Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

PROBLEMAS DE SISMOLOGA 5 Curso de Ingeniero Gelogo, Universidad de Salamanca

Estos problemas pueden resolverse con los contenidos de las clases tericas de Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica. Algunos sern resueltos durante las prcticas, pero no todos, dejando otros para realizar un trabajo adicional que ayude a dominar la primera parte de la asignatura. 1- Se adjuntan tres registros del terremoto de Dzce, Turqua, del 12 de noviembre de1999, que fue bastante superficial. Los sismogramas se registraron en Uppsala, Suecia, e incluyen la componente vertical y dos componentes horizontales: N-S y E-W. Se suministra un grfico distancia epicentraltiempo (-t) para terremotos superficiales, una tabla para calcular las velocidades de las ondas P y S (modelo iasp91), y otra con los tiempos de llegada y parmetros del rayo (p) para las ondas P con diferentes distancias epicentrales. Tambin se incluyen una escala de intensidades EMS resumida y un esquema geolgico con la localizacin de las principales fallas y terremotos recientes. Los datos necesarios para resolver el problema incluyen: -Profundidad de terremoto: 14 km -Magnitud de las ondas de superficie: MS = 7,3 -Magnitud de las ondas P: mb = 6,5 -Coordenadas del epicentro: 40 48' N 31 4' E -Coordenadas de Uppsala: 59 50' N 17 40' E -Planos nodales del terremoto: N 179 E/79 W y N 96 E/59 N Se pide: a) Identificar las distintas fases y calcular la distancia epicentral entre Uppsala y el foco. b) Calcular el momento ssmico (M0), la magnitud del momento (MW), la intensidad mxima (Imx), la energa liberada, y las amplitudes con las que supuestamente se registraran en Uppsala las principales fases. c) Proyectar en la esfera focal el rayo de la onda P registrado en Uppsala. d) Dibujar la esfera focal, sombrear los cuadrantes y calcular la orientacin de los ejes P y T.

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Forma parametrizada del modelo iasp91. es la velocidad de las ondas P, y la de las ondas S. Fuente: Kennett, B.L.N. (1995). Seismic traveltime tables. Global Earth Physics. A Handbook of Physical Constants. AGU Reference Shelf 1, 126-143. ________________________________________________________________________ Profundidad Radio z (km) r (km) (km/s) (km/s) ________________________________________________________________________ 6.371-5153,9 0-1.217,1 11,24094 3,56454 2 -4,09689 x -3,45241 x2 5.153,9-2.889 1.217,1-3.482 10,03904 +3,75665 x -13,67046 x2 14,49470 -1,47089 x 25,1486 -41,1538 x +51,9932 x2 -26,6083 x3 25,96984 -16,93412 x 29,38896 -21,40656 x 30,78765 -23,25415 x 25,41389 -17,69722 x 8,78541 -0,74953 x 6,50 0

2.889-2.740 2.740-760

3.482-3.631 3.631-5.611

8,16616 -1,58206 x 12,9303 -21,2590 x +27,8988 x2 -14,1080 x3 20,76890 -16,53147 x 17,70732 -13,50652 x 15,24213 -11,08552 x 5,75020 -1,27420 x 6,706231 -2,248585 x 3,75

760-660 660-410 410-210 210-120 120-35 35-20

5.611-5.711 5.711-5.961 5.961-6.161 6.161-6.251 6.251-6.336 6.336-6.351

20-0 6.351-6.371 5,80 3,36 ________________________________________________________________________ x: radio normalizado r/a (a = 6.371 km).

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Tiempos de llegada de las ondas P y parmetro del rayo en funcin de la distancia epicentral (). Fuente: Kennett, B.L.N. (1995). Seismic traveltime tables. Global Earth Physics. A Handbook of Physical Constants. AGU Reference Shelf 1, 126-143. (p se da en segundos/radin.)
Llegadas P (grados) min. segs. 0 0 0 0 19,17 1 0 35,03 2 0 48,78 3 1 2,53 4 1 16,27 5 1 30,01 6 1 43,75 7 1 57,47 8 2 11,19 9 2 24,9 10 2 38,59 11 2 52,27 12 3 5,94 13 3 19,59 14 3 33,23 15 3 46,38 16 3 59,13 17 4 11,58 18 4 23,16 19 4 34,1 20 4 44,95 21 4 55,71 22 5 6,34 23 5 16,31 24 5 25,43 25 5 34,51 26 5 43,54 27 5 52,5 28 6 1,41 29 6 10,27 30 6 19,1 31 6 27,89 32 6 36,64 33 6 45,34 34 6 53,98 35 7 2,57 36 7 11,09 37 7 19,56 38 7 27,96 39 7 36,3 40 7 44,57 41 7 52,78 42 8 0,91 43 8 8,98 44 8 16,97 45 8 24,9 46 8 32,75 47 8 40,54 48 8 48,25 49 8 55,89 50 9 3,45 51 9 10,95 52 9 18,37 53 Parmetro del rayo p 1.132,74 1.098,36 787,82 787,82 787,82 787,24 787,24 786,67 786,10 785,53 784,95 784,38 783,23 782,66 781,51 780,94 740,26 720,78 706,46 629,11 624,52 619,37 613,06 605,62 523,68 521,39 519,10 515,66 511,65 508,79 507,07 504,78 502,48 499,62 496,75 493,89 490,45 487,01 483,58 479,57 475,55 472,12 468,11 464,10 460,09 456,07 452,06 448,05 444,04 440,03 435,45 431,44 427,43 423,42 Llegadas P (grados) min. segs. 9 25,72 54 9 32,99 55 9 40,2 56 9 47,33 57 9 54,39 58 10 1,38 59 10 8,29 60 10 15,13 61 10 21,9 62 10 28,6 63 10 35,22 64 10 41,77 65 10 48,25 66 10 54,66 67 11 0,99 68 11 7,25 69 11 13,43 70 11 19,55 71 11 25,59 72 11 31,55 73 11 37,45 74 11 43,26 75 11 49,01 76 11 54,68 77 12 0,27 78 12 5,79 79 12 11,23 80 12 16,6 81 12 21,88 82 12 27,1 83 12 32,23 84 12 37,28 85 12 42,26 86 12 47,16 87 12 51,96 88 12 56,67 89 13 1,35 90 13 6 91 13 10,62 92 13 15,23 93 13 19,81 94 13 24,38 95 13 28,91 96 13 33,41 97 13 37,89 98 13 42,33 99 Llegadas Pdif (grados) min. segs. 13 46,77 100 13 51,2 101 13 55,64 102 14 0,08 103 14 4,52 104 Parmetro del rayo p 418,83 414,82 410,81 406,80 402,22 398,21 394,19 390,18 385,60 381,59 377,58 373,00 368,98 364,97 360,96 356,38 352,37 348,36 343,77 339,76 335,75 331,17 327,16 322,58 318,56 313,98 309,40 305,39 300,80 296,22 291,64 287,05 283,04 278,46 271,58 268,72 267,00 265,85 264,13 263,56 262,41 260,70 258,98 257,26 254,97 254,39 Parmetro del rayo p 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 Llegadas Pdif (grados) min. segs. 14 8,96 105 14 13,4 106 14 17,84 107 14 22,28 108 14 26,72 109 14 31,16 110 14 35,59 111 14 40,03 112 14 44,47 113 14 48,91 114 14 53,35 115 14 57,79 116 15 2,23 117 15 6,67 118 15 11,11 119 15 15,54 120 15 20 121 15 24,42 122 15 28,86 123 15 33,3 124 Llegadas PKP (grados) min. segs. 19 37,74 145 19 41,54 146 19 45,45 147 19 49,45 148 19 53,5 149 19 57,61 150 20 1,76 151 20 5,94 152 20 10,16 153 20 14,4 154 20 18,66 155 20 22,95 156 20 27,26 157 20 31,58 158 20 35,92 159 20 40,27 160 20 44,64 161 20 49,01 162 20 53,39 163 20 57,79 164 21 2,19 165 21 6,6 166 21 11,01 167 21 15,43 168 21 19,85 169 21 24,28 170 21 28,71 171 21 33,14 172 21 37,57 173 21 42,01 174 21 46,45 175 Parmetro del rayo p 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 254,39 Parmetro del rayo p 212,57 221,73 226,89 230,90 233,77 236,63 238,92 240,64 242,36 243,51 245,23 246,37 247,52 248,09 249,24 249,81 250,38 250,96 251,53 252,10 252,10 252,67 253,25 253,25 253,82 253,82 253,82 253,82 254,39 254,39 254,39

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Versin resumida y simplificada de la EMS (European Macroseismic Scale) de 1992 para la intensidad de los terremotos, publicada por la European Seismological Commission en 1993. Fuente: Lowrie, W. (1997). Fundamentals of Geophysics. Cambridge University Press. Table 3.1, p. 123 La escala est enfocada a los efectos en la gente y en los edificios. Tiene en cuenta las clasificaciones sobre la vulnerabilidad y estructura de las construcciones (es decir, los materiales y el mtodo de construccin) y el grado de dao causado. Intensidad I-IV I II III Descripcin de los efectos .

Terremotos suaves a moderados No percibidos: No hay daos. Casi no percibidos: Sentidos slo por alguna gente en reposo y en interiores. No hay daos. Dbiles: Sentidos en interiores por algunos. Los objetos colgantes se balancean suavemente. No hay daos en los edificios. IV Ampliamente percibidos: Sentidos por muchos en interiores y por muy pocos en exteriores. Los objetos colgantes se balancean, las ventanas y los platos vibran. No hay daos en los edificios. V-VIII Terremotos moderados a severos V Fuertes: Percibidos en interiores por la mayora y por unos pocos en exteriores. Despiertan a los durmientes. Los objetos colgantes se balancean fuertemente. Los edificios son sacudidos o se balancean, pero slo algunos sufren daos dbiles. VI Dbilmente dainos: Son percibidos por todo el mundo, mucha gente aterrorizada. Vidrios y vajillas pueden romperse. Daos moderados en algunos edificios. VII Dainos: Casi todo el mundo aterrorizado. Los muebles se mueven o vuelcan. Daos moderado a fuertes en los edificios de baja calidad de construccin. VIII Fuertemente dainos: Mucha gente encuentra difcil permanecer en pie, incluso en exteriores. Los muebles vuelcan. Los edificios de baja calidad de construccin sufren daos severos o son destruidos. Los edificios slidos sufren daos. IX-XII Terremotos severos a destructivos 1X Destructivos: Pnico general. Los monumentos y columnas se caen. Se ven ondas en el suelo blando. Las estructuras dbiles son destruidas. Daos moderados a fuertes en los edificios bien construidos pero sin reforzar. Los edificios reforzados sufren daos. X Muy destructivos: Daos muy fuertes en la albailera y en las construcciones no reforzadas. Dao moderado en las estructuras reforzadas. XI Devastadores: Las construcciones reforzadas sufren grandes daos o son destruidas. Las no reforzadas sufren una devastacin generalizada. XII Completamente devastadores: Prcticamente todas las construcciones, incluidas las subterrneas, son destruidas.

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

2- Un terremoto fue registrado en una estacin sismolgica situada a 7.450 km de su epicentro. La onda P lleg con un periodo de 2 s y una amplitud AP = 27 m. Calcular: a) La magnitud mb del terremoto. b) La magnitud MS del terremoto de forma aproximada. c) La amplitud AS que puede esperarse para el terremoto en la misma estacin ssmica. d) Los efectos en la regin epicentral, suponiendo que el foco se halla a una profundidad de 45 km. e) Los momentos M0 y MW del terremoto. 3- Se adjuntan tres registros de un terremoto ocurrido el 1 de junio de 2000 en Alaska, de magnitud mb = 5,9 y cuyo foco estaba a 13,3 km de profundidad. Los sismogramas incluyen la componente vertical y dos componentes horizontales: N-S y E-W. Identificar las fases y calcular la distancia epicentral () de la estacin sismolgica (Denver, Colorado, USA) donde se registraron los sismogramas, cuyas coordenadas son: 39 42' N, 105 W.

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

4- Se adjuntan tres registros de un terremoto ocurrido el 1 de enero de 2001 en la isla Kodiak (Alaska), de magnitud MW = 6,7 y cuyo foco estaba a 33 km de profundidad. Los sismogramas incluyen la componente vertical y dos componentes horizontales: N-S y E-W, y se registraron en la estacin sismolgica de Osimo (Italia) cuyas coordenadas son: 43 29' N, 13 29' E. Se pide: a) Identificar las fases y calcular la distancia epicentral (). b) Comprobar el valor calculado de con una falsilla estereogrfica sabiendo que las coordenadas del epicentro son 57 5' N, 153 37' W. c) Proyectar en la esfera focal el rayo de la onda P registrado en Osimo. d) A partir de las llegadas a varias estaciones sismolgicas, se han calculado los planos nodales del terremoto: N 18 E/14 NW y N 55 E/79 SE. Dibujar la esfera focal, sombrear los cuadrantes correspondientes y calcular la orientacin de los ejes P y T.

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

5- Localizar el epicentro de un terremoto, para el cual se dan los sismogramas registrados en 3 estaciones, cuyas coordenadas figuran al margen. Para evitar confusiones, la localizacin de las ondas P y S est indicada. Notar que la escala de tiempos vara de unos sismogramas a otros. Proyectar el epicentro en el mapa que se adjunta, y deducir a qu lmite de placas corresponde.

6- Proyectar en la esfera focal los rayos de la onda P del terremoto del problema anterior registrados en las estaciones sismolgicas de Kona, Leavenworth y Sterlington, sabiendo que su profundidad fue de 33 km.

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Falsilla estereogrfica meridional o falsilla de Wulff.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

7- Localizar el epicentro de un terremoto, para el cual se dan los sismogramas registrados en 3 estaciones, cuyas coordenadas figuran al margen. Para evitar confusiones, la localizacin de las ondas P y S est indicada. Notar que la escala de tiempos vara de unos sismogramas a otros. Proyectar el epicentro en el mapa y deducir a qu lmite de placas corresponde.

8- Proyectar en la esfera focal los rayos de la onda P del terremoto del problema anterior registrados en las estaciones sismolgicas de Sterlington, New Jersey y Herndon, sabiendo que su profundidad fue de 64 km.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

9- Localizar el epicentro de un terremoto producido el 24 de abril de 2000, de magnitud MS = 5,4, para el cual se dan los sismogramas registrados en 3 estaciones, cuyas coordenadas figuran al margen. Para evitar confusiones, la localizacin de las ondas P y S est indicada. Notar que la escala de tiempos vara de unos sismogramas a otros. Proyectar el epicentro en el mapa y deducir a qu lmite de placas corresponde.

10- Proyectar en la esfera focal los rayos de la onda P del terremoto del problema anterior registrados en las estaciones sismolgicas de La Mesa, Columbia University y Leavenworth, sabiendo que su profundidad fue de 10 km. Adems, sabiendo que los planos nodales del terremoto fueron: N 129 E/63 NE y N 35 E/82 NW, dibujar la esfera focal, sombrear los cuadrantes correspondientes y calcular la orientacin de los ejes P y T.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

11- El terremoto de Landers (California) del 28 de junio de 1992 fue poco daino en trminos econmicos y humanos, por estar el epicentro localizado en un rea remota al NE de Los Angeles (EEUU). El sesmo fue producido por el movimiento de una falla de desgarre dextra, que registr un movimiento horizontal. El foco fue bastante superficial, 7,5 km, y la magnitud del momento fue MW = 7,3. Se pide: a) Calcular de forma aproximada las magnitudes mb y MS, y la intensidad mxima (Imx). b) Calcular la energa liberada en forma de ondas elsticas (E). c) Calcular la longitud probable de la falla que se movi, y su posible salto. d) Calcular la anchura de la zona de cizalla que exista alrededor de la falla antes del sesmo, y que liber su deformacin elstica produciendo el terremoto. 12- La siguiente figura muestra las franjas de interferencia de radar de apertura sinttica producidas entre dos imgenes de la regin de Landers, tomadas el 24 de abril y el 7 de agosto de 1992. Cada franja con la escala de grises representa un movimiento horizontal del suelo de 28 mm entre las dos imgenes. La lnea blanca irregular es la superficie de ruptura del terremoto de 1992. Cada lado del fotograma mide 120 km.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Esta figura ha sido procesada y muestra las mismas bandas de interferencia que la anterior, suavizadas y con el ruido eliminado, para hacer ms fcil la interpretacin. La lnea blanca es la falla, esquematizada.

Esta figura es un perfil a lo largo de la falla del terremoto de Landers del 29 de junio de 1992, mostrando la distribucin del salto horizontal en metros. Observar la heterogeneidad del desplazamiento horizontal, y que el mximo no coincide con el hipocentro (estrella), que representa el punto donde se inici el terremoto. El movimiento se propag a partir de ese punto hacia el Noroeste, durante 24 segundos.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Estas figuras muestran los segmentos de falla cuyo movimiento provoc el terremoto de Landers, con sus nombres (A). Son fallas dextras en escaln, separadas por los escalones (stepovers) 1, 2 y 3. Tambin se muestran los principales sismos y microsismos asociados, en mapa (B) y en seccin (C), y una grfica del desplazamiento neto en metros asociado a cada segmento (D).

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Esta figura representa el avance de la ruptura del terremoto de Landers de 1992 en intervalos de un segundo. Cada contorno representa un deslizamiento de 0,5 m Utilizando las figuras, se pide: a) Calcular la longitud y el salto de la falla, y la anchura de la zona de cizalla, y compararlos con los valores obtenidos en el problema anterior. b) A partir de las medidas obtenidas en a), calcular la cada del esfuerzo (), la energa ssmica liberada (E) y el momento ssmico (M0), y compararlos con los resultados del problema anterior. La primera figura y las 3 ltimas estn tomadas de Yeats, R., Sieh, K. y Allen, C.R. 1997. The Geology of Earthquakes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 568 pp. La segunda figura est tomada de Keller, E.A. y Pinter, N. 1996. Active tectonics. Earthquakes, uplift and landscape. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 338 pp.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

13- La figura muestra un esquema de las principales fallas del estado de California (EEUU), con la que produjo el terremoto de Landres de 1992 resaltada, y un recuadro con la situacin de la Hoja 1 x 2 de San Bernardino.

En la pgina siguiente se muestra un mapa de carreteras y localidades de la Hoja de San Bernardino, y otro con un modelo digital del terreno y las principales fallas incluidas en el mapa, en su mayora pertenecientes al sistema de desgarres dextros asociados a la Falla de San Andrs. Las fallas estn separadas por colores y numeradas, y se incluye al final una lista con sus nmeros y nombres, seguida de una descripcin en ingls de las mismas con algunas de sus caractersticas ssmicas. A partir de ellas, se trata de hacer una evaluacin del riesgo ssmico en la localidad de Victorville, teniendo en cuenta las distancias a las que estn las fallas. Tambin, se incluyen tres mapas con la probabilidad de que un terremoto de magnitudes iguales o mayores de 5, 6 y 7 respectivamente se produzca en un entorno de 50 km, en un plazo de 100 aos. Adems, se adjuntan 4 mapas con probabilidad de excedencia del 2 y 10 % en 50 aos de dos aceleraciones espectrales, un mapa con las aceleraciones pico con un 10 % de probabilidad de ser excedidas en los prximos 50 aos, y un grfico que relaciona vida til, probabilidad de excedencia y periodo de retorno para distintas construcciones. Se pide: a) Calcular el deslizamiento medio y la probabilidad anual de excedencia para los terremotos mayores en las fallas activas ms peligrosas. b) Calcular los mayores movimientos oscilatorios del suelo previsibles. c) Estimar el riesgo ssmico en Victorville durante los prximos 100 aos, y evaluar qu tipos de construcciones pueden recomendarse y cules no. Nota: Se aconseja construir una hoja de clculo con los parmetros de las fallas, y usarla para calcular los valores que permiten evaluar el riesgo ssmico.

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

118 35

Hoja de San Bernardino (California), 1 x 2

116 35

Victorville

34 118 118 35

10

20

30

40

50

60

34 116 116 35

Kilmetros

Victorville

34 118

10

20

30

40

50

60

34 116

Kilmetros

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Probabilidad de un terremoto con M > 5 en los prximos 100 aos y en un entorno de 50 km Probabilidad

Probabilidad de un terremoto con M > 6 en los prximos 100 aos y en un entorno de 50 km Probabilidad

Probabilidad de un terremoto con M > 7 en los prximos 100 aos y en un entorno de 50 km Probabilidad

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Victorville Victorville

Aceleracin espectral (% g) para T = 0,2 seg, con el 2 % de probabilidad de excedencia en 50 aos

Aceleracin espectral (% g) para T = 1 seg, con el 2 % de probabilidad de excedencia en 50 aos

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Victorville

Victorville

Problemas de Sismologa

Aceleracin espectral (% g) para T = 0,2 seg, con el 10 % de probabilidad de excedencia en 50 aos

Aceleracin espectral (% g) para T = 1 seg, con el 10 % de probabilidad de excedencia en 50 aos

Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

Principales fallas de la Hoja 1 x 2 de San Bernardino Fuentes: Pgina de terremotos del USGS: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ Southern California Earthquake Data Center: http://www.data.scec.org/ Mapa de las fallas numeradas: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/qfaults/ca/snb.html Mapa de fallas con acceso a informacin: http://www.data.scec.org/faults/mojfault.html 1h 1i 89 105e 105f 105g 105h 107 108a 108b 109a 109b 110a 110b 110c 111a 111b 114a 114b 114c 115a 115b 116 117 118 119 120 121a 121b 121c 122a 122b 122c 122d 123 125a 351 San Andreas fault zone, Mohave section San Andreas fault zone, San Bernardino Mountains section San Gabriel fault Sierra Madre fault zone, Clamshell-Sawpit section Sierra Madre fault zone, Sierra Madre D section Sierra Madre fault zone, Sierra Madre E section Sierra Madre fault zone, Cucamonga section San Jose fault Cleghorn fault zone, Southern Cleghorn section Cleghorn fault zone, Nortern Cleghorn section North Frontal thrust system, Western section North Frontal thrust system, Eastern section Helendale-South Lockhart fault zone, South Lockhart section Helendale-South Lockhart fault zone, Helendale section Helendale-South Lockhart fault zone, Northern San Bernardino Mountains section Lenwood-Lockhart fault zone, Lockhart section Lenwood-Lockhart fault zone, Lenwood section Camp Rock-Emerson-Copper Mountain fault zone, Camp Rock section Camp Rock-Emerson-Copper Mountain fault zone, Emerson section Camp Rock-Emerson-Copper Mountain fault zone, Copper Mountain section Johnson Valley fault zone, Northern Johnson Valley section Johnson Valley fault zone, Southern Johnson Valley section Homestead Valley fault zone Old Woman Springs-Silver Reef fault zone Pinto Mountain fault zone (include Morongo Valley section) Burnt Mountain fault Eureka Peak fault Calico-Hidalgo fault zone, Calico section Calico-Hidalgo fault zone, West Calico section Calico-Hidalgo fault zone, Hidalgo section Pisgah-Bullion fault zone, Pisgah section Pisgah-Bullion fault zone, Bullion section Pisgah-Bullion fault zone, East Bullion section Pisgah-Bullion fault zone, West Bullion section Mesquite Lake fault San Jacinto fault zone, San Bernardino Valley section Lavic Lake fault

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

SAN ANDREAS FAULT ZONE

Problemas de Sismologa

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 1200 km 550 km south from Parkfield; 650km northward NEARBY COMMUNITY: Parkfield, Frazier Park, Palmdale, Wrightwood, San Bernardino, Banning, Indio LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: January 9, 1857 (Mojave segment); April 18, 1906 (Northern segment) SLIP RATE: about 20 to 35 mm per year INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: average of about 140 years on the Mojave segment; recurrence interval varies greatly -- from under 20 years (at Parkfield only) to over 300 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.8 - 8.0 The San Gorgonio Pass area is fairly complex, geologically speaking. Here the San Andreas fault interacts with other faults (most notably the San Jacinto fault zone and the Pinto Mountain fault) and thereby becomes somewhat fractured, over the distance extending from just north of San Bernardino to just north of Indio, some 110 kilometers (70 miles). Because this deformation has been going on for well over a million years, ancient and inactive strands of the San Andreas fault can be found here. Other faults in this area have been "reawakened" recently after being dormant for hundreds of thousands of years. There is even evidence to suggest that there is no active, continuous main trace of the San Andreas fault going all the way through the pass, not even at depth -- implying that the San Andreas fault may currently be in the process of creating a new fault path through this area! This could also mean that a single, continuous rupture from Cajon Pass to the Salton Sea (a stretch of the San Andreas that has not ruptured in historical times) is unlikely to occur. Fault rupture mechanics are still not well understood, however, and the discontinuity could prove to have little effect on tempering a major earthquake on this southern stretch of the San Andreas fault zone.

SAN ANDREAS FAULT ZONE - SAN GORGONIO PASS AREA:

TYPE OF FAULT: primarily right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: roughly 140 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Castaic, Saugus, Sunland MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Late Quaternary west of intersection with the Sierra Madre fault zone; Quaternary east of that intersection; Holocene only between Saugus and Castaic SLIP RATE: 1 mm/yr to 5 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown OTHER NOTES: Slip rate and recurrence interval probably vary significantly along the length of the San Gabriel fault zone. The western half is probably much more active than the eastern half. Dip is generally steep and to the north

SAN GABRIEL FAULT ZONE

TYPE OF FAULT: reverse LENGTH: 18 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Sierra Madre, Monrovia MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Late Quaternary OTHER NOTES: This fault dips to the north at about 40 (at the surface) to 50 (at depth) degrees. The Sierra Madre earthquake of 1991 probably originated on the Clamshell - Sawpit Canyon fault. Though a sizable earthquake, the depth of this quake prevented the rupture from reaching the surface.

CLAMSHELL - SAWPIT CANYON FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: reverse LENGTH: the zone is about 55 km long; total length of main fault segments is about 75 km, with each segment measuring roughly 15 km long NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Sunland, Altadena, Sierra Madre, Monrovia, Duarte, Glendora MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: between 0.36 and 4 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN SURFACE RUPTURES: several thousand years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.0 (?) OTHER NOTES: This fault zone dips to the north. It was not the fault responsible for the 1991 Sierra Madre earthquake. The Sierra Madre fault zone is often divided into five main segments. These five divisions, while simpler than the entire fault zone, should not be thought of as individual faults, however -- some of these segments are themselves complex systems of parallel and branching faults. It has been suggested that differing fault geometries in this zone keep each lettered segment separate during rupture events -- thus, neighboring segments should not rupture simultaneously. Others, however, suggest that the fault zone may rupture both in single-segment and multiple-segment breaks.

SIERRA MADRE FAULT ZONE

TYPE OF FAULT: thrust LENGTH: about 30 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Claremont, Upland, Cucamonga SLIP RATE: between 5 and 14 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: estimated at roughly 600-700 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.0 MOST RECENT RUPTURE: very recent Holocene OTHER NOTES: Typical ground rupture per major event estimated at 2 meters. Slip rate (and thus recurrance interval) is somewhat disputed. If fastest slip rate is assumed, surface rupture interval may be as short as 150-200 years. This zone of faulting dips to the north. The Cucamonga fault zone is part of the same fault system, marking the southern boundary of the San Gabriel Mountains, as the Sierra Madre fault zone. Sometimes it is included as part of the Sierra Madre fault zone, as is the San Fernando fault zone far to the west; here we refer to each as separate fault zones, as it is not clear that rupture may progress from one to another.

CUCAMONGA FAULT ZONE

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Problemas de Sismologa

Perhaps the best way to rectify the difference in nomenclature is to refer to the Cucamonga fault zone, Sierra Madre fault zone, and the San Fernando fault zone as the Sierra Madre fault system.

TYPE OF FAULT: left-lateral strike-slip; minor reverse component possible LENGTH: about 18 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Claremont, La Verne, Pomona LAST SIGNIFICANT QUAKE: Feb. 28, 1990; ML5.4; No surface rupture found MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Late Quaternary SLIP RATE: between 0.2 and 2.0 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: ML6.0 - 6.5 OTHER NOTES: The San Jose fault dips steeply to the north.

SAN JOSE FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: left-lateral LENGTH: about 30 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Cajon Junction, Crestline SLIP RATE: 3 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: 400 years (?) MOST RECENT KNOWN RUPTURE: Late Quaternary OTHER NOTES: The Cleghorn fault dips steeply to the north. There is some dispute over the exact nature of the activity on the Cleghorn fault. The reported slip rate of 3 mm/yr does not seem to be expressed in the local landscape, and reported Holocene displacement and rupture surfaces have been dismissed by some as caused by landslides, not faulting. The surface trace of the Cleghorn fault crosses Silverwood Lake, and consequently, the northeast-trending splay from near the center of this fault is also known as the Silverwood Lake fault.

CLEGHORN FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: primarily thrust LENGTH: 65 km from end to end, but cut by the Helendale fault; the western portion is some 35 km long, and the eastern portion is about 25 km long NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Apple Valley, Lucerne Valley MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene, mainly; some Late Quaternary and Quaternary SLIP RATE: 1.0 mm/yr on the western segment; 0.5 mm/yr on the eastern segment INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: uncertain PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.1 (?) OTHER NOTES: This fault zone dips to the south. The North Frontal fault zone of the San Bernardino Mountains is a zone consisting of numerous fault segments. The primary sense of slip is south-dipping thrust. This zone interacts with several other faults in a variety of intersections. It seems to be offset (right-laterally) by the Helendale fault, and forms a complex junction with the Old Woman Springs fault. Because this zone is somewhat fragmented, many of the individual fault segments have their own, commonly-used names. Among these are the Ord Mountains fault, Ocotillo Ridge fold, Sky Hi Ranch fault, and the Black Hawk Spring fault.

NORTH FRONTAL FAULT ZONE OF THE SAN BERNARDINO MOUNTAINS

HELENDALE FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 90 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Lucerne Valley, Apple Valley, Victorville MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: 0.8 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: uncertain PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.3 OTHER NOTES: The Helendale fault seems to cut through the North Frontal fault zone of the San Bernadino Mountains.

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 70 km (main trace); North Lockhart fault is 10 km long NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Lockhart, Lenwood, Barstow MOST RECENT RUPTURE: Holocene, near its center; Late Quaternary, northwest of center; Quaternary, southeast of center. The latest North Lockhart fault rupture is Late Quaternary in age. SLIP RATE: about 0.8 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: 3000 - 5000 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES:MW6.5 - 7.4 OTHER NOTES: Forms an essentially continuous fault system (150 km long) with the Lenwood fault. No evidence exists that the Lenwood-Lockhart system has ever ruptured together, but such an event might be possible.

LOCKHART FAULT AND NORTH AND SOUTH LOCKHART FAULTS

LENWOOD FAULT

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Problemas de Sismologa

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 75 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Lenwood, Barstow MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: 0.8 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: 4000 to 5000 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.4 OTHER NOTES: Creep recorded, though not verified, at northwestern end. Experienced triggered slip near southeast end in 1992 due to the Landers earthquake.

CAMP ROCK FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 35 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Newberry Springs, Barstow LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: June 28, 1992; MW 7.3 SLIP RATE: 1 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 4,000 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW 6.0 - 6.8; up to magnitude 7.5 possible if combined with nearby faults OTHER NOTES: The Camp Rock, Emerson, and Copper Mountain faults make up a roughly continuous fault system some 100 km in length. About 20 km of the Camp Rock fault ruptured in the Landers earthquake of 1992.

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 55 km NEARBY COMMUNITY: Landers LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: June 28, 1992; Mw7.3 SLIP RATE: about 0.5 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 9,000 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.3 OTHER NOTES: Simultaneous rupture with nearby faults can occur, as it did in 1992, where rupture along the Johnson Valley fault was transferred to the Emerson fault via the Kickapoo fault. Rupture on the Emerson fault was in turn passed on to the Camp Rock fault to the north. In a similar way, future rupture along the Copper Mountain fault to the south could propagate northward to the Emerson fault.

EMERSON FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 17 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Landers, Joshua Tree, Twentynine Palms MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: roughly 0.5 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: ML6.0 - 6.5 OTHER NOTES: Can be considered a southeast-ward continuation of the Emerson fault. Rupture along both faults would produce a larger quake than the Copper Mountain fault could produce alone.

COPPER MOUNTAIN FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: main trace is about 60 km long; Upper Johnson Valley fault and other segments add about 25 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Landers, Yucca Valley LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: June 28, 1992, Mw7.3 SLIP RATE: roughly 0.5 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: 9000 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.3

JOHNSON VALLEY FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 29 km NEAREST COMMUNITY: Landers LAST SURFACE RUPTURES: March 15, 1979, ML 5.3; June 28, 1992, MW 7.3 SLIP RATE: 0.5 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 7000 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.0; greater when rupture involves multiple nearby faults, as in 1992 OTHER NOTES: Interval given is for surface rupture of approximately 3 meters. The 1979 event produced an offset of only 10 cm, and should not be considered a "major" rupture. The Homestead Valley fault ruptured along most of its length during the 1992 Landers earthquake, with a peak right-lateral displacement of 3.35 meters (11 feet). In contrast, during the 1979 rupture, only 3.25 kilometers (2 miles) broke, with a maximum displacement of about 10 centimeters (4 inches). During the Landers quake, this fault served as one of many links in a chain of connected fault rupture, and displayed a good deal of complexity of structure, especially near its southern end.

HOMESTEAD VALLEY FAULT

OLD WOMAN SPRINGS FAULT AND SILVER REEF FAULT

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Sismologa e Ingeniera Ssmica

Problemas de Sismologa

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip, with some vertical slip LENGTH: roughly 10 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Big Bear, Lucerne Valley MOST RECENT MAJOR RUPTURE: Holocene OTHER NOTES: The Old Woman Springs fault is the main trace in a fairly complex system of faulting which interacts, most likely, with both the North Frontal fault zone and the Lenwood fault. The Silver Reef fault is part of this same system of faults, and the two sometimes "overlap" in nomenclature.

TYPE OF FAULT: left-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: at least 73 km; possibly as long as 90 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Twentynine Palms, Joshua Tree, Yucca Valley MOST RECENT RUPTURE: Holocene; experienced triggered slip in 1992, due to shaking from the Landers earthquake SLIP RATE: about 1.0 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: uncertain PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.5 OTHER NOTES: Forms several cross-cutting relations and complex intersections

PINTO MOUNTAIN FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 21 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Yucca Valley LAST SURFACE RUPTURE:June 28, 1992, Mw7.3; may have actually ruptured during a large aftershock SLIP RATE: about 0.5 mm/yr (?) INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 6.5, by itself (This fault ruptured partially in the magnitude 7.3 Landers quake, or a large aftershock.) OTHER NOTES: Like its neighbor to the east (the Eureka Peak fault), the Burnt Mountain fault was unknown until the Landers earthquake sequence brought it to the attention of geologists by breaking about 5 kilometers of the total length of this fault at the surface. Once this discovery was made, subsequent mapping determined the existence of roughly 16 kilometers more surface trace. While the offset displayed along the Burnt Mountain fault in 1992 was only about 6 cm (and nearby Eureka Peak fault was offset only 21 cm), these faults are probably quite significant over geologic time in transferring slip from the San Andreas fault zone to the Eastern California Shear Zone.

BURNT MOUNTAIN FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 20 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Yucca Valley, Joshua Tree LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: June 28, 1992, Mw7.3; may have actually ruptured at the surface during a large aftershock SLIP RATE: roughly 0.6 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW5.5 - 6.8; larger when combined with other faults, as in 1992 OTHER NOTES: The Eureka Peak fault is a fairly short fault with a few significant claims to fame. First, the southernmost surface rupture during the Landers earthquake of 1992 (see below) occurred on this fault, breaking about 10 kilometers of the fault with a maximum surface offset of 21 centimeters. While a seemingly trivial point to note (compared to the offsets of several meters experienced elsewhere), this rupture actually marked the discovery of the Eureka Peak fault, as similar rupture revealed the existence of the nearby Burnt Mountain fault. Second, this fault probably handles a significant portion of the slip transferred from the San Andreas fault zone -- the Pacific/North American plate boundary -- to the Eastern California Shear Zone, northward across the Mojave, and may have been the fault responsible for the Joshua Tree earthquake in April 1992, which almost certainly prompted the Landers rupture to occur in June 1992. The 1992 "Landers" rupture on the Eureka fault seems to have occurred in two separate (though very close together, timewise) events, followed by a period of "afterslip". The first ground breakage occurred some 30 seconds after the mainshock was felt in the Yucca Valley area. The second rupture episode was probably linked to a magnitude 5.6 aftershock less than 3 minutes after the Landers mainshock. Additional movement on the fault probably occurred in the form of afterslip

EUREKA PEAK FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 55 km (95 km with West Calico fault) NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Newberry Springs, Barstow MOST RECENT RUPTURE: Holocene; Exhibited triggered slip during 1992 as a result of the Landers quake SLIP RATE: between 1.0 and 2.6 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 1500 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.1 (greater with West Calico fault) OTHER NOTES: Could rupture simultaneously with West Calico and Hidalgo faults to the south, which make up a 115-km-long right-lateral fault system. The March 18, 1997, Calico Earthquake occurred along the northern end of this fault.

CALICO FAULT ZONE CALICO FAULT

WEST CALICO FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 50 km

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Problemas de Sismologa

MOST RECENT RUPTURE: Holocene; Exhibited triggered slip during 1992 as a result of the Landers quake SLIP RATE: between 1.0 and 2.6 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: roughly 1500 years (?) PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.5 - 7.1 (greater with Calico or Hidalgo fault) OTHER NOTES: See Calico fault, above. (Note: 50 km length added to 55 km length equals 95 km length due to overlap in parallel fault strands.)

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 40 km NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Twentynine Palms, Landers, Joshua Tree MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene SLIP RATE: 0.5 mm/yr or less (?) INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.4 - 7.1 OTHER NOTES: Essentially continuous with the Calico fault zone. Rupture along both faults could potentially produce a greater earthquake than the Hidalgo fault could alone.

HIDALGO FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 34 km MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene; experienced triggered slip in 1992, due to the shaking of the Landers earthquake SLIP RATE: 0.8 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: uncertain PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.0, alone; may also rupture in series with the Bullion fault to the south

PISGAH FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip NEAREST COMMUNITIES: Ludlow, Landers MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: October 16, 1999, MW 7.1 SLIP RATE: roughly 0.8 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW 6.5 - 7.1 OTHER NOTES: The Bullion fault is essentially a southern extension of the Pisgah fault. The two faults may rupture in series as a single system. The Bullion fault is also capable of rupturing in conjunction with the Lavic Lake fault, as it demonstrated on October 16, 1999.

BULLION FAULT

MESQUITE LAKE FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 30 km NEAREST COMMUNITY: Twentynine Palms SLIP RATE: uncertain INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: uncertain PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: MW6.0 - 7.0 MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Holocene; estimated at 1200 to 1700 years before present OTHER NOTES: Complex junction with Pinto Mountain fault at southern end. May cross the fault and continue briefly southward.

SAN JACINTO FAULT ZONE SAN JACINTO FAULT

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip; minor right-reverse LENGTH: 210 km, including Coyote Creek fault NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Lytle Creek, San Bernardino, Loma Linda, San Jacinto, Hemet, Anza, Borrego Springs, Ocotillo Wells MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: within the last few centuries; April 9, 1968, Mw6.5 on Coyote Creek segment SLIP RATE: typically between 7 and 17 mm/yr INTERVAL BETWEEN SURFACE RUPTURES: between 100 and 300 years, per segment PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: Mw6.5 - 7.5 TYPE OF FAULT : right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: 80 km NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Borrego Springs, Borrego, Ocotillo Wells MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: April 9, 1968, Mw6.5, on southern half; within the last few centuries on northern half SLIP RATE: between 2 and 6 mm/yr, possibly greater INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: 100 - 300 years PROBABLE MAGNITUDES: Mw6.5 - 7.5

COYOTE CREEK FAULT

HOT SPRINGS and BUCK RIDGE FAULTS

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip NEARBY COMMUNITIES: Idyllwild, Mountain Center, Thomas Mountain, Anza MOST RECENT SURFACE RUPTURE: Late Quaternary; Holocene only at extreme northern end OTHER NOTES: Probably the least active strands of the San Jacinto fault zone, though the southern Buck Ridge fault is associated with a zone of recent active seismicity.

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Problemas de Sismologa

As in other large fault zones, many of the individual fault strands in the San Jacinto fault zone have their own identities. At its extreme northern end, where the San Jacinto meets the San Andreas fault, this fault zone is made up of several parallel fault strands. The farthest east of these is called the Glen Helen fault; the farthest west is known as the Lytle Creek fault. One of the larger and more active fault segments, the Casa Loma fault, runs from near Perris Reservoir to just north of Anza. Another large and active named segment is the Clark fault, which runs from near Hemet to just 15 km southwest of the shore of the Salton Sea. The 1954 San Jacinto earthquake probably occurred due to rupture on the Clark fault.

TYPE OF FAULT: right-lateral strike-slip LENGTH: about 27 km; from just NW of Lavic Lake to intersection with the Bullion fault east of Quackenbush Lake NEAREST COMMUNITY: Ludlow LAST MAJOR RUPTURE: October 16, 1999, MW 7.1 SLIP RATE: unknown INTERVAL BETWEEN MAJOR RUPTURES: unknown OTHER NOTES: Though partially mapped previous to its rupture in the Hector Mine earthquake of October 16, 1999, this fault was not presumed to have been active during the Holocene, though it was considered to have been active at some point in the Quaternary. Because of this and the lack of study it received (as a result of its remote location), it was unnamed prior to this rupture. The Hector Mine earthquake ruptured the entire known length of this fault, including a previously unmapped northern section of the fault that tore across alluvial fans and the dry bed of Lavic Lake, south of Pisgah Crater. (That earthquake also ruptured about 13 km of the Bullion fault to the south of its intersection with the Lavic Lake fault.) The high rates of sediment deposition in these areas may have worked to bury and mask geomorphic features that could have helped identify the fault trace. Or, it is possible that the Lavic Lake fault had not, in fact, ruptured in the past 10,000 years, and that the Hector Mine earthquake was an example of a very rare rupture event along this fault. A section of the Lavic Lake fault (near the eventual epicenter of the Hector Mine earthquake) experienced a cluster of aftershocks in the wake of the 1992 Landers earthquake. Aftershocks from the Hector Mine earthquake suggest that the fault may extend somewhat farther north than the trace indicated by surface rupture. Lavic Lake Fault Rupture Map from the USGS

LAVIC LAKE FAULT

________________________________________________________________________________ Jos Ramn Martnez Cataln. Octubre de 2007

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