Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
ID E N T ID A D E S T R IG O N O M T R IC A S
S U M A Y D IF E R E N C IA D E D O S N G U L O S s e n (A R ) = s e n A cosB c o s A se n B c o s (A B ) = c o s A c o s B T s e n A - se n B t g ( A B ) ^ / | A,SB 1+lgA-tgB T R A N S F O R M A C I N E N P R O D U C T O senA + senB = 2sen senA - senB = 2cos cosA + cosB = 2cos cosA - cosB = - 2sen ^ eos ~ B
8 sen
Af
^
eos ^ B s e n A_~
2A
2lg* 1 - tg A
N G U L O M IT A D ean A
, 1 V "
COS
A = 2x ------------
L O G A R IT M O : L o g hN =:
<=> N = f N
b x
s e n 2x = y eos
(1
- eos
2x )
P R O P IE D A D E S :
b>Q,b
*1
>0
n
+ 2 S ^
L g (A '1 }=
LogA
c o s 2x =
(1
+ eos
2x )
L o g (A B ) = L o g A + LogB L g (A /B ) = Lo gA - LogB
Logtlb = 1 Lo g 1 = 0
P
$L = y ' = f ' ( x ) =
DERIVADAS
= ftn ^ [ ^ * E 3
d x (' C) *= G
= 1
( a r e s e n u) ~ = yfrZTz
( a r c c o s u ) = _ _ ^
@ ( X )
(a r c t g u ) = _ a l_ (a re c tg u ) (are see u)
Ln a
(a r e e s c u ) = - - - , \
UN
{g ) ^ ( k u ) = k t / , k = constante
W *)=2 ^
@ Si y = f(u ) a
A (u _
o g au ) - -
L o g ;le
( f o g ) , (x ) = f (g (x ))
REGLA DE LA CADENA
g , (x )
( L n u ) = 7T
u = g (x )
4 -(s e n u) = u 'c o s u
rtx
V \T = >
dx
du dx
* = * y
= f(x) i
y - !
entonces :
F R M U LA S
J d x = x + c , c = c o n s ta n te
DE
IN T EG R A C I N
J s e n 2 u d u = ~ ~ s01^ 2lJ + c c
Jx "d x = J u j'd u
11 * 1
@ J c o s 2 'd u = - | - + ^ | 2 u + @ J tg 2u d u = ( tg u _ u ) + c
+ c , n * -1
Jkflfx) d x = k j f ( x ) d x
| (u + v )d x = ju d x * J v d x
@ | ctg2u d u = ( _ c tg u _ u ) + c
@ I jy = L n , u + Ln c
a ' du = Je1 1 d u -
+ c eu + c
I I ^ @
~ L n (c u ) S - ^ T ^ = a r e t T + c J f
J a u
'
{s e n u d u = - e o s u + c Jcos u ; d u = sen u + c
= L n |T l + c _ 1 L n |iL + !i| + c
1a
Jctg u du = L n |s e n u | + c ^ f i l i , .Qj) Jsec u du = Ln I sec u + tg u | Jcsc u du = Ln I esc u - ctg u | Jsec2u du = t g u + c |csc2u du = ctg u + c J Jsec u tg u du = s ec u + c jc s c u ctg u du = - e s e u + c
^ f
(tg u du = Ln |se c u | + c
V a2u 2 - arcsena
vu - a
du
~ u1 u
^ ^
_______ ...21 = Ln i u + V u 2 - a 2 I = iu
+ ^ u2
J uV a2 - u2 = _ ~L n '
II
a + Va2- u2 ]
a2 arcsen
+c
a2 Ln | u 4 -Vu2 a2 |
M ETO D O S
DE
IN T EG R A C I N
A
X2
B | C , * X -a
D ( E , ......I (x -b )3 (x -b )2 (x ~ b )
( x - m ) ( x - ; + a 2) ( x * + b x + c )
a , B jC > d, e
d 0 t,e n h a lla rs e
(x -m )(x 2 + a 2 ) 2 (x2 + b x + c)
BIN O M IO
(x 2 + a 2) 2
(x 2 4 -a 2)
x2 + bx + c
S U S T IT U C I N T R IG O N O M T R IC A
TR I N G U L O
u = funcin ; a = c te.
S U S TITU IR
u2 + a2
= tg f
= sec 9
= sen 9
IN T E G R A C I N DE F U N C IO N E S R A C IO N A L E S Q U E C O N T IE N E N : S e n x y C os x U s a r: t g | = t dx = 2dt
'1 + 2 1 + l2 1- l 2 eos x = ~ _________ 1 +12
IN T E G R A C N D E F U N C IO N E S R A C IO N A L E S Q U E C O N T IE N E N sen2x , cos -x , t g 2X .
dx = _rfL_ 1
senx
VT+F
,:" ' x
VT7F
F UNCIONES HIPRBLICAS
senh x = eosh x = - x--t.e x 2 DERIV ^DAS (s e n h u) = u'-cosh u , (c o s h u) = u senh u u'-sech2 u s ( ctgh u ) = - u -csch2 u (s e c h u ) = -u '-s e c h u-tgh u (c s c h u ) = - u ' csch u-ctgh u tgh x = c* ~ e_* b ex + e x INTEGRALES Jsenh u-du = eosh u + c feo sh u-du = senh u + c Jsech2 u-du = tgh u + c r .o , . , Jcsch u-du = -c tg h u + c Jsech u-tgh u-du = -s e c h u + c Jcsch u-ctgh u-du = --csch u + c Jtgh u-du = Ln | eosh u | + c
V A L O R E S D E LA S F U N C IO N E S T R IG O N O M T R IC A S 0 ,3 6 0 0,2xc sen eos tg cot see ese k e Z 9 = ngulo Principal 0k = Solucin general. 0 1 0 00 1 oo 3 0
n /6
45
tc/ 4
60
n /3 < 3 /2
90
n /2
2 it /3
< 3 /2
CM
O O D r71 0 -1 0 to o -1
00
150 5 tc/ 6
1/2
270 371/2 -1 0
00
1 /2 V 3 /2 V 3 /3 V3 2 t |3 /3 2
< 2 /2 < 2 /2
1 0 00 0
00
1 /2
<3 < 3 /3
-1 /2
-< 3
-V -V
3 /2 3 /3
1
1
- V 3 /3 -2
2
-V 3 -2 V 3 /3 2
0
00
<2 <2
2
2 < 3 /3
V3 / 3
-1
2l<7t 0 Qk _ j<7l + q
Solucin de
3
0 0
IN EC U A C IO N ES
a 2 < b <=> - V b < a < V b , si b > O . Si a 2 < - b =s> c s = 0
a 2 > b < = > a > V b v a < V b , si b > O . S i a 2 > - b ==> cs = IR ab > 0 o [a > 0 A b > 0 ]v [a < 0 A b < 0 ]
a b < O <=> [ a < O
a
b > 0 ] v [a > O
b< 0]
, b 5 * O
|< 0 o [a < 0 A b > 0 ]v [a > 0 A b < 0 ] , b* O M T O D O D E LO S P U N T O S C R T IC O S S ea P (x) = (x - n ) ( x - r2)(x - r3) .. . (x - rk_ i)(x - rk)
**1
J k
a ) S i P (x) > 0 => C s = x e <n , r2) u < r 3 , r4 > U ... u <rk, + 00) C s = x e <-co, n ) u (r2 , r3> u . . . u ( r ^ , r k) @ S i m < f(x ) < n => |f(x ) | < k = m x { | m | r | n | }
M X IM O ENTERO : S i k es en tero .
|ab| = |a| |b| 0 |a/b| = Ja|/|b|
i-i =:::
ECUACIONES
( 2) | a | = 0 a = ( 3) | a | =
[a ] = k
b o b > A
(a = b v a = - b )
|a | = |b | a = b v a = - b
INECUACIONES
|a | < b < ^ - b < a < b ,s i b > 0 |a | > b o a > b v a < - b | a | < | b | a2 < b2 a + b i < | a | + i bl U n a funcin f(x ) es A C O TAD O . <=> 3 k > 0 , tal q ue | f(x ) | < k
D is c rim in a n ti : A = b2 - 4 ac
xt + x2 = -b /a x1 x2 = c/a
F U N C I N f : A - IR X, y = f(x)
A c IR , A = do m in io d e f
Funcin L in e a l: f(x ) = ax + b , a = p e n d ie n te , b = in te rc e p to en el eje y Si a = 1 A b = 0 = > f(x ) = x : Funcin Id e n tid ad = > f(x ) = b : Funcin C o n s tan te Si a = 0 Si a = 0 a b = 0 => f(x ) = 0 : Funcin N u la Funcin V a lo r A b s o lu to : f(x) = |x | = {_* ' * < q Funcin M x im o E ntero : f(x ) = [x] = k <=> k < x < k + 1 Funcin P arablica : f(x ) = ax 2 + bx + c = a(x + b /2 a ) 2 Funcin E x p o n e n c ia l: f(x ) = a x , x IR , a > 0 , a * 1 Funcin E xponencial S im p le : f(x ) = e x , x IR , e a 2 .7 1 8 2 Funcin Logaritm o : f(x ) = Log bx , x > 0 Funcin C o m p u e sta : y = (g
o f )(x ) b2
su d o m in io :
= g (f (x) ) x e D o m (f) A f M D om (g) Funcin Inyectiva : f(x) es Inyectiva o cu ando f ( a ) = f(b ) entonces : a = b ; V a, b e D f Funcin Inversa : Si f : A * B es biyectiva, A = d o m in io d e f.
x y = f(x )
LM ITES
La fo rm a in d e te rm in a d a ^ se evita: factorizando, racionalizando o aplica n d o el te o re m a
1
sea R acional, Irracional o T rig o n o m tric a, respectivam ente. La fo rm a in d e te rm in a d a ^ se evita dividiendo num erador y d enom inador d e lim ^ en tre x", n es el m ayor exp onente. La fo rm a in d ete rm in a d a 1 se evita construyend o el n m ero : e = lim f| + ! ) X = lim (1 + x )Vx
x coV
xj
x - 0 V
e 2 .7 1 8 2
+ a /B ^ ) = A - B
V)l?
xq
e D o m (f) s y solo s :
Definicin de lmite
tal q u e s ;
3 ) f ( x o ) = lim f(x)
X >X q'
PLANA
(5 ) D a d o un p u n to (x 0 ,y0) y su p e n d ie n te m , la ecuacin d e la recta es : y - y 0 = m ( x - x 0) Si una recta es tan g en te en el punto (x 0,yo) a la curva F(xry ) = 0, entonces la ecu aci n d e la recta tan gen tes es y - y 0 = y ' (x - x 0) ; donde : y ' = ~ J dx F O R M A S D E LA E C U A C I N D E LA R E C T A : a ) A x + Bx + C = 0 , m = - A /B D istancia d e l punto (x 0 ,yo) a la recta A x + By + C = 0 es : b) y = m x + b
dV/dy
HlAxp + B y o -f C|
F(x,y) =
donde : y
d f/d x
Va 2 +
p i( x i, y i)
xr + rx2
1 + r
y~
yi + ^ 2
1+ r
P U N T O M E D IO
P i( x t . y i) P P2 (x 2.y 2)
LA P q
A p
B O L A E D e fin ic i n : ||PI: || = d (Q ,. ) S u s e c u a c io n e s :
f y2 4p x
N C U L O EN TR E D O S RECTAS , , . . s r x 2 = 4 Py m2 m j( x - h ) 2 = 4 p (y -k )
<
1 (y -k )z = 4 p (x -h ) [ y 2+ a y + b x + c = 0 eje H eje X
tg 0 = T :
V rtic e (h ,k ), su e je / Eje Y R E C T A S PA R A LELA S Y P E R P E N Longitud del lado recto = 14p | D I C U LAR ES: S ean las rectas LA i LA ELIPSE ELIPSE L j : AjX + B-,y + = 0 ; m1 =
L 2 : A 2x + B 2y + C 2 = 0 ; m 2 = - ^
m.
lx 2 + m x + ny + p = 0
(x - h g | (y -k )2
a ) L1 es p aralela a L2 m-, = rri2 a2 b ) Li es perp e n d icu lar a L j O m , m 2 = - 1 R E A D E U N T R I N G U L O D a d o s los tre s vrtices: (x-j,yi); (x 2 ,y2) y ( x 3y3) d e un v ' t , xi y i 1 trian g u lo su a re a es 1 * 2 y. .j el valo r absoluto de: 1x3 y3 -j| =0
+ b2 ~ 1 82 d o n d e a2 = b2 + c2 ; e = la d o recto = Q -
LA HIPRBOLA F'
5-S-i
x 2 + y 2 = r2 ( x - h ) 2 + ( y - k ) 2 = r2 ' ( 3) x2 + y 2 + D x + Ey + F = 0
TR A N S FO R M A C I N D E C O O R D E N A D A S
la Transformacin de la Ecuacin de 2do. G rado: A x 2 + B x y + C y 2 + D x + Ey + I = 0 e n : X -jx'2 + A.2y '2 + D 'x ' + E 'y ' + F ' = 0 se hace resolviendo la ecuacin caracterstica : J t* - (A + C)X. - SL - iM = o < > , _ (B/2 .X 1 - A )
y :
,
D '= ( D ,E ) - r ; E '= ( D ) .( P - : P - F
A P LIC A C IO N ES
reas
, - y = f(x) y - *)
DE
y - M
LA
IN T EG R A L
r r s
A = 0 , dx
A = Jx i PW- g(*)l dx
A = J * [f(y) - g(y)J dy Ax =
|f f 2 (e )d 9
A= i J
V OL UMEN DE S L I D O S DE RE VOLUCI N
M to d o del D IS C O C IR C U L A R . >\ V "
o i
M to d o d e la C o rte za C ilindrica
f(>
k
V = re| [f(x)J2.lx
f b \ x f(x )d x
M to d o del A N IL L O
l fM IsW V = 4 ( ( f M ] 2 - [ g M ] 2)d x =
V = 2 iu
( x - c ) [ f ( x ) g (x )]d x
v = n J_, { [ f ( x ) - c ]2 -
[ g ( x ) - c|2d x
dx
TD
T E O R E M A DE P APPUS PARA V O LU M E N E S
fry ) I
i*b ,_______ A (S ) = 2 t c J f ( x ) V l + y ,2 d x
V = (A)(27rr) A = rea d e la REGION PLANA I 1 o) H a lla r (x,y) 2) H a lla r r = d ((x,y),L ) 3 o) C alc u la r el rea de la regin F.
T E O R A C O M B IN A TO R IA
si
y* y -,fw ,
te[a'P l
A (S ) = 2 it |^ y ( t ) V [ i< '( t ) ] z + [y ( i ) ] 2 d i
(? ) El n m ero d e perm utacion es distintas d e K objetos tom ados d e un conjun to de N objetos es:
P ( N ,K ) = N! (N -K )! 0! = 1 1! = 1
M o m e n to Respecto al e je X.
M y = j ax [f(x ) - g(x)J d x
fb
K! (N - K)!
(A + B)" = ( ) A " - k BK
K=0
P R O | Al g e b r Si A y B A u B = A n B = A n B' = A = B n A ' = B =
a d e s u c e s o s
B A B
I L I O A O E S TEOREM A DEBAYES: pf
/A )_ P (b m A )
' P (A )
1 1/
V A R IA B L E A L E A T O R IA f ( x ) e s f u n c i n d e d e n s id a d s i :
-4 -0 0
1 )
f(x ) >
0
1
2 o)
)
f
OO
f(x )d x =1
A ' = n o o c u rre e l s u c e s o A B ' = n o o c u rre el su ce so B A n B ' + B n A ' = s lo u n o d e io s su ce so s o c u rre A = AnB + AnB' B = AnB + BnA' Leyes d e D E M O R C A N (A n B )' = A ' u B' ( A u B )' = A ' n B' Si A y B son in c o m p a tib le s => A n B = 0 0 = e v e n to im p o s ib le fi = e ve n to seguro | P R O B A B IL ID A D E S
F (x )= J
_ Ix , x = n
J (t)d t= P [X < x ]
LA M E D IA Y LA V A R IA N Z A
S2 = ~
( , - x) n -1
P (0 ) = 0 , p (n ) = 1 P(A^ j B) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A n B ) P ( A u B u C ) = P (A ) + P (B ) + P (C ) - P (A B ) - P (A C ) - P (B C ) + P (A B C ) P (A ') - 1 - P (A )
l-i = E {X ) = f x f( x ) d x
CC
+0 0
D E F IN IC I N D E V A R IA N Z A . a 2 = V (x ) = E (x - E (x ))2
P (A B C ) = P (A ) P (B /A ) P (C /A B )
El
e2
e 2a
E3a )
P {A ) = P (E ,)P (A /E 1) + P(E 2) P ( A / t 2) + P (E 3W E 3)
TABLA DE DERIVADAS FUNCIN Y=k Y=uvw Y= u v FUNCIN DERIVADA Y' = 0 Y' = u' v' w' Y' = vu' v'u v2 FUNCIN Y=x Y = uv Y = Logk u Y = Ln u
(*)
FUNCIN DERIVADA Y' = 1 Y' = uv' + u'v Y' = Y' = u' u u' u Logk e
(*)
Y = eu Y = cosec u Y = sec u
Y' = u'eu
TRIGONOMTRICAS
Y' = u'cos u Y' = u'sen u Y' = u'(1 + tg2 u) Y' = u' 1 u2 Y' = u' 1 u2 Y' = u' 1 + u2 = (**)
Y= cotg u Y = arcosec u
Y = arcos u Y = artg u
Y = arsec u Y = arcotg u
Y' =
Y' =
u' 1 + u2
Y = uv
Y' = v'uvLn u+vuv1u' Y = f(x) => LnY = Ln f(x) => (Y'/Y) = (Ln f(x))' => Y' = Y(Ln f(x))'
(*) L k = 1/(Log e) n k
u,v,w son funciones de x ; u' es la derivada de u respecto de x, u'=du/dx ; k es una cte. Ln es Log base e ; n y b son nmeros racionales ; |u| es valor absoluto de u.
TABLA DE INTEGRALES FUNCIN k du = k du (u v w) du u dv du u ku du sen u du tg u du sec2 u du FUNCIN INTEGRAL k u u dx v dx w dx FUNCIN k u(x) dx un du f (kx) dx FUNCIN INTEGRAL k u(x) dx un+1 n+1 1 k f(u) du
u v v du
(por partes)
Ln |u| ku Ln k cos u Ln sec u = Ln cos u tg u Ln (sec u+tg u)=Ln tg (u/2) () u () sen (2u) u + tg u sec u ; k>0;k 1
eu du
u du cos u du cotg u du cosec2 u du
eu
u3/2 3/2
3/2 = 2u 3
sec u tg u du sec u sec u du sen2 u du tg2 u du du cos2 u du arsen u = arcos u 1 u2 du u 2 + k2 du k2 u2 du arsen k2 u 2 1 k 1 2k artg u k+u ku u k sen u
cos u
Ln
Ln
Ln (u + 1 k
arcosec
Q ; u, v, w funciones de x.