Chemistry: Study of Matter

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Classification of Matter
MATTER - Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space (has volume) - All matter is made of particles

Phases of Matter
Solids have definite shape and volume Liquids have definite volume but not shape Gases no definite shape and volume

Phases of Matter

Classification of Matter
MATTER

SUBSTANCE
- Has fixed or definite composition
- Unique set of properties

MIXTURES
- Composed of two or more substances

Substances
Have definite composition and properties

SUBSTANCES
ELEMENTS
Simplest type of matter Composed of only one type of atom

COMPOUNDS
- combination of different elements in a definite ratio

Elements
Simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom Found in the periodic table Examples:
Oxygen represented as O Magnesium represented as Mg Carbon represented as C

Classification of Elements
1. Metals conductivity, luster, malleability, ductility 2. Nonmetals non-conductivity, reactivity 3. Metalloids combination of metallic and nonmetallic properties (semiconductors)

 There are 81 non-radioactive elements. All elements heavier than barium, Ba, atomic number 83, are radioactive, are technetium, 43, and promethium, 61. There are 92 naturally occuring elements. Elements 93 to 118 (but not 117) must be prepared synthetically and may exist for microseconds or less.

Elements: Classification

Elements: Classification

Allotropes
Elements simplest type of matter and composed of only one type of atom. Allotropes one of two or more forms of an element in the same physical state
Carbon graphite (black solid) and diamond (clear hard solid) Oxygen O2 (elemental oxygen) and O3 (Ozone)

Allotropes

Compounds
Combination of different atoms/elements in a definite ratio Has unique properties Examples: 1. Water represented as H2O 2. Carbon Dioxide represented as CO2

COMPOUNDS
Definite composition of compounds can be described in two ways: 1. Type and the number of atoms 2. Masses or %mass of each element in the compound Example: H2O has a definite composition of: 1. 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen 2. 2.032 g (11.27%) of hydrogen and 16.00 g (88.83%) of oxygen for each 18.032 g of H2O

Compound name Formula

Acetaminophen Acetic acid Ammonia Ascorbic Acid Baking soda C9H9NO2 C 2 H 4 O2 NH3 C 6 H 8 O6 NaHCO3

Uses
Pain reliever Ingredient in vinegar Fertilizer, household cleaner Vitamin C Cooking

Butane
Caffeine Ethanol Methane Phosphoric acid Salt Sucrose Water

C4H10
C8H10N4O2 C 2 H6 O CH4 H3PO4 NaCl C12H22O11 H2 O

Lighter fuel
Stimulant in coffee, tea, soda Disinfectant, alcoholic beverages Natural gas, fuel Flavoring in soda Flavoring Sweetener Washing, cooking, cleaning

Classification of Matter
MATTER

SUBSTANCE
Has fixed or definite composition Unique set of properties

MIXTURES
Composed of two or more substances

MIXTURES
MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS
Has only one phase and uniform composition phases

HETEROGENOUS
made up of 2 or more phases has indefinite composition and prop.

COLLOIDS

intermediate phase between homogeneous and heterogeneous phase ( 1 1000nm)

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
Has only one phase and has uniform phase all throughout Also known as SOLUTIONS COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION 1. Solvent in greater amount 2. Solute in lesser amount Note: solute is dissolved in solvent (dissolution process)

EXAMPLES OF SOLUTION

Consist of TWO OR MORE different substances or phases. Classified as: -Suspensions -Colloids -Coarse mixtures

COLLOIDS
Colloids is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another substance They exhibit TYNDALL EFFECT Tyndall Effect scattering of light when it passes through a colloidal medium

TYNDALL EFFECT

COLLOIDS
Unlike in solutions, the components of a colloid are the following:
1. Dispersed particle 2. Dispersing medium NOTE: Instead of dissolution, we have dispersion.

EXAMPLES OF COLLOIDS

COLLOIDS vs SOLUTIONS

TYPES OF COLLOIDS

SUSPENSIONS
Particles in a suspension are larger than those in colloids or solutions; they are visible under a microscope, and some can be seen with the naked eye.

COARSE MIXTURES
- consist of visibly different substances or phases. - parts can be separated by physical means.

Seatwork
1. table salt 2. milk 3.tears 4. 70%isopropyl alcohol 5. mercury 6. fruit salad 7. blood 8. cough syrup 9. acetic acid 10. coccaine

SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS

DECANTATION

Distillation set up

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER: SUMMARY

NO

ELEMENTS

SUBSTANCE
NO Can it be decomposed by chemical process? YES

COMPOUNDS

MATTER
Can it be separated by physical process? YES

YES

SOLUTIONS

MIXTURES
Is it uniform throughout? NO

SUSPENSIONS

Exercise on Classification of Matter

Substance or mixture? 1. Red ink -Homogenous Mixture 2. Water - Substance (Compound) 3. Iced Tea - Homogeneous Mixture 4. Gravel and Sand - Heterogeneous Mixture 5. Table Salt - Substance (Compound)

Properties of Matter
Dependent on amount 1. Extensive or Extrinsic dependent on the amount of matter (e.g. Mass, volume, energy) 2. Intensive or Intrinsic independent of amount (e.g. Density, temperature)

Properties of Matter
Dependent on Chemical Reactivity 1. Chemical dependent on the reactivity of matter (e.g. Ability to burn, to be oxidized or reduced, etc.) 2. Physical independent on reactivity of matter (e.g. Appearance, mass, density, volume, etc.)

Transformation of Matter
1. Chemical Change change in the composition of matter (e.g. Burning, rusting,explosion) 2. Physical Change no change in the composition of matter (e.g. Change in phase, change in shape)

Transformation of Matter
Indicators of Chemical Changes
Evolution of gas Heat absorption or release Formation of a solid (precipitate) Change in color

Physical Change
Phase Changes

Exercise on Transformation of Matter

Physical or Chemical change?

Physical
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cutting of paper Burning of wood Melting of ice Photosynthesis Spoiling of food Rusting of iron nail Freezing of water

Chemical

Fundamental laws in Chemistry

Law of conservation of mass
Established by a French chemist Antoine Lavoisier Matter cannot be destroyed during a physical or chemical change During a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants should be equal to the mass of the products

Fundamental laws in chemistry

Illustration of the law of conservation of mass:
C(s) + O2(g) 1 atom 1 molecule 12.011 amu 32.000 amu 44.011 amu In terms of mass ratio CO2(g) 1 molecule 44.011 amu 44.011 amu

12.011 g C : 32.000 g O2 : 44.011 g CO2

Law of conservation of mass

Fundamental laws in chemistry

Illustration of the law of conservation of mass:
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) + excess C(s) 44.011 g + 0.014 g 44.025 g

12.025 g + 32.000 g 44.025 g

Fundamental laws in Chemistry

Illustration of Law of conservation of mass
When the reactants combine, the mass ratio of the reaction must be maintained 12.011 g C : 32.000 g O2 : 44.011 g CO2
Not all reactants are consumed in a chemical reaction

Exercise
A 0.455 g sample of magnesium is allowed to burn in 2.315 g of oxygen gas. The sole product is magnesium oxide. After the reaction, no magnesium remains and the mass of unreacted oxygen is 2.015 g. What mass of magnesium oxide is produced?

Fundamental laws in Chemistry

Law of Definite Composition
Elements may react with other elements in specific ratios to form a compound. Theses specific ratios can be described by: (1) Fixed mass percentages of each element in the compound (2) Fixed particle ratio in the compound For a given compound, these proportions are independent of time, location, temperature, pressure, etc.

Fundamental laws in Chemistry

Illustration of Law of Definite Composition
Consider water molecule, H2O
Sample A 10.000 g 1.119 g H 8.881 g O % H = 11.19 % O = 88.81 Composition Sample B 27.000 g 3.021 g H 23.979 g O

This law is only used to describe compounds and not the chemical reaction

Fundamental laws in Chemistry

Law of Multiple Proportion
Two or more elements may combine to form different compounds with varying mass ratios and particle ratios. Examples: Carbon + Oxygen CO or CO2 or C2O4, etc. Sulfur + Oxygen SO2 or SO4, etc.

Example
Consider two oxides of carbon (an oxide is a combination of an element with oxygen). In one oxide, 1.000g of C is combined with 1.333 g Oxygen, and in the other, with 2.667 g of oxygen.