Mitosis &

Cytokinesis
 What are spindles and
centrioles?
 Spindles – structures made of
centrioles and additional microtubule
fibers.
 Helps to move chromosomes apart
during mitosis.
 G2 phase – centriole pair is replicated
 Each centriole is made of 9 triplets of
mictrotubules arranged in a circle.
 Structure of a
Microtubule
 Microtubules are made of protein
fibers.
 Separating Chromatids
by attaching Spindle
Fibers
1. Two sets of microtubules extend
outward toward opposite poles.
2. Microtubules attach to centromeres
and poles.
 Chromatids in each chromosome can
be separated.
*Just like fishing; microtubules are like
fishing line, reeling in chromatids.
 How do chromatids
separate?
 “Reeling” occurs because of spindle
fibers are broken down, bit by bit.
 As the fibers become shorter, the
chromatids that they are pulling
move closer and closer to the poles.
 Chromosomes separated from each
other are called chromatids.
 When chromatids finally arrive, each
pole has one complete set of
chromosomes.
 What are the Stages of
Mitosis?
 Biologists tend to divide mitosis into
four stages:
2. Prophase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
 Prophase
 Chromosomes coil up and become
visible
 Nuclear envelope dissolves and
spindle forms.
 Metaphase
 Chromosomes move to the center of
the cell.
 Spindle fibers link the chromatids of
each chromosome to opposite poles.
 Anaphase
 Centromeres divide
 2 chromosomes move toward
opposite poles as spindle fibers
shorten.
 Telophase
 A nuclear envelope forms around the
chromosomes at each pole.
 Chromosomes uncoil and the spindle
dissolves.
 Cytokinesis
 (As mitosis ends, cytokinesis begins)
 Cytoplasm is divided in half
 Cell membrane grows to enclose
each cell
 Cell pinched in half by protein
threads (in animal cells).
 In plant cells, a cell plate is formed
by fusing of the Golgi Apparatus.