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CHAPTER
17
17.1
The various elements of a machine tool are assembled together so as to provide maximum rigidity to the system; however. this assembly has revolving. sliding and fixed or stationary components. Generally the drives of a machine tool are covered and hidden. but operated by controls which are accessible to the operator. Variouselements of a machine tool are made integral or fabricated and assembled together to make a system quite homogeneous in appearance and operation. 17.1.1 DrIves and Regulatlon of MotIon on Metal-cuttIng MachInes
Metal-cutting machines receive working motions (speed and feed) from electric motors. which usually have constant revolutions per minute. In order to fulfil different operations. it is necessary to find out various
numbers of spindle revolutions as wel! as different values of feed. For these purposes. speed and feed boxes
which work by either stepped or unstepped principle of regulation are used. 17.1.2 VarIous Motions of Machine Tool System (ii) Electrical (iv) Pneumatic.
To drive the various components of the machine tool system, we can have four methods: (i) Mechanical (iii) Hydraulic
The choice of a particular method of drive will depend upon many factors such as cost. operating speeds and feeds. power to weight ratio. rigidity. reliability. maintenance costs. intended use. sophistication. and control.
316
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318
TEXTBOOK Of PRODUCllON ENGINEERING
Generally, today the user of machine tools demands beuer quality, improved performance, and higher operating speeds, and this has led to a design system quite complex in nature-consisting of anyone of the drive methods stated above-s-of the machine tool system. The field of machine dynamics, particularly that of the load bearing components of a system such as base, bed, table, saddle, columns and spindle support, are important for technological gains, as these components are made up of iron castings, but their design as steel weldments offers functional and economic advantages. The functional advantage is the possibility of using higber speeds and feeds, and the economic advantage is the low power to weight ratio and thus lower cost and ease of handling. There are two types of motion in a machine tool systems: (i) the main motions, viz. cutting speed and feed, and (ii) the subsidiary motions such as fixing of workpiece, tool seuing, machine control, ere, Sometimes the primary motion is only in one axis as in the case of a broaching macbine, but more often such motions are required in two or more than two planes. In such situations, we prefer to have an individual drive rather than a common drive. The line shaft drive is most obsolete. as there is not much control of speed in such a system of speed regulation. The hydraulic or pneumatic speed regulation devices are used where an infinite number of speeds. within a range of maximum and minimum speed, are required; however, stepless regulation can also be achieved by a DC motor with a resistance control or mechanical drives using pressure variations, but for a very limited range. Hydraulic speed regulation is good for straight line motions, e.g. broaching, grinding, milling and shaping machines. 17.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL REGULATION
The ideal regulation of speed is stepless drive; but it has ccnain limitations. due to which it cannot be incorporated in all types of machine tools. Some idea regarding this fact has already been given in previous sections. The cost of a gear box increases as the number of speeds increases, and this limitation hampers many users; therefore such machine tools are not commercially prospective. In view of the above fact, it is customary to design (for a set of speeds) a gear box which has a optimum numbers of speeds, with minimum speed loss. Alternative approaches to this problem have posed various solutions, out of which we have to pickup the best one. If stepless regulation is not available, then the increment of speeds from a minimum level can be arranged in an AP. GP or HP series; it has been 'proved that tbe GP (Geometric Progression) gives minimum speed loss, and the GP series has other advantages too. As we know that
-=--=k=tan
Va
'
do
nn 1000
which reveals that to get v/np a constant for the same diameter, we need to change n such that "o,tnt is equal to trd,tlOOO. lf we have a GP series such as
If you multiply this series by , you will bave II.IIf. nif ... , nl/l'. n!,+1
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,,-
."".
C~'~ ...
...' "'iiI<
','
""
Thus we get another orientation of the speeds, just shifting the first speed to the next higher one and so on, without affecting the structural change in case of a geometric series with a common rates 4J whicb is not possible for AP or HP series. Preferred numbers can be used in this series, which is not possible in other cases. At present, we shall consider only rotary motions and other types of motions later on. Let the RPM of the lathe spindle be "l; "l; "1; ... ; "4--1; "k; "I; ... What is the law governing these numbers? For this purpose, let us examine tberadial diagram. Let us tum a sbaft which has a diameter d. According to the theory of metal cutting, we know that the cutting speed is given as under. Ird"" rnImm . V = -1000
0111
or
V =
A
1000
1r11
d
A
If n is constant, then this relationship will be a straight line which passes through the origin (see Fig. 17.1). K = tan
I/!
In our example. it is necessary to have the speed corresponding to the point A. But we must work either with the speed VA' or with the speed VB (see Fig. 17.1). It is necessary to work with the speed VB because it is near the speed VN
n= constant
t
II------r<----".t
"
-d
(a) Retation between diameter d and speed V _d (b) Loss of culling speed with change of diameter
Fig. 17.1 Let flV be the relative loss of the cuuing speed, where
6V= VA -VB VA
The maximum of this value win be with the diameter d.: Max
flV=
V' - V'
A
flA
lfwe take this value as constant (as this is profitable for the exploitation of machine tools), then wesball get Max fl V = constant
V~ -VB = --"---"-
I-..../!.
V'
V~
V' A
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n.
V to be constant.
nk_'
n. n._'9 "
n._,
=.!..
So, if max ~Vis constant, then the segment A'B' must be constant too, for all of the values of rpm of the machine tool as shown in Fig. 17.1. Then the full radial diagram will be as shown in Fig. 17.2. This radial diagram is useful for determining the number of revolutions if d and V are known.
t
t.V
v
A no
~ B~HY~~~--~--~~--~~-
Ray diagram or speed spectrum for geometric series. It is the law of the geometrical progression with the common ratio .p. nk = nk_, where is a constant Therefore we have the number of speeds of a virtual gearbox as follows:
n,
n2=n,. n3 =n2 = n,2
n. = n,l/f
nx = n,'-' Let us call the ratio nm."lnmin as the range of regulation denoted by R. n n
~=R=.....:L
''min or
so
nl
nx = n,'-' R = '-'
=
or
x-rR
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~ , .'
,
'"_". "I"
OF
Even if the values "m", and "mi. are the same, the number of speeds will be more if the constant .p is smaller. When choosing the denominator of the geometrical progression, we take into consideration the following two factors: 1. Desirability of having a higher number of speeds, as then it is necessary to have smaller values of .p;
2. Aspiration to have a compact structure of the speed box, as then it is necessary to have higher values
of .p. This gives us a lesser number of speeds. The values of and 2.
",= 211,1
or
11 =11 . ",, y xl I"
where
I"
",,
=2
nx3 = 'f'
or
",E,
'''x3
l'=2 = #2
The condition of the second factor may be expressed mathematically as follows: If the series has member then it should have a number such that ny' = lOnx'
(17.1)
II;.
1J '
= mt'l
'1"
1J '
1011'="''11' y 'Y' x
E, = 10
1/>= E<.ho
Let us take logarithms of expressions. 17.1 and 17.2. then we have
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, ~ ir ". . '"
Therefore, according to common understanding, if E2 = 40, 20, 10 or 5, EI would be 12,6,3 or 1.5. Hence, the standard values of from Eq. (17.2) would be 4(J= ~ = J2 = 1.06 =
= t/iO = 1.78
The advantages of standardisation are the following: (i) The decimal system of series is enough to erect a series from 10 to 100.All other numbers of this series may be obtained by multiplication or division of 10, 100, etc., and it is convenient for calculations. (ii) If we put down every second member of the series with 40= 1.06. then we get a series with 20= 1.12; if we repeat this after every third member. the series with IOwill be obtained. (iii) The revolutions per minute of a synchronous motor can be fitted into this series very well. As mentioned earlier. R = Range of regulation = n... /nm;n. and if the number of speeds in the gear box of a machine tool is denoted by k, then
We have
,=k-Jf,i;
V;;
!!A.
or
I log = -Iogk-I
n.
nJ
or or
Let us assume that k = 2132, as this is one of the requirements of design of a speed regulation system. The value of k could be any number, as EJ and E2 are whole numbers starting from zero. Thus, K = 2, 3. 4, 6. 8,9, 12, 16, 18, 24,27, 36, OUI of which the most widely used numbers are 3, 4, 6, 8,9, 12, 16, 11,24 and 36. Therefore, these are the steps of a stepped regulation or mechanical regulation system.
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~; .' :: ,j"~
Example 17.1 Design a gear box having 6 speeds. i.e., 3 x 2 and 3 shafts.
T Ts T
1
r+'
_2.
rII
I"
r- X
T,
r-rr-r-
2i
Xf--
flo
X-
T.
2
T.
$
'r
I-
.... ...
n, ... ns
III
'-T To 10
Fig. 17.3 Design of gear box-kine malic layout diagram.
Solution 10 !his system of transmission of speeds at 6 steps, we require 10gears as shown is Fig. 17.3. We can proceed for analytical investigation of the kinematic chain of gears as follows: Series of number of revolutions: Lei us assume -=el
T2 .2. = e2 T, Ts . T6 T8
-=e)
1(
" -=e4 T,
T9 -=es
1(0
Therefore
"I
= el . e4"o
n) = e) . el'o
"6
= e3
. Cs1to
.3 es"o
and
_ ~
e) e4"o
el
Hence
Similarly. we can obtain
e2=e,. if>
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= eS e.
es = e.
if
The link between the number of revolutions and the denominator 4> is called the main set. The first gearing set is that which bas the power of denominator equal to the number of independent changes of speed in the main set. nl =--~ =ele4~
11 T7
T2 T8
~ = = es
nl
es = e.
e4
In this case, the double block of the gears is the main group, and the treble block of gears is the first gearing group. The above analysis is called the method of investigating kinematic chains. In cases where the number of sets is more than 2, such analysis becomes difficult because of bulky calculations. Example 17.2 Show the graphical method of investigation of speed regulation by drawing ray diagrams. Solution In general we know that nx
= n1tP'C-t
log II, = log 111 + (x - I) log 4> Therefore. from the above formula prepresenting a straight line equation. it is possible to draw line diagrams which are called ray diagrams. These are sbown in Fig. 17.4. Let us draw the ray diagram of the gear box having 6 speeds, i.e. 6 = 3 x 2.
Shaft nos. II Main group Gearing group 1st III II Gearing group Main group III
n. n. n, n, n,
n. n. n, n,
<I>
n.
n,
(b) Open type speed layout ray diagrams.
n,
(a) Crossed type speed layoul Flg.17.4 Symmetric
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The ray diagram represents the method of gear arrangement, and also provides the values of motor speed and its power for various kinematic pairs as well as arrangements of groups. The ray diagram does not provide the values of transmission ratios, and this diagram is drawn symmetrically. Motor II
III
Motor
II
III
n,.
"'" 9c
<,
no
1:1
~2
-,
1:1
"'"
9c
M M
"""" """"""
1:~""
M4
<,
~:2
1:1
1:1
1-..._
M3 M2 M
\
2nd method (b)
1:1
""
Flg.17.5
n,
Asymmetricray diagrams.
Sometimes a ray diagram, besides providing this information, shows the values of the transmission ratios, and then it is drawn asymmetrically. These are shown in Figs. 17.5(a) and (b). Tbe step between the motor and the first shaft with nospeed is called the compensatory step; it provides the possibility of framing a standard series of rpm's. Ao obvious question arises: Which arrangement or diagram is better? The one in Fig. 17.5(a) or 17.5(b)? The first arrangement, shown in Fig. 17.5(a), is better, because the size of the gearbox system in this case is smaller, and faster speeds are available; thus less torque is transmitted. Hence, smaller shaft diameters and modules of gears are preferable. Example 17.3 Plot a ray diagram for a 12-speed gear box, which is a structure of 12 speeds, i.e., 12 = 2 x 3 x 2. Solution Refer to Fig. 17.6. If Po is the number of independent shaftings of tbe main group; P, is the number of independent shaftings of the 1st gearing group; P2 is tbe numberof independent shaftings of the 2nd gearing group; then the power value is given as follows: for the main grouP-Po; for the first gearing group-p,: for the second gearing group-po.P,: for the third gearing group-po'p,pz. The following limitations are accepted in machine tool design for separate transmission ratios of gear drives: In the kinematic chain of gear drive
The Mechangers
K OF PRODUCTION ~
Main group
1stgearing
group
2ndgearing group
Po
p,
4>
;'
Fig. 17.6 Ray diagram for 12-speed gearbox. In the chain of feed motion 1 - $e$2.8 2 Let us consider the limitationsof value .p by taking up anexample of 4-shaft mechanism in the kinematic chain of motions. From the structural diagram as given earlier (12 = 232) it is obvious that e = e . t/> main group '. = ') . Is: gearing group and therefore '7 = e6 . 2nd gearing group All values of t/> are suitable for the main group. For the first gearing group, R e/"3 1/1'; the maximum value of is as follows:
= 1.67;
for the cbain of feed motion, = ~ = 1.94; for the second gearing group, R = .-/e) = rf/'; and therefore the maximum value of is as follows: for the chain of feed motion, = ~ = 1.41; for the chain of feed motion, t/> = ~ = 1.93. It appears that displacement of gearing group will change nothing. Hence, the value of t/> is limited and depends on the number of shans and on the number of steps of revolution are obtained here. 17.4 RAY DIAGRAM FOR OVERLAPPING SPEEDS
Overlapping speeds are obtained by reducing the power by one or more degrees in one of the gearing groups. Let us take up a mechanism of 12 = 232speeds. the main group of which is the travel block of gears.
The Mechangers
IV
/'
<,
r<
f<
t<'--
n'2
"" n,o
<,
/
v
-,
-, /
k:::""'"
<
-. K/
'2 "1
"
",
The ray diagram for overlapping speeds in 'cross structure' is shown in Fig. 17.8.
1st gearing 2nd gearing
groupmustbe .z
Maingroup
1,
groupmustbe
S
~---4-----+--~~~ ~---4-----+~~~~
t::$~~3:
~~~+-~~~~*-~~
~~~~n4
~----+-~~~~~~~ ~----+-+---+-~~~~
OVerlapping
Let us decrease the power of the first gearing group by 1 unit. Thus, the overlapping of two stage speeds is obtained, and we have
= ~ = ~ = 1.41 = 1.56
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o
Regulation with overlapping speeds should be applied in cases when (i) It is necessary to increase the value of !p, and (ii) It is necessary to avoid bigh speeds. 17.5 RAY DIAGRAMS FOR RETURN STEP OF SPEED A barrel of gears is incorporated in the kinematic chain. It is freely suspended and gives a stage of return speeds. Let 12 = 322 be the kinematic cbain with a stage of return. The structural diagram for this mechanism can be drawn up by anyone of the methods shown in Figures 17.9 and 17.10 below. The ovedappings are also oblained here.
r11-
'-+--+-+--+'x
X
t--X
X 1-----
III
'--
'-r--
- x~====hxl==1 t_ ~
'--
__
--v
IV-----------+L+-+-----~~~-----
--
--
The disadvantage in case of the arrangement shown in Fig. 17.IO(a) is that a return step is not available. This arrangement is quite often used. The disadvantage in case of the kinematic arrangement in Fig. 17.IO(b) is that visual control is difficult, but here a stage of return is observed, which is an advantage.
II III
IV
II
III
,/
/ // /// /" //
-,
IV
<X <~
X/ XX X'\
\\ \\\ \:0<:
0<
~ ~
/~
\\ \
(a) (b)
/// //
Flg.17.10
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17.6
KINEMATIC
ARRANGEMENT
SHAFT
While choosing a multispeed input, it is necessary to consider the following: (a) Economic aspect (b) Smaller size and simpler control. In this case, the value of is limited to 2. That is m =2 The motor should be considered either the main group or as one of the groups. If treated as the main group, 411 in the 15tgearing is 41 P, in the 2nd gearing group is 41 N, ans so on. In the general case, it is qI. It means that = lfi. or qI = 2. Hence 41 = 1.06 = J~ = 1.12 = ~ = 1.26 = ifi = 1.41 = J2 = 2 The values = 1.58 and 41 = 1.78 are not suitable. The motor should be assumed as an elementary mechanism, and the structural diagram should be drawn for a 12-specdkinematic chain, such that 12 = 223, and as shown in Fig. 17.11,which shows the 'cross' and 'semi-open' structure layouts.
II III II
n" n"
n" n,. n.
I<:::::::"
X'\\
,.-{
group
"s "s
,.,
"s n,
I-~M----:".j n"
f---"I<E=--~ n,
L---_'_--~n,
2ndgearing Main group group (b) 'Semi-open' structure layout
17.7
There are three methods: (i) Method of least common multiple; (ti) Method of difference; (iii) Constructive method.
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.'
17.7.1 Method of Least Common Multiple Let us assume that all gears have the same module. From Fig. 17.12, we have 2A m(TI+ Tz) m(TJ+ TJ = mTs where To is the total number of teeth,
eland ez are thus known to us. If To is equal to a certain number. we can find To= TI+ Tz. Now, elTz= T,; therefore To= e,Tz+ r, = Tz(e,+ 1).
'r3
T. T.
Flg.17.12
To =e
T Z
el
'
el
Let
TJ = Toez 1 + ez a e) =b
c ez ="d
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b( I+ ~)
K=Tox--K
(a
b)
where Tois the least common multiple of the values ab and cd: K is the set for obtaining a minimum number of teeth of the smallest gear.
I b Tz =To--K=Tox--K I+~ a+b
5'
then a= I
b=2
c=2
d=5 a +b {c+d=7
=3}
LCMTo=2
and Let us take K = 6. Then T, = 42, T2= 84,TJ = 36, and T. = 90. If the modules of a pair of gears are different, then we have
2Ao = m(T,+ T2)
= m(TJ+ T.)
+Tz)=5..To "'2
13 +T4=5..(1j
tnz
ez=b=2
1
2.5 c=2
tn,=2mm d=5
1j =--ToK a+b
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a 12 =--ToK
m, 13 =----ToK
c+dlllz d T4 =----ToK c+dlllz where To = LCM of values a + b, c + d and m/"'z' In this example, the LCM is 3, 7, and 213 To = 21. 1j =-21K=7K 3 T3 =--21K =4K 73
I
a+b c
m,
T2 =-21K=14K 3 T4 =--21K=lOK 73
22
52
Let us take K
= 5. Then
17.7.2
Method of Difference
This method bas the disadvantage over the first method that it does not take into account the situation in which it is necessary that where Tmin~ 5 teeth T2 = T, +
sr
Is = T4+"'T
T2 To
,_
r-r-
X 'T
T.
_l_
2.5m
T
Fig. 17.13 Since and Kinematic layout with gear details.
To = T, + T. = T2 + Ts
e=E. 'T,
e2= 1j + t.T T4 - t.T
e=T2
2
75
Also
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DESIGN OF MACHINE TOOL GEAR lOX
33
since
z =
or
1j
+ 6T
e, (1j + 6T)
1j 0,
7j _ 6T
e,
6T
T,ez -e,ez 6T= e,T, +0, 6T 0, . 6T(1+ "2) Therefore, 1j e2-e, In the same way we can determine T2 T3 etc. The kinematic layout with gear details is shown in Fig. 17.13.The corresponding ray diagram is shown in Fig. 17.17. Example 17.6
e2= -
I 2
6T= 5
5'~(1 Therefore,
1j=
+.!..)
1j 305 T4=-=--=75
e,
17.7.3 Constructive Method The shortcomings of the previous two methods are that the diameters of shafts, keyways, etc. are not taken into account. The constructive method consists of determining teeth numbers, while the above factors are also taken into consideration. Example 17.7 Design a gear box of a machine tool (turret) having 9 spindle speeds ranging from 90 to 1800 rpm. The gear box should be a compact one. Also (a) Represent the speeds graphically. (b) Draw the structural diagram. (c) Show the layout of the gear box. (d) Find Outthe numbers of teeth on various gears.
",= 90
= 190 "s = 400 n., = 850
"3
Solution
tp =
9-
1800
The ray diagram. gear box layout and structural diagram for Example 17.7are shown in Figures 17.14. 17.15 and 17.16 respectively.
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1800
1240
190
130 Input Intermediate Output Flg.17.14 Ray diagram for Example 17.7.
90 r
1
{!2
~
3 2
190'C:::::
...
'" 90
~57 30
~
'-
r;;-
fe rrs
'"
..
'9
'i2 I-
'a
30
..
'"
II
4s --
r,o
~
r-f;-j
III
~:----{" :~
80/38 57/5
Flg.17.16
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Let the motor rpm be 1400. Using belt and cone pulley arrangement from motor 10 the spindle and taking the reduction to be 7 or 5, i.e. no = 200 or no = 280 So we take no = 190 Now choose narrow diagram for compactness. For speeds n., ns and n6, i.e., 286, 402 and 585 T. Let
1i
= 3.0
..
TI
~=~ ~=~ + T. = T2 + Ts
=T)+T6 = 120
Since the centre distance between the shafts carrying these two gears is to remain constant,
But
T2 = 2.1
Ts
Ts = 38 T) = 67
as 3.1.
= 3.1
!J....
1io
Since the centre distance is to remain constant, T, + TIO = T) + Til = TI2 = 120
7i1
or Since
Ts
= I (the speed
I
ratio)
Tg = Til = 57
7i2 = 3.1
T9
T9=30
7i2 = 90
Example 17.8 (a) A manufacturing concern takes up the demand of supplying turret lathes to its customers having 9 speeds powered by a 8 kW motor. The speed range is from 90 to 1500 rpm. Design a suitable gear
box giving all details.
(b) After a few years, the customers demand that the working speed range may be increased to 2500 rpm, as lower speeds are rarely used. Suggest a workable alteration in the gears so as to meet this demand without changing the structure of the gear box.
Solution (a) Gear box for turret lathe: Datal. Spindle speeds: 9 2. Range: 90 to 1500 3. Capacity: 8 kW 4. Preferred Number: 1.06, 1.12, 1.26, 1.41, 1.58, 1.78, 2.
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The nearest preferred number in the list of 1.41, Outof the given listed numbers. The various speeds in descending order sball be: n, = 1500 "2 = 1062 n; =755 ". = 535 ns = 380 "6 =270 n8 = 135 ", = 191
n9=96
According to the considerations of slip and strength etc., the speed ratio allowable ar the pulleys are 5 to 7. So the primary speed is between 1440n 206 and 1440/5 288. Assuming motor rating to be 444 V at 1440 rpm and Hence we take 270 as the primary speed. For economy and compactoess, narrow ray diagram will be preferred. The ray diagram is shown in Fig. 17.17.
~------r-~~~135
L-L
~OO
Flg.17.17
Let the minimum number of teeth on the gear be 20. Then T2 Now. as the centre distance remains constant, T) + T. = T, + T2 = 60
T;
2i. = I. 99
T2 =@1
T4 = 1.41
T. =-=24.9=~ 2.41 Tl=~ To 2. =T)+T.=T,+T2=6O
60
T6
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"rl,. _,I-;. ~
'~I.rr
.,
'.
" "
----------------
-----
38
------
r-I---1
37
20
Flg.17.18
!i
1jo
=2.8
(b) Now, if after a few years the company wants to rearrange the speed to have maximum speed of 2500 rpm approximately, the ray diagram shifts towards the high value of speeds. Then, using the same preferred number t500 x 1.41 = 2118 (i) 2118 x 1.41 = 2980 (ii) There is no restriction on minimum speeds as they are rarely used. Let us assume that the minimum number of gear teeth is 20. 1j = 3.95
72
T2 =1lQ]
T,=IW T,+T2=99 =T)+T. =Tl+T6
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T)
=iTIl
T6 =ITII
~..;;;<r*-":....... o--i535
h~O::_+"':>"':~~380 ~~--+-~~~270
f---+--~191
Fig. 17.20 Ray diagram for Example 17.B(b).
!J... = 2.8
110
TIO =~
T1 = 56
111
~
Tg
=1
=2.8
Ta Til
=1lID
Ts=56
112
T,z=20
11,
Ta
= 2.8
Til
= 20
Ts
=~
T9 = 1
li2
, 'I
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17.8
The theoretical calculations of the speeds and the number of teeth have been duly provided in the preceding section; however, the actual speeds available on the machine tool generally vary by n in such a way that !fin is equal to zero. Not only this. it is limited to 10% (0-1). If deviation exceeds this limit, re-design should be done. After all speeds, the number of teeth are determined, the number of gears and layout of gear box. location of input. output shaft, etc. are taken up. The design calculation of a gear wheel is taken up after the forces acting on the spindle of a machine tool have been estimated. Researchers have given empirical relationships for estimating these forces, and these have been presented in previous chapters. The gear tooth must be strong enough to resist bending due to pitch line pressure, and also hard enough to resist the surface wear that takes place during rotations. In view of this, suitable gear material should be chosen. 17.9 MECHANICAL REGULATION OF DRIVES
If the kinematic chain between the input and output shafts is of mechanical type, we will get stepped regulation; however. stepless regulation can also be obtained. but it is not so commonly used. The methods of stepped regulation are as follows: (a) Belt and cone pulley drive; (b) Belt and puUey with back gear drive; (c) Gear box drives. For stepless regulation there arc various methods. as mentioned previously and as will be discussed in Chapter 18. 17.9.1 Belt and Cone Pulley Drive
The belt and cone pulley drive (see Fig. 17.22) is supposed to be the simplest and oldest mechanism for
transmitting power from one shaft to another. It has certain inherent disadvantages such as large size. small range of speeds. and that the torque transmitted by the driven shaft is proportional to the speed at which it is rotating. However. it has the advantage of being simple in design and cheap. Thus it is still found useful for various purposes.
._--FB}--, , ,,
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There are many types of belts as follows: (i) Flat belt; (ii) Wedge belt; (iii) Round belt (for low power). If a speed box is used there, the belt drive may be situated either in the place where the motion is transmitted to the speed box or in the place of transmitting the motion from the speed box to the spindle (see Figures 17.23 and 17.24). Two methods of transmission from speed box to spindle are shown in Figures 17.25 and 17.26.
Speed box
Speed box
Ag.17.24
Wedge belt drives are usually employed in the first variation and flat-belt drives in the second one.
Flat beH
, , , ,, ,
, , , ,, ,
Fig. 17.25 Transmission from speed box to spindle-Method 1. A V-belted pulley is shown in Fig. 17.27.
Speed box
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The second variation is applied if the S))C(.'<1 box (situnted below) and the spindle tire separate units. In Ihis case the machine tool is more steady. and hence the possibility of vibrations is reduced. This scheme is used for machines of higher precision, It necessitates the application of Oat bells (as it is difficult to place
(i) By moving a motor (in advance of swivel): [ii} Belt-tightening pulleys; (iii) Special construction or a regulated pulley (one. of the 1\\'Oin Pig. 17,28).
(Sc,'C
Fig. 17.28);
unloading barrel
x
Spindle
x
Pulley
Ofgeaf
Fig. 17.28 Spocial pulley or gear for power transmission. (ii) The spindle does not participate in uansmluing the force (see Fig. 17,29): and
T,'tO gears
in mesn
Fig. 17.29 Use of internal gear of small diameter. (iii) Unloading of the. first shaft of the speed box.
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In de~i;igning belt and especially chain transmissions. great attention should be paid lor their location. Generally. they Can be tocared in two ways:
(i) Vertlcaltocatlon(see Fig. 17.30). (ii) Horizontal location (see fig. 17.31).
The horizontal tocaucn transmlssicn is better as the gravity force .f; changes the character belt stress. and the character of cs cilia lions arc mere favourable man in the vertical locations. It is clearly revealed in chain transmissions with large distance between centres. OUI horizontally located belts require larger dimensions or the chain or belt: therefore angular location of belts is preferable as shown in Fig. 17.32.
or
or
9
+
o Io
I
9
Fig. 17.31 Horizontal pulley bell Iransmission.
To improve the transmission system, one more shafl is added as shown in Pig. 17.29. and by this the oscilkuions of one chain are absorbedby the other,
17.9.2
Belt Pulley Drive with Back Gear in Fig. 17.33. wlth the structural diagram in Fig. 17.:l4 and
f\ typical example of such a mechanism is shown the ray diagram in Fig. 17.35.
___n__
." " .. " ...
~
It
_Q_x'
.. " ". .
" " "
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I-
__
I::+H+E)A
Counter shaft
IV
II
TI dId
T, Fig. 17.34 Structural diagram for gear drive \vith stepped pulley.
'do
II III
III
IV
-c:
<-II
~ ~ n,
t
r----
'--v-'
r-----.
n,
t.~am gtOtsl)
1$1gCtlJiog gtOVJ)
Fig.17.35
This type of system has the following advantages in cornparison to plain belt and pulley drive mechanisms:
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(iii) Safety in use {iv} Compactness and greater number of speeds. Disadvantages (i) Cannot be auromarizcrt. (ii) Distribution 01'power is directly propcnicnal to the diameter of the stepped pulley.
If T is the tension ~n('! H is the power on the spindle. then HSI = TV. 1 k\V
60.102
VI = --'--n11)Jll 1000
nd
11{j
-(>0.102
kVl
V~=---nlpln
Jrd2110
1000
1 k \V 60.102
lTdllto
V = ---2.....nlpm , 1000
kW
H{I II
60.102.1000
II~=111)-
T,
T4
The gear wheels 7'1and Z" arc either made of one 8C'.trblank or arc pcrruancruly connected with each Other. There are 2. :\ aml sctdcm 4 gear wheels. Thesearc keyed together to form a Sliding gear.
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'-0-01I---.:t[}J.-ti:....-------n1 or
T''T'T,
Fig.17.36 Mechanism vlilh gears.
Advantages
n1
=no-T, T,
T,
na
n,=n,,T,
T, r, e T,
T,
T,
.--.i.,-) ..
,
/ /
T, T
II
X X X
_.__ Throw-on
pinion
,/
(a) KinomatiC layOvl of Norton gc)Ar OOx,
2,
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(b) Feed box with tumbler (Norton's) gear.
Fig. 17,37 Norton gear box mechanism, The gear wheel is fixed on the shaft by means of the sliding key (see I";ig.. 17.38). It nKI)' be clutched (through the idler) with <my one. of the gC'.dr wheels which arcFixed on the shaft
T,
To '1=T,
~=T e
~=T,
To
To
r,
Fig. 17.38 Structural representation for speeds on second shaft.
The advantageof Ihis mechanism is cornpncrness,while the shonccming is low rigfdlty which leadsto failure to transmit large power. It is generally used for various feed boxes. The driving shaft gets either clockwise- Of counter-clockwise reversing, depending on the position the double cone-clutch (on the right Or On the left side).
or
n.~
(/,
(12
T. 1,=-
r,
J~
=T.
'/~
T, If the throw-out SIOI)is pushed in and if the back gear is stopped. the spindle of the machine tools gels only these3 rpms. when the srop is pulled out and the gearbox is engaged.the spindle gets 3 additional rpms.
l)
=To
_ eI) 21 2) ,.._--J
dz Z2 24
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This back-gear is called a single back-gear. There.are double and even treble back-gears. but they are
seldom used. TIley also work by the preceding principle.
Meander's gear mechanism It is similar to the rumbler gear box rncchanlsm, but this rncrhnd of speed regulation is slightly bcucr than the previous one in having slightly higher speeds and being quite rigid in comparison to rumbler gear box mechanism. The arrangement is shown in ri~. 17.39.
T,
T,
T,
T,
T,
T,
xfT,
r-f--
n"
11T,
fT, T,
r-T,
T,
lT,
'i;
-:;-
III
] [
-;=-
II III
II r I r
",=(~J'
'r,)'
"0
II~ = ( T~ "0
W
7
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'"=(~)~ n, =(~r'1I0
"0
11uses gecmerricat progression with the denominator TI17l fhi: advantages. the field of usage and the shortcomings arc the same as in Norton's mechanism. Mecbanisms with the chain of gears are used in various feed boxes. speed boxes and in other machine-
tool mechanisms.
Gear box drive Ivith clutches
'lllis arraugcruent is used (sec Fig , 17.40) where speed is regulated by the usc of mechanical or rrtcuon clutches. Furthermore, the use or more than one clutch can increase the range uf speed regulation to a much higher value. A clutch is engaged Or disengaged by moving the key.
Fig. 17.40
"r
=-/I()~ltl =-"<.1
T,
7j
Tl
T~
This type is good for compactness and automatic speed regulation. but it is quite expensive and the
boxes.
Gear box Ivith drive key A typical arr'.tngelllent is shown in Fig. 17.42. In this design. the gears to be marked arc placed in a key which slides in or out as shewn in the Pig. 17.42.
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II~
1~
Sometimes thi: direction of speed is to be reversed without wasting much time: for this purpose.an arrangement is used asshown in Figures 17.43and 17.44.
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o
A
~
,X
X 1-----1 X
e
II II-
l-
'"
Jew ciutcn e (a) Us,;ngspur gears
III III....:-.t-Ft-j::._",
c
'E {b) Using helical gesl$
'B
I-
'c
(c) Usingtumblergears
Fig. 17.43
Reversing mechanism.
'Y
~
X
!!....
V .y
(0)
I,
"
X
A
Fig.17.44 Reversing mechanism with gears, REVIEW QUESTIONS I. Discuss the various motions of machine tool systc-ms. 2. wfuu are the fundamental principles or mechanical regulation'! 3, Distinguish between ;J my diagram and a speed diagram. 4. \Vhy are the speeds arranged in GP't
5. Describe the principle of stepped speed regulation as al)plied 10machine tools, 6. Discuss the meihods of stepped regulation.
7. Discuss the advantages and limhations of gear box drive. 8. Write snon notes On (i) Norton gear box mccbantsrn.
(ii) Meander's gear meehanism.