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Ha Hc 11

Axit - Baz - mui

I. Cc nh ngha axit - baz: (Theo Bronsted) 1. Axit: - N: L cht c kh nng cho proton. - Cc cht l axit: + Tt c cc phn t axit thng thng: HCl, H2SO4, H2S, HNO3, ... CM: HCl + H2O Cl- + H3O+ + Ion dng: NH4+, mt s ion kim loi c hiroxit khng tan (Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Be2+, Sn2+, ...) c trong mui tan. VD1: Ho tan FeCl3 vo nc c dd lm qu tm ho , v: FeCl3 Fe3+ + 3Cl[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + H2O [Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ + H3O+ (khi tan vo nc cc ion kim loi b hirat ho (ngm nc)). VD2: Ho tan NH4NO3 vo nc c dd lm qu tm ho , v: NH4NO3 NH4+ + NO3NH3 + H3O+ NH4+ + H2O + Ion m: gc axit mnh con cha H+ linh ng (HSO4-, ...). VD: dd NaHSO4 ho tan vo nc lm qu tm ho , v: NaHSO4 Na+ + HSO4HSO4- + H2O SO42- + H3O+

2. Baz: - N: L cht c kh nng nhn proton. - Cc cht l baz: + Tt c cc phn t baz thng thng: NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH,C6H5NH2 CM: NaOH + H2O NaH2O+ + OH+ Ion m: gc axit yu khng c hiro (CO32-, S2-, CH3COO-, ALO2-,ZnO22-, CN-, F-, ...) v C6H5O. VD1: Ho tan Na2S vo nc c dd l qu tm ho xanh, v: Na2S 2Na+ + S2S2- + H2O HS- + OHVD2: Ho tan Na2CO3 vo nc c dd l qu tm ho xanh, v: Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OH+ Mt s phn t cht khc: Amin (R-NH2), NH3, ... VD: Cho qu tm vo dd NH3 th qu tm ho xanh v:
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2 NH4+ + OH-

Ha Hc 11

NH3 + H2O
Lu :

+ Cc p axit - baz c nc tham gia phn ng, ch c vit mi tn thun nghch ( ). + So snh khi nim axit - baz theo Areniut v Bronsted: Quan im Axit Baz Pham vi p dng Theo Areniut Cht trong dung Cht trong dung Vi dung mi l dch nc phn ly dch nc phn ly nc cho ion OHcho ion H+ Theo Bronsted Cht c kh nng Cht c kh nng Bao gm c dung cho proton (H+) nhn proton (H+) mi l nc v dung mi khc hoc khng c dung mi 3. Cht lng tnh: - N: L cht va c kh nng cho va c kh nng nhn proton. - Cc cht lng tnh: + Cc hiroxit lng tnh: Tn hiroxit Dng baz Dng axit Tn axit Berili hiroxit Be(OH)2 H2BeO2 Axit Berilic Km hiroxit Zn(OH)2 H2ZnO2 Axit Zincic Nhm hiroxit Al(OH)3 HAlO2.H2O Axit meta Aluminic Crom horoxit Cr(OH)3 HCrO2.H2O Axit Crom + + Mt s ion m: Gc axit yu cha H (HCO3 , HS , ...) VD: Chng minh NaHCO3 l cht lng tnh: NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3HCO3- + OH(axit) HCO3- + H3O+ (baz) CO32- + H2O

H2CO3 + H2O

(Lu : Khi chng minh mt cht lng tnh (tr Nc): chng minh tnh axit ca n ta cho tc dng vi kim mnh (OH-). chng minh tnh baz ca n ta cho tc dng vi axit mnh (H+)). + Mt s phn t cht khc: H2O, (NH4)2CO3, NH2-CH2-COOH, ...

VD: Chng minh H2O l cht lng tnh: HCO3- + H2O (baz) HCO3- + H2O (axit) 4. Cht trung tnh:
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H3O+ + CO32-

H2CO3 + OH-

(Lu : chng minh nc l cht lng tnh ta cho n tc dng vi cht lng tnh.)

GV : Nguyn V Minh

- N: L cht khng c kh nng cho cng - Cc cht trung tnh: + Cc mui trung ho in c to bi axit mnh v baz mnh: NaCl, MgSO4, ... + Ion dng ca kim loi mnh: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Ba2+, ... + Ion m ca axit mnh khng c H+: Cl-, SO42-, Br-, I-, NO3-, ClO4-, ... II. Dung dch axit - baz: - Dung dch axit l dd c cha H+ (hoc H3O+) - Dung dch baz l dd c cha OHIII. Phn ng axit - baz: - Phn ng axit - baz: l p trong c s cho v nhn proton. - Cc p thuc loi p axit - baz: + dd axit tc dng vi dd baz : VD... + dd axit tc dng vi baz khng tan : VD... + dd axit tc dng vi oxit baz khng tan : VD... IV. Gi tr pH ca dung dch: - Khi nim: pH l 1 i lng biu th nng H+ (hay H3O+) trong dd nc di dng biu thc ton hc: pH = -lg[H+] (hoc [H+] = 10-pH) - Cch tnh pH: + Dung dch axit: n H [H+] pH + Dung dch baz: 10 14 + C1: n OH [OH ] [H ] = pH [OH ] C2: n OH [OH-] pOH pH = 14 - pOH - Mi trng dd v pH: Mi trng pH Gi tr [H+] + -7 [H ]=10 Trung tnh pH =7 + -7 [H ]>10 Axit pH <7 + -7 [H ]<10 Baz pH >7 - Tch s ion ca nc:
+

Ha Hc 11 3 khng c kh nng nhn proton.

H2O H+ + OH[H+].[OH-] = 10-14 [H+] = [OH-] = 10-7+ Ch : Khi cho dd HCl tc dng vi dd mui CO32- hoc HCO3- th tu theo cch cho tc dng m p xy ra c s khc nhau: pH(HCl) << 5 pH(H 2 CO 3 ) = 5 pH(CO 3 2 ) = 12 pH(HCO 3 ) = 8. + TH1: Khi cho t t dd HCl vo dd CO32- th phn ng xy ra theo trnh t: H H CO32- + HCO3- + CO2 (pH = 12) (pH = 8) (pH = 5) 2+ TH2: Khi cho t t dd CO3 vo dd HCl th phn ng xy ra theo trnh t:
+ +

3 CO2 H+ (pH = a << 5) (pH = 5)

CO

2-

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Ha Hc 11

+ TH3: Khi cho t t dd HCl vo dd hn hp CO32- v HCO3- phn ng xy ra theo trnh t sau: H HCO3(1): CO32- + H (2): HCO3- + CO2 + TH4: Khi cho t t dd hn hp CO32- v HCO3- vo dd HCl th ng thi xy ra cc phn ng sau: H CO2 (1): HCO3- + 2+H HCO3(2): CO3 V. Mui: Mui l hp cht khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation kim loi (hoc NH4+) v
+ + + +

anion gc axit Phn loi + Mui trung ho l mui m anion gc axit khng cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra H+: Na2CO3, BaCl2, K2SO4, .... + Mui axit l mui m anion gc axit vn cn hiro c kh nng phn li ra H+ : NaHCO3, NaHSO4, KH2PO4.... ( lu : trong gc axit ca mt s mui nh Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2 vn cn hiro nhng l mui trung ho v cc hiro khng c kh nng phn li ra ion H+).

Mui to bi Thu phn Axit mnh v Khng baz mnh Axit mnh v C baz yu Axit yu v baz C mnh Axit yu v baz C yu - VD1: Dung dch NaCl: NaCl

Mi trng Trung tnh Tnh axit Tnh baz Tu qu trnh cho hay nhn proton Na+ + Cl-

pH pH =7 pH <7 pH >7 Tu trng hp

Cc ion Na+ v Cl- u khng c kh nng cho hay nhn proton vi nc nn chng u l cc ion trung tnh. Vy dd trung tnh, pH=7

- VD2: Dung dch CH3COONa: CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+

Dung dch d ion OH- nn c mi trng baz, pH>7

CH3COO- + H2O

CH3COOH + OH-

- VD3: Dung dch NH4Cl: NH4Cl NH4+ + ClNH4+ + H2O

+

NH3 + H3O+

Dung dch d ion H3O nn c mi trng axit, pH<7 - c bit: Mt s mui c kh nng thu phn hon ton: Al2S3 , ... Mui Al2S3 khi tan trong nc tc dng nhanh vi nc to nn kh H2S v kt ta Al(OH)3 theo phn ng: Al2S3 + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S Phn ng thc t hon ton, ngha l phn ng 1 chiu, v trong trng hp ny to nn ng thi 1 axit yu d bay hi H2S v 1 baz yu kt ta Al(OH)3 lm cn bng chuyn dch hon ton v pha phi. V vy Al2S3 khng tn ti trong dung dch.

Bi tp p dng Bi 1: Pht biu nh ngha axit, baz ca bronsted. Cho qu tm vo cc dd sau y: NH4Cl, CH3COOK, Ba(NO3)2, Na2CO3. Cc dd s c mu gi? Hy gii thch? Bi 2: T quan im axit - baz ca Bronsted hy cho bit tnh axit, baz , trung tnh hay lng tnh ca cc dd sau: NaCl, NH4Cl, CH3COONa, Na2S, NaHCO3, Al(NO3)3. t : 0914449230 Email : ngvuminh249@yahoo.com

GV : Nguyn V Minh Ha Hc 11 5 + 2+ Bi 3: Theo nh ngha mi v axit - baz th cc ion: HCO3 , Na , NH4 , CO3 , CH3COO-, HSO4-, K+, Cl- l axit, baz , trung tnh hay lng tnh? V sao? Trn c s hy d on cc dd sau y c gi tr pH ln hn hay nh hn 7: Na2CO3, CH3COONa, NaHSO4, KCl, NH4Cl. Bi 4: Cc cht v ion cho di y ng vai tr axit, baz, lng tnh hay trung tnh: NH4+, Al(H2O)3+, C6H5O-, S2-, Zn(OH)2, Na+, Cl-? Ti sao? Bi 5: Dng thuyt Bronsted hy gii thch v sao cc cht Al(OH)3, H2O, NaHCO3 c coi l cc cht lng tnh? Bi 6: S thu phn mui l g? Nhng loi mui no b thu phn trong dd? Mi trng hp cho v d minh ho. Cho bit vai tr ca nc trong phn ng thu phn? Bi 7: Hy gii thch ti sao nc nguyn cht c pH = 7 v nc c ho tan CO2 ( ngoi khng kh) li c pH < 7? Bi 8: Ho tan 5 mui: NaCl, NH4Cl, AlCl3, Na2S, C6H5ONa vo nc thnh 5 dd, sau cho vo mi dd 1 mu qu tm hi quu tm chuyn sang mu g? Bi 9: nh gi gn ng gi tr pH (>7, =7, <7) ca cc dd nc ca cc cht sau: Ba(NO3)2, CH3COOH, Na2CO3, NaHSO4, CH3NH2. Bi 10: Cho cc cht sau y: Zn(OH)2, (NH4)2CO3, NH3, NaCl. Cht no khng tn ti trong mi trng kim, mi trng axit? Gii thch? Cht no tn ti trong mi trng kim, mi trng axit? Bi 11: Pha long 200 ml dd Ba(OH)2 vi 1,3 lt nc thu c dd c pH = 12. Tnh nng mol/l ban u ca dd Ba(OH)2. (S: 0,0375M) Bi 12: Phi thm bao nhiu gam axit sunfuric vo 2 lt dd c pH = 3 c dd c pH = 1? (Coi th tch dd khng thay i) (S: 9,702gam) Bi 13: Tnh pH ca dd thu c khi cho 1 lt dd H2SO4 0,005M tc dng vi 4 lt dd NaOH 0,005M? (S: pH = 11,3) Bi 14: Cho dd axit mnh c pH = 5 vo dd baz mnh c pH = 9. Tnh t l th tch gia 2 dd thu c dd c pH = 8. (S:
V pH =5 V pH =9

9 ) 11

Bi 15: Mt dung dch A gm 0,03 mol Mg 2+ ; 0,06 mol Al3+ ; 0,06 mol NO3 v 0,09 mol SO 24 . Mun c dung dch trn th cn 2 mui no? A. Mg(NO3 )2 v Al2 (SO 4 )3 B. MgSO4 v Al(NO3 )3

C. C A v B u ng. D. C A v B u sai. + + Bi 16: Mt dung dch cha a mol K , b mol NH4 , c mol CO32-, d mol Cl, e mol SO42-. Biu thc lin h gia a, b, c, d, e l: A. a + b = c + d + e B. 39a + 18b = 60c + 35,5d + 96e C. a + b = 2c + d + 2e D. a + 4b = 6c + d + 8e Bi 17: Mt dd c cha 4 ion vi thnh phn: 0,01 mol Na+, 0,02 mol Mg2+, 0,015 mol SO42-, x molCl. Gi tr ca x l: A. 0,015 B. 0,020 C. 0,035 D. 0,010 + Bi 18: Dung dch A cha 0,2 mol SO 24 v 0,3 mol Cl cng vi x mol K . Gi tr ca x: A. 0,5 mol B. 0,7 mol C. 0,8 mol D. 0,1 mol + Bi 19: Dung dch A cha 0,2 mol SO 24 v 0,3 mol Cl cng vi x mol K . C cn dung dch thu c khi lng mui khan l: A. 53,6 g B. 26,3 g C. 45,8 g D. 57,5 g 2+ 2+ 2+ Bi 20: DD A c cha cc ion Ba , Mg , Ca v 0,2 mol Cl ; 0,3 mol NO3 . Thm dn dn dd Na2CO3 1M vo dd A cho n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th ngng. Th tch dd Na 2CO3 cn dng l: t : 0914449230 Email : ngvuminh249@yahoo.com

GV : Nguyn V Minh Ha Hc 11 6 A. 500 ml B. 125 ml C. 200 ml D. 250 ml 3+ 2+ Bi 21: Mt dung dch cha 2 cation: 0,02mol Al , 0,03 mol Fe v 2 anion: x mol Cl, y mol SO42-. Khi c cn dung dch thu c 7,23 g cht rn khan. Dung dch cha 2 mui l: B Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 A. Al2(SO4)3, FeCl2 C. AlCl3, FeSO4 D. AlCl3, Fe2(SO4)3 Bi 22: Cho 50ml dung dch HCl 0,10 M tc dng vi 50ml dung dch NaOH 0,12 M thu c dung dch A. Cho qu tm vo dung dch A, qu c mu: A. B. xanh C. tm D.khng mu Bi 23: Trn 70ml dung dch HCl 0,12M vi 30ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,10M thu c dd A c pH bng: A. 0,26 B.1,26 C. 2,62 D, 1,62 + + Bi 24: Trong V lt dd HCl 0,5 M c s mol H bng s mol H c trong 0,3 lt dd H2SO4 0,2 M.Gi tr ca V l: A. 0,12 B. 2,67 C. 0,24 D. 1,33 Bi 25: Trong V (ml) dung dch NaOH 0,5 M c s mol OH bng s mol OH c trong 35,46ml dung dch KOH 14% (D= 1,128 g/ml). Gi tr ca V l: A. 400 B.300 C. 200 D. 100 Bi 26: Thm 900 ml nc vo 100 ml dung dch HCl c pH = 2 th thu c dung dch mi c pH bng:A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Bi 27 : trn V1 lt dung dch HCl (pH = 5) vi V2 lt dung dch NaOH (pH = 9)thu c dd c pH =8 . T l V1/ V2 l: A. 1/3 B. 3/1 C. 9/11 D. 11/9 Bi 28 : Cho dung dch X gm HNO3 v HCl c pH = 1. Trn V (ml) dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,025 M vi 100ml dung dch X thu c dung dch Y c pH = 2. Gi tr ca V l: A. 125 ml B. 150 ml C. 175 ml D. 250 ml Bi 29 : a/ Cho dd c pH = 4. Tnh nng ion OH cha trong dd . b/ Tnh pH ca dd thu c khi trn nhng th tch bng nhau ca HNO3 0,02M v dd NaOH 0,01M. Bi 30 : Tnh pH ca dd HNO3 0,02M Bi 31 : Tnh nng mol/l ca dd NaOH c pH = 10, tnh pH ca dd KOH 0,01M. Bi 32 : a/ Thm t t 100g dd H2SO4 98% vo nc iu chnh c 11 dd A. Tnh nng mol ca ion H+ trong dd A. b/ Phi thm vo 1 lt dd A trn bao nhiu lt dd NaOH 108M thu c - Dung dch c pH = 1 - Dung dch c pH = 13 Cho bit trong dd nc lun c [H+] [OH-] = 10-14 Bi 33 : Cho dd HCl c pH = 4. Hi phi thm mt th tch nc gp bao nhiu ln th tch dd ban u c 1 dd c pH = 5.

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