Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
50 XVII
2000
(Open 971482)
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ISBN 5767600000
, 2000
, 2000
To the memory of our colleague
Lev Zaborovsky
Introductory notes
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. 154, 160.
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Wjcik Z. Zmiana w ukadzie si politycznych w Europie ~rodkowowschodniej w drugiej poowie
XVII wieku. // Kwartalnik Historyczny. LXVII. 1. 1960. S. 2557.
42
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pnocnej 16551660. // Polska w okresie drugiej wojny pnocnej 16551660. Warszawa, 1957.
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relations between the two countries, which were not maintained through the
years of the Thirty Years War. Russian ambassadors came to explain the reasons
of the war between Russia and Rzech Pospolita and to insist on neutrality of
the Empire in this conflict. A special focus was made on preventing the emperor
and kurfurst of Barndenburg from rendering any financial or military assistance
to Rzech Pospolita. It is obvious that Russia was looking for allies in its conflict
with Rzech Pospolita, trying hard to come out of political isolation. However
Austria was interested in keeping aside from any political confrontations. This
restrained character of Habsburgs policy in the middle of the 5th decade of the
17th century was caused by a number of unsolved domestic and international
problems they had to face. That is why vicechancellor of Austria count
Ferdinand Kurz expressed disappointment on the occasion of the developing
conflict and offered an emperors mediation in reconciling Russia and Rzech
Pospolita. However in his answering epistle Ferdinand III omitted mentioning
Little Russia in the title of the Russian tsar, refusing to recognize Russian
sovereignty over Ukraine.
An answering embassy of don Allegretto Allegretti and Theodor Lorbah
started from Austria in the spring of 1655, but while it was on its way to Russia,
Swedish troops invaded Rzech Pospolita. This globalization of the Central
European crisis through the involvement of new states resulted in a change of the
balance of powers in Europe. Just in 7 seven years after the peaceful treaties of
Munster and Osnabruck, the peace in Europe was in danger again. This new
situation inspired Vienna to intensify its diplomatic activities.
Russian government agreed to Habsburgs mediation in its conflict with
Rzech Pospolita and preliminary negotiations started in the village of Nemezha
not far from Vilnius on August 12, 1656. A confessional aspect was especially
important there. Russian government attached a great significance to
strengthening the positions of Orthodox Church and expanding its influence.
On the territories occupied by Russian troops all the activities of Roman
Catholic Church were stopped, Churches closed while Catholic monks either
flew to Poland, or embraced Orthodox faith. The demands to stop celebrating
liturgies according to the Latin rite extended to such religious centers as Vilnius,
Grodno and Troki. During the negotiations Russian diplomats considered the
situation to be favorable for securing an abolition of the Church Union in
Ukraine. On August 28 Russian ambassadors unexpectedly suggested the
candidature of Alexey Mikhaylovich for the Polish throne. The possibility of
ascension of the Russian tsar to the Polish throne intervened not only with
Habsburgs dynastic plans, but with the interests of Apostolic See as well. The
future of Catholicism not only in Poland, but in the whole South Eastern Europe
was at stake. That is why emperors ambassador Allegretto Allegretti strictly
46
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Christoph Augustynowicz
The Polish&Russian war 1654&1657 and the imperial mediation
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Christoph Augustynowicz
The Polish&Russian war 1654&1657 and the imperial mediation
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1648
1660 . .: Historia dyplomacji Polskiej. Tom 2. 15721795. Warszawa, 1982. S. 189218.
2
Mironowicz A. Prawoslawie i unia za panowania Jana Kazimierza. Biaystok, 1997. (= Dissertationes
Universitatis Varsoviensis 443) S. 124129.
3
Kersten A. Hieronim Radziejowski. Studium wadzy i opozycji. Warszawa, 1988. S. 275279, 342
345, 362363.
4
Pribram A.F. Die Berichte des kaiserlischen Gesandten Franz von Lisola aus den Jahren 1655
1660. Wien, 1887. S. 1334.
5
Adelung F. v. Kritischliterdrische Ubersicht der Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, deren Berichte
bekannt sind, Bd. 2. St. Petersburg, 1846 (Neudruck: Amsterdam, 1960) S. 328329.
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32
Costin M. Opere. Buc., 1958. P. 174175; . : Nistor I. Contribuii la relaiunile dintre
Moldova i Ucraina n veacul XVIIlea // Analele Academiei Romfng. Mem. sec. ist. Seria III.
T. XIII. Buc., 19321933. P. 24.
33
. . 10 1654 .: .
. 124. . . 1. 1654 . . 28. . 2025.
34
. . 68. . . 1. 1655 . . 1. . 817.
35
. : .. Ii . , 1931. . IX. . 2. . 1105
1109.
36
1655 . .: Dempny Lidia, Dempny L., Stoicescu N. Rgscoala
seimenilor sau rgscoala popularg? 1655. ara Romfneascg. Buc. 1968.
37
Dempny Lidia. Relaiile seimenilor cu cazacii n timpul micgrii populare din 1655 n ara
Romfneascg // Studii privind relaiile romnoruse. Buc., 1963. P. 6.
38
Ibid. P. 7.
39
Ibid. P. 1011.
40
DR. Vol. V/2. P. 1920.
41
Gemil T. grile Romfne n contextul politic internaional (16211672). Buc., 1979. P. 159160.
42
DR. Vol. IX/1. P. 7273.
43
. . 68. . . 2. 1656 . . 28. . 12 .
44
. . 1. 1656 . . 1. . 6069;
.: .. (
, , ) //
. , 1975. . 125196.
45
.
..
50& . XVII .
( )
131
L.E. Semenova
(Moscow)
DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES
IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
OF THE 5TH DECADE OF THE17TH CENTURY
(Sources from Russian State Archives of Old Acts)
Summary
The war for independence of Ukraine started in 1648 had a major effect on the
political situation in Eastern and SouthEastern Europe. Zaporozhie Cossaks
military success in their fight against Rzech Pospolita and diplomatic activity of
Bogdan Chmelnitsky became an important factor of international relations in
132
the region. After making allies with Crimean Khanate and starting negotiations
with Ottoman Empire, Bogdan Chmelnitsky was able to concentrate on winning
a support of other countries. He established relations with Russia and Transylvania
and signed a treaty with Moldavia trying to make it his ally.
A decision of Pereyaslavskaya Rada (1654), which made the Cossacks of
Zaporozhie headed by hetman Bogdan Chmelnitsky Russian subjects, resulted
in a polarization of interests of the countries involved in the conflict between
Russia, Poland and Ukraine thus shaping two political blocks. Russia and Ukraine
were countered by Rzech Pospolita and Crimea backed by Ottoman Empire.
This situation made Danubian Principalities and Transylvania an object of rivalry
between the warring parties who did their best to strengthen their influence in
these countries in order to use Principalities and Transylvania in their political
schemes.
Rzech Pospolita was making its best to get a military support from the
Principalities, while Ottoman Empire kept demanding their active interference
in favor of Poland against Russia and Ukraine. On the other hand Russian and
Ukrainian diplomacy made some steps to distract the Principalities from possible
alliance with Rzech Pospolita. An embassy headed by G.F. Samarin was sent
from Moscow to Moldavia and Walachia with the task of ensuring their neutrality
in case of war between Russia and Poland. Bogdan Chmelnitsky, establishing his
own contacts with Moldavian and Walachian rulers, was also an important part
of Russian diplomacy in Danubian region.
On the other hand, the development of international situation made rulers
of the Principalities interested in negotiations with Bogdan Chmelnitsky and
through his mediation with Russia. It was partially due to the projects of
Transylvanian prince Rakoczi II, who was looking forward to use them in his
plans of acquiring Polish crown. This situation put Moldavia under a menace of
Tartar attack and in March 1656 Moldavian gospodar G. Stefan sent an embassy
to Moscow asking to accept him and his subjects into Russian allegiance.
However these negotiations between Russia and Moldavia were cancelled
due to the complication of international situation. Waging a war against Sweden,
Russian government did not want this Moldavian connection to aggravate its
relations with Crimea and Ottoman Empire. It was the same priority of keeping
peace on its Southern borders, which made Russia to ignore G. Stefans appeal
for help later in 1658. Recommencement of war against Poland made keeping
on good terms with Ottoman Empire and Crimea even more vital for Russia.
133
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O.V. Khavanova
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The foreign policy of the principality of Transylvania in the context
of international relations in the middle of the 17th century
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Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. Levelek ps okiratok / Kbzzptette S. Szilhgyi. Bp., 1890. I. kbt.;
Bp., 1891. II. kbt.
2
Okmhnythr II. Rhkczi Gybrgy diplomhciai bsszekbttetpseihez / Szerk. S. Silhgyi. Bp., 1890
1891 (Monumenta Hungariae historica. I. Diplomataria. Vol. 23).
3
A kpt Rhkczi Gybrgy fejedelem csalhdi levelezpse / Kiad. S. Szilhgyi. Bp., 1875 (Monumenta
Hungariae historica. I. Diplomataria. Vol. 24).
4
Erdplyi orszhggyvlpsi Emlpkek. Monumenta comitialia regni Transsylvaniae, 15401699 / Szerk.
S. Szilhgyi. Vol.11. Bp., 18751898.
5
, . , 18631892. . 3, 4, 7, 11.
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, 16481657. , 1961.
7
Szilhgyi S. II. Rhkczi Gzbrgy, 16211660. Bp., 1891. 5758. old. (Magyar tbrtpneti ple
trajzok. 19).
8
Ibid. 6264. old.
9
Szilhhyi S. II. Rhkczi Gzbrgy. 68. old
10
Ibid. 7172. old.
11
Erdply tbrtpnete / Szerk L. Makkai, Z. Szhsz. Bp., 1986. II. kbt.: 1606tl 1830ig. 712. old.
12
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13
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14
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18
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19
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20
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21
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Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. II. kbt. 237. old.
23
Ibidem. 240. old.
24
Okmhnythr II. Rhkczi Gybrgy diplomhciai bsszekbttetpseihez. 546. old.
25
. . 3. . 557.
26
Erdply ps az pszakkeleti hhborw. II. kbt. 246. old.
27
. ., 1879. . 11. . 761.
28
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29
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30
01.XI.1659 .:
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O.V. Khavanova
(Moscow)
150
ally as the most powerful Protestant ruler) on the partition of Poland and
blindly trusted Bogdan Chmelnitsky, whose alliance with the prince of
Transylvania was a tactical move, aimed at reaching full independence from
Russia.
After the pompous start of the Polish campaign in January 1657 and
successful siege of Krakow and Warsaw the fortune has changed. Carl Gustav
had to withdraw his troops from the Polish theater of war because of the invasion
of the Danish king in Sweden. At the same time there was an escalation of
contradictions between the between Transylvanian and Ukrainian troops, and
by the June 1657 Rakoczy was abandoned by both his Ukrainian and Swedish
allies. Infuriated by unauthorized activity of his vassal Ottoman sultan launched
a punitive war against Transylvania. As a result the Transylvanian army was
defeated, most of its soldiers were captivated by the Tartars, the Principality lost
its role in the European diplomacy and its plans of a closer confederation with
Danubian principalities and reunification of Hungary remained unfulfilled.
151
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
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11
, , ,
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. 189.).
12
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., 2000. . 417430.
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international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
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. . 417430 ( ).
. . 2. . 186; .. ,
( .. ... 41).
, , ,
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. 194, 215, 231, LXVIILXXI; .. .
16
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17
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19
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XVI XVIII //
. ., 1895. . 43. . 15 (1). . 158159.
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23
. . 1214. ,
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. 1. 25. 12.05.1649 (7157) . . 1. .: . . 2. 72. . 174175 (. 2324:
01.05.1649 . ,
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302. . 68.
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. .: . 1. 2. 13.10.1651 (7160) . . 2.
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.. XVII . //
. XVII . ., 1990.
. 170174; ..
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. 20, 24.
34
. 1. 36. 20.06.1651 (7159) .
35
. : . 2. 153. 04.12.1638 . ( ..
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15.11.1644 .; 350. 27.08.1649 .; 356. 02.12.1649 .; 365. 08.01.1650 .
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. 1. 32. 01.06.1651 . . 7.
37
. . 3. 82. .175178.
38
.. //
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.: . 2. 172. 17.01.1641 . ( .. ... 27); 184.
02.02.1642 .; 203. 30.08.1643 .; 209. 02.02.1644; 265. 21.10.1646 . ( ..
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. 42 ( 1651 .) (
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); 319. 26.09.1648 . ( ); 320.
27.09.1648 .; 384. 04.01.1651 . (. : 419. 1651 .
; .. ... 42).
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. 1. 5. 04.10.1652 (7161) . . 23; . 1112, 3746 ( );
174
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
. 1314 (
, ).
41
: . 2. 207. 1645 . (
.. 13.01.1644 .); 246. 01.10.1645 .; 247.
11.10.1645 . ( .. ... . 31. 33); 323. 15.12.1648 . (
: . 1. 10. 1648 (7157) . ( 1649 .) (. . :
. . 2. 48. . 123126); 396. [( ?) 1651 .?] (: . 1. 32.
01.06.1651 (7159) . . 1316). 207, 246 247, ,
: . 1. 15. 27.12.1644 (7153) ., 1645 .); 5. 12/14.10.1645
(7154) . , , . .
. .: ..
(4050 .
XVII .) // : . 450
(1549 .). . ( ).
42
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: ( )
. . 2. 654 [ 1648 .?].
43
. 1. 10. 01.03.1654 (7162) . . 13.
44
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: (4050 . XVII .) //
. . 2. ( ).
45
. 2. 379. 16.12.1650 ., . 311 (. : . 1. 23. 07.02.1651 (7159) . . 511).
46
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: . . 89.
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47
.. ... . 563565.
48
. 1. 27. . 3, 710.
49
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(7159) . ( 1651 ., , 1653 .). . 154.
52
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XVII . // . XVII .
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55
.. ... . 568571.
56
, :
, , . . 1. 8. 20.11.1650
(7159) . . 277 . (1653 .).
57
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); ..
. ., 1893. ,
,
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. 7 (.: . . 3. 238. . 551552).
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. 2. 513. 22.03.1654 . ( .. ... 53. . 46).
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64
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65
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Contemporain. 2qme sprie. 1956. T. 10. P. 418454; I. i i
i // ( 400i i
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: , ,
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( , , , (
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176
69
V.G. Chentsova
Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
. . 3. . 6. ,
(16491660 .). , 1908. XVIIIXIX, XXXXXXI
( ).
70
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71
,
: , 800
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74
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75
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78
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79
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01.11 07.11.1658 (7167) . ( 1659 .). . 25, 10.
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III
: Tamborra A. Problema turco, unione delle Chiese e diluvio
polacco nella seconda meth del Seicento: lazione diplomaticoreligiosa di Petar Parcevic //
Filologia e letteratura. Studi in onore di S.Graciotti. Estratto. P. 780.
91
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177
178
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Sources from the Greek collection of the Russian State archives of old acts on the
international relations in eastern and south eastern Europe
through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
: , ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
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. 2. 601. 30.05.1660 . . 11 ., . . . 23. . : . 1. 3. 01.11 08.11.
1658 (7167) . ( 1659 .). . 1620; 4. 15.12.1657 (7165) . . 40.
104
. 2. 329. 01.1649 .; . 1. 14. 01.05. 1655 (7163) . . 8; 25. 10.07.1656 (7164) .
. 2931. ,
(. : . . 36.); 16. 05.05.1655
(7163) . . 96, 98 ( , ,
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. 25. 10.07.1656 (7164) . . 4, 910; . . 38.
106
. 11. 17.02.1657 . . 22.
107
. 14. 01.05.1655 . . 11
108
. 16. 05.05.1655 (7163) . . 26.
109
. 24. 01.05.1656 (7164) . . 78.
110
. 24. 16.06.1657 (7165) . . 45.
11
1 ( ) ,
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. .89. . 1. 19.04.1657. 1. . 18. ,
.
, .
112
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113
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(Moscow)
..
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179
Pospolita who lost its control over the Cossacks of Zaporozhie, but the interests of
still powerful Ottoman Empire as well. Its government circles cherished some hopes
for a union of the Cossacks of Zaporozhie with khan of Crimea who was an Ottoman
vassal, and for hetman Bogdan Chmenitskys entering the Ottoman allegiance.
Orthodox population of Balkans and the Great Church, which was the only
official spokesman of its ethnic and confessional interests, were also involved in
this complicated tangle of political interests. Being among the main informers,
who provided Russian government with the information on events in Ukraine,
Principalities of Moldavia and Walachia and Ottoman Empire, the Greeks
inevitably contributed to the development of these events. They also played an
important role being used directly in the diplomatic contacts between the countries
involved. Greek merchants and clergymen were among the diplomats whose
mediation was used in the negotiations between Russian government and hetman
Bogdan Chmelnitsky. Among these Greek diplomats were patriarch Paisios of
Jerusalem, metropolitan Gabriel of Nazareth, expatriarch of Constantinople
Athanasios Patelaros, Ivan Petrov (Ioannes Bardas Taphrali) metropolitan
Ioasaph of Corinth, father Daniel of Athens and others.
It is this role, played by the Greeks in the diplomatic relations and
information gathering, that determines the importance of the study of the
Contacts between Greece and Russia series (f. 52) of Russian State Archives of
Old Acts (Greek Acts). This series provides a huge resource of barely studied
and unpublished documents on the history of international relations in Europe,
Russian and Ukrainian diplomacy, GreekRussian and GreekUkrainian
relations, etc. The series accumulated a quantity Russian and Greek documents
containing an information on the developments of political situation in Ottoman
Empire and neighboring countries. The protocols of interrogations of Greek
merchants and clergymen, who were put through it in the border town of Putivl
or at Foreign Office in Moscow, are of special interest for the study. During these
interrogations the travelers were telling the news they picked up on the way. The
other important source is Russian versions of Greek diplomatic relations made
by Greek travelers. Inventories No2 and 3 of the Greek Acts series of the
Archives contain originals of the Greek and Slavic diplomatic correspondence
delivered to Russian Foreign Office. That includes News Letters (vestovye
pisma) with important political news and messages from Oriental patriarchs
and high Greek clergy to Russian tsar. A detailed study of these sources is
extremely important for understanding of international politics in SouthEastern
Europe through the 5th decade of the 17th century.
180
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. ., 1864. . 483485. 160.
: .. ,
XVII . ., 1981. . 73.
182
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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188
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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190
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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192
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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194
S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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S.F. Faizov
Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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Khan Muchammed Gireys letter to tsar Alexey Michailovich on the occasion of khans
intronization in the context of the relations between Russia and Crimea in 1654.
(Text, translation and commentaries)
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M.S. Meyer
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218
219
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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:
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() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
16541657 .
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
50 . XVII .
() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
XVII .:
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50 .XVII .
( )
220
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50 . XVII . ( )
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50 XVII .
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
50 . XVII .
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
1654 .
( )
.. () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
221
CONTENTS
Introductory notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B.N. Florea (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5th decade of the 17th century in the history of international
relations in the central part of eurasia and the problem of
publication of sources on russian and ukrainian diplomatic
activity of the time
L.V. Zaborovsky (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The last opportunity for peacemaking: B.A. Repnins
negotiations in Lvov in 1653
Iskra Schawrcz (Vienna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Diplomatic relations between Austria and Russia through the
first years of Northern War
Christoph Augustynowicz (Vienna) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
The Polishrussian War 16541657 and the imperial
mediation
E.I. Kobzareva (Moscow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Documents from Russian State archives of old acts on the
conflict between Sweden and Russia in the 5th decade of the
17th century
Stellan Dalgren (Uppsala) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Swedens relations to Eastern Europe in the 1650s swedish
historiography and source material in Sweden
Olga Ivanova (Aarhus) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The russiandanish negotiations in the 50s of the 17th century
(the history and sources)
222
88 50 XVII / , .
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