of protected each corresponds to local as far as transmitting.

RELAYS:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. 1.Buchholz relay It is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled transformer which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the transformer oil. 2.Overload protective relay Electric motors need overcurrent protection to prevent damage from over-loading the motor, or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or internal faults in the motor windings .The overload sensing devices are a form of heat operated relay where a coil heats a bimetallic stripor where a solder pot melts, releasing a spring to operate auxiliary contacts. These auxiliary contacts are in series with the coil. If the overload senses excess current in the load, the coil is de-energized. Electronic overload protection relays measure motor current and can estimate motor winding temperature using a "thermal model" of the motor armature system that can be set to provide more accurate motor protection. Some motor protection relays include temperature detector inputs for direct measurement from a thermocouple or resistance thermometer sensor embedded in the winding.

The purpose of protective relay and protective system is to operate the correct CBs as to disconnect only the faulty equipment from the system as quickly as possible. Thus minimizes the trouble caused by fault by they do occur. The protective relay does not operate possibility of the fault on the system. Their active starts only after the faults have occurred. It could be idea led if the protection could anticipate and peasant faults because it is impossible to except where original case of fault create some effects which can operate a protective relay. These are two groups of protective relay. 1. Primary relaying equipments. 2. Back-up relaying equipments. Primary relaying is the first line of difference whereas back up protection relaying works. Only when the primary relaying equipments fails and also back up relays are slow in motion condition. Another job of back relay is to act as primary relay in case of where this is out work. Relay must operate when it is required. Since relay remains ideal. Most of the time proper maintenance also plays important role in improving reliability. Relay should select fault region and isolate that section from circuit. It should also operate required speed. It should neither be slow which may not result in damage to the equipment nor it should too fast which may result undesired operation during transient faults and should be sensitive to faults.

OPERATION:The protective relay serves for preventing tap changers and transformer from being damage which is the part of delivering the protective relay as to be connected in away that transformer immediately switched off captions oil immersed transformer. Transformer break down are always precede by more or less violent generation of gas. A broking joints produce local arc and vaporize in the vicinity. As earth faults has the some results sudden short circuit rapidly increased the temperature of the winding particularly the inner layer and packed oil in vaporize. Discharge due to insulation weaken i.e. by the dehydration of the oil produce local heating and generate gas. The generation of oil vapour or gas in utilize to actuate a relay the relay is arranged between the transformer tank and the separate oil conservator. The vessel is normally is full of oil. It contains two floats if the gas bubbles are generated in transformer due to faults. They will be rise and transfers the conservator and will trap in the upper part of the relay chamber. Thereby displacing the oil and lowering the faults. This sinks and eventually closes and external contacts which operates an alarm over other protection and flashover at the bushing are not at adequately covered by other protective scheme also unless it improves ground. The differential scheme detects such faults and also on the leads between CTs are power transformer provided cts are not mounted separately on transformer bushing. In service internal faults operate when the relay is energizes. The protective relay reenergized only by oil flow from the tap changer heat to the conservator. The oil flow operates the flap value which is trapped into the off position by timing mechanism. Thus the trapping switch is energized the CBs are operated the transformer off the line.

OIL TESTING LAB:

A)Oil Sampling: Oil sampling is a procedure for collecting a volume of fluid from lubricated or hydraulic machinery for the purpose of oil analysis. Much like collecting forensic evidence at a crime scene, when collecting an oil sample, it is important to ensure that procedures are used to minimize disturbance of the sample during and after the sampling process. Oil samples are typically drawn into a small, clean bottle which is sealed and sent to a laboratory for analysis. B)Oil analysis: Oil analysis (OA) is the laboratory analysis of a lubricants properties, suspended contaminants, and wears debris. OA is performed during routine preventive maintenance to provide meaningful and accurate information on lubricant and machine condition. By tracking oil analysis sample results over the life of a particular machine, trends can be established which can help eliminate costly repairs. The study of wear in machinery is called tribology.Tribologistsoften perform or interpret oil analysis data. OA can be divided into three categories: 1. Analysis of oil properties including those of the base oil and its additives 2. Analysis of contaminants 3. Analysis of wear debris from machinery

EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the sub station, which has a uniform potential as nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for an electric system is necessary by the following reason. 1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault. These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not attain dangerously high potential. 2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential of circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode used.

The earthing is of two principal types :

Neutral Earthing Equipment Body Earthing

Neutral Earthing:Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines, generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly or through a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from generator or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common method used is using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary has two equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux density under normal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the

transformer takes very small magnetizing current under normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side, which provides very less impedance to the current. The grounding transformers are short time rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.

Electrical Earthing:Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic parts of an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may attain high potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T current for a given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by means of Earthing system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to earth. The conductor used is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc. Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :1. The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth, since it is connected to earth. 2. Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or an earth relay.

Merits of neutral Earthing:1. Arcing grounding is reduced. 2. Voltage of heating with respect to earth remains at harmless value they don't increase to root 3 times of normal value. 3. Suitable neutral point. 4. The earth fault relaying is relatively simple useful amount of earth fault current is available to operate earth fault relay. 5. The over voltage due to lightening are discharged to earth. 6. Improved service reliability due to limitation of arcing ground and improved of unnecessary fringing of CB. At GSS the neutral point of power transformer is connected solidly to earth generally the earth connection are provided which leads reliability.

Power Line Carrier Communication :Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) provides for signal transmission down transmission line conductors or insulated ground wires. Protection signaling, speech and data transmission for system operation and control, management information systems etc. are the main needs which are met by PLCC. PLCC is the most economical and reliable method of communication because of the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power line which contribute to the increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over the larger distances involves. High frequency signals in the range of 50 KHZ to 400 KHZ commonly known as the carrier signal and to result it with the protected section of line suitable coupling apparatus and line traps are employed at both ends of the protected section. Here in Sanganer and also in other sub-station this system is used. The main application of power line carrier has been from the purpose of supervisory control telephone communication, telemetering and relaying.

PLCC Equipment
The essential units of power line carrier equipment consists of :a. Wave trap b. Coupling Capacitor c. LMU and protective equipments.

MERITS AND DEMRITS OF PLCC

Merits The severity that a power line can withstand is much more than that odd communication line due to higher mechanical strength of transmission line power lines generally provide the shortest route between the Power Station and the Receiving Stations. The carrier signals suffer less attenuation, owing to large cross sectional area of power line Larger spacing between conductors reduces the capacitances which results in lesser attenuation of higher frequencies. Large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a certain extent. The construction of a separate communication line is avoided.

Demerits Utmost care is required to safeguard the carrier equipment and persons using them against high voltage and currents on the line. Noise introduced by power line is far more than in the case of communication line. This is due to the discharge across insulators and corona etc. Induced voltage surges in the power line may affect the connected carrier equipment.

CONTROL ROOM
INTRODUCTION:- In Heerapura G.S.S. not only remote control carry the appropriate
mean by which circuit breaker may be open or close but also indicating device , indicating lamps , isolating switches, protective relays , secondary circuit and wires are lo cated here and most important no load tap changer for transformer is available. There is panel for synchronizing. Different panel are located at different stages and on each control panel switch is provided on the board. Colors of signals are synchronized as follows:

Red For circuit breaker or isolator switch is in closed position.

Green - For circuit breaker is in open condition.

Amber Indicates abnormal condition. There are different relays are located.

CONCLUSION

The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts of electrical power transmission and distribution. Protection of various apparatus was a great thing. Maintenance of transformer, circuit breaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc was observable. I had a chance to see the remote control of the equipments from control room itself, which was very interesting. So the training was more than hope to me and helped me to understand about power system more.