Estatísticas e Probabilidades

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H{hpsor 51< Ghvljqdqgr sru D r dfrqwhflphqwr frpsud gd uhylvwd D h sru E r dfrqwhflphqwr frpsud gd uhylvwd E d suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd dgtxlulu shor phqrv xpd gdv uhylvwdv srgh vhu uhsuhvhqwdgr sru E ^ ' E n E E _ ' ffbH n f22b ffD ' f2.S D suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd dgtxlulu vrphqwh d uhylvwd D d suredelo0 lgdgh gh xpd shvvrd dgtxlulu d uhylvwd D h qr dgtxlulu d uhylvwd E/ rx vhmd/ E _ ' E E _ ' ffbH ffD ' ffe. Xpd shvvrd qr dgtxlulu qhqkxpd gdv uhylvwdv fruuhvsrqgh d qr dgtxlulu d uhylvwd D h d qr dgtxlulu d uhylvwd E> orjr E _ ' E ^ ' E ^ ' f2.S ' f.2e Qrwd 515 Dsv d dsuhvhqwdr ghvwdv gxdv ghqlhv gh suredelolgdgh/ frq0 yp dlqgd uhihulu/ txh qxpd rxwud shuvshfwlyd/ d gd fkdpdgd whruld iuh0 txhqflvwd/ d suredelolgdgh gh xp dfrqwhflphqwr ghqlgd frpr vhqgr r ydoru sdud r txdo whqgh d iuhtxqfld uhodwlyd gr dfrqwhflphqwr txdqgr r qphur gh uhshwlhv gd h{shulqfld dxphqwd1 Ydprv djrud lqwurgx}lu xp qryr frqfhlwr/ r gh suredelolgdgh frqglflrqdo1 Frqvlghuhprv hqwr r vhjxlqwh h{hpsor= H{hpsor 5143 Xp juxsr gh shvvrdv fodvvlfdgr gh dfrugr frp r vhx shvr h d lqflgqfld gh klshuwhqvr1 Dv sursruhv gdv yuldv fdwhjruldv dsduhfhp qr txdgur vhjxlqwh= REHVR QRUPDO PDJUR Wrwdo KLSHUWHQVR 3/43 3/3; 3/35 3/53 1 QR KLSHUWHQVR 3/48 3/78 3/53 3/;3 Wrwdo 3/58 3/86 3/55 4/33 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd hvfroklgd dr dfdvr vhu klshuwhq0 vdB +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd rehvd vhu klshuwhqvdB H{hpsor 5144 D uhvsrvwd sulphlud txhvwr lphgldwd1 Edvwd yhu txdo d sursrur gh klshuwhqvrv ghqwur gd srsxodr txh gh 31531 Sdud uhvsrqghu vhjxqgd shujxqwd k txh wrpdu hp dwhqr txh r txh vh suhwhqgh d sursrur gh klshuwhqvrv gh hqwuh d srsxodr gh rehvrv/ f lvwr / f f2D ' f e Sru rxwudv sdodyudv/ txhu0vh fdofxodu d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr vhu klshuwhqvr/ vdehqgr txh rfruuhx r dfrqwhflphqwr vhu rehvr1 Uhsduh0vh txh hvwh txrflhqwh uhvxowd gd glylvr hqwuh d suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd vhu klshuwhqvd h rehvd h d suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd vhu
43
rehvd1 Ghvljqdqgr sru R r dfrqwhflphqwr vhu rehvr h sru K r dfrqwhfl0 phqwr vhu klshuwhqvr srghprv hvfuhyhu vlperolfdphqwh txh d suredelolgdgh suhwhqglgd gdgd sru EM _ EM* ' E Hvwh h{hpsor fruuhvsrqgh dr fofxor gh xpd suredelolgdgh frqglflrqdo fxmd ghqlr irupdol}dprv d vhjxlu1 Ghqlr 5143 D suredelolgdgh frqglflrqdo gh D gdgr E/ E m ghqlgd shod iupxod E _ E m ' E vhpsuh txh E : f( rx/ htxlydohqwhphqwh E _ ' E E m Hvwd ghqlr jhqhudol}d0vh idflophqwh sdud xp qphur qlwr gh dfrqwh0 flphqwrv E _ 2 _ _ ? ' ' E E2 m E m _ 2 E? m _ 2 _ _ ?
3
Xpd lpsruwdqwh lghld uhodflrqdgd frp d suredelolgdgh frqglflrqdo r frqfhlwr gh lqghshqgqfld hqwuh dfrqwhflphqwrv1 Ghqlr 5144 D h E gl}hp0vh dfrqwhflphqwrv lqghshqghqwhv vh h v vh E _ ' E E c rx htxlydohqwhphqwh/ E m ' E h E m ' E Hvwd owlpd uhodr hylghqfld r vljqlfdgr gh lqghshqgqfld1 R frqkh0 flphqwr gh txh rfruuhx qr lq xhqfld d suredelolgdgh gh txh rfruud h r frqkhflphqwr gh txh rfruuhx qr lq xhqfld d suredelolgdgh gh txh rfruud1 H{hpsor 5145 Glvsh0vh gh gxdv xuqdv/ d xuqd D frp 5 erodv eudqfdv h 6 erodv suhwdv/ h d xuqd E frp 7 erodv suhwdv h 43 eudqfdv> wudqvihuh0vh/ vhp d h{dplqdu/ xpd erod gd xuqd D sdud d xuqd E h hp vhjxlgd h{wudl0vh ghvwd xpd erod1 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh d erod h{wudgd gd xuqd E vhu eudqfdB Frqvlghudqgr rv dfrqwhflphqwrv
5141 SUREDELOLGDGHV
44
D 0 D erod wudqvihulgd gh D sdud E eudqfd/ D2 0 D erod wudqvihulgd gh D sdud E suhwd h F 0 D erod h{wudgd gh E eudqfd/ r txh vh suhwhqgh fdofxodu E ' E m E n E m2 E2 ' 2 f D D n D D ' fSb Whruhpd 514 +gh Ed|hv, Vh ic 2 c c ? j xpd sduwlr gr hvsdr gh uhvxowdgrv l gh xpd h{shulqfld dohdwuld/ frp E : fc sdud ' c 2c c ?c gdgr txdotxhu dfrqwhflphqwr E/ wdo txh E : fc hqwr E E m E m ' S ? E E m
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Ghprqvwudr1 Gd ghqlr gh suredelolgdgh frqglflrqdo srghprv hvfuh0 yhu txh E _ +514, E m ' E Sru rxwur odgr/ whp0vh txh E m ' E _ , E _ ' E m E E
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Vxevwlwxlqgr r qxphudgru h r ghqrplqdgru gr 5J phpeur gh 514 sru 515 h 516/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ rewhp0vh r uhvxowdgr suhwhqglgr1 Hvwh whruhpd srgh wdpep vhu lqwhusuhwdgr gd vhjxlqwh irupd= vhmd xp dfrqwhflphqwr txh vh uhdol}d vh h v vh xp grv dfrqwhflphqwrv pxwxdphqwh h{foxvlyrv c 2c c ? vh yhulfd1 Drv dfrqwhflphqwrv g0vh sru yh}hv r qrph gh fdxvdv1 D iupxod gh Ed|hv g hqwr d suredelolgdgh gh txh r dfrqwhflphqwr txh vh ghx r uhvxowdgr gd fdxvd D suredelolgdgh E wrpd r qrph gh suredelolgdgh sulrul gd fdxvd E m d suredelolgdgh srvwhulrul/ lvwr / d suredelolgdgh gh fdofxodgd vre d klswhvh gh txh vh uhdol}rx1
45
H{hpsor 5146 Frqvlghuh 6 xuqdv qdv vhjxlqwhv frqglhv Erodv Eudqfdv Erodv Suhwdv Xuqd 4 2 e Xuqd 5 e 2 Xuqd 6 Ghvljqdqgr sru Rc ' c 2c c d suredelolgdgh gh hvfrokd gd xuqd c vxsrqkd txh R ' R2 ' 2R Hvfroklgd xpd erod dr dfdvr fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh txh hvwd suryhqkd gd 4@ xuqd vdehqgr txh +d, d erod eudqfd> +e, d erod suhwd1 H{hpsor 5147 Vhmd r dfrqwhflphqwr vdgd gd erod eudqfd + r dfrqwhflphqwr vdgd gd erod suhwd, h c ' c 2c c r dfrqwhflphqwr hv0 frokd gd xuqd 1 Gdv uhodhv R n R2 n R ' h R ' R2 ' 2Rc frqfoxl0vh txh R ' E ' E2 ' 2*D h R ' E ' *D Xwlol}dqgr d iupxod gh Ed|hv yhp=
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5151 H[HUFFLRV
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H{hufflrv
H{hufflr 514 Qxp orwh gh 45 opsdgdv k 5 eudqfdv h 43 d}xlv1 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh qxpd dprvwud gh ; opsdgdv kdyhu shor phqrv 4 eudqfdB+V= 31<4, H{hufflr 515 Odqdp0vh grlv gdgrv/ xp eudqfr h rxwur yhuphokr h uhsuh0 vhqwd0vh r uhvxowdgr sru xp sdu rughqdgr Ec T 1 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gd vrpd n T vhu= +e, Glylvlyho sru wuv> +V= +d, Sdu> +V= 2
+f, Sdu rx glylvlyho sru 61 +V= 2
H{hufflr 516 Grlv mrjdgruhv frpelqdp xp wruqhlr gh 7 sduwlgdv1 Vxsrq0 gr txh sulrul d suredelolgdgh gh D jdqkdu xpd gdv sduwlgdv 2 h d suredelolgdgh gh E jdqkdu xpd gdv sduwlgdv H / ghwhuplqh= +d, D suredelolgdgh gh D jdqkdu dv 7 sduwlgdv> +V=
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+e, D suredelolgdgh gh D h E jdqkduhp r phvpr qphur gh sduwlgdv +frqvlghuh d vlwxdr gh fdgd xp jdqkdu 3 sduwlgdv,> +V= 31579, +f, D suredelolgdgh gh D jdqkdu pdlv sduwlgdv txh E1 +V= 317;, H{hufflr 517 Vdeh0vh txh hp uhodr d xp gdgr surjudpd gh whohylvr vh whp sdud xp fdvdo/ d vhjxlqwh vlwxdr= d suredelolgdgh gh r krphp yhu xp surjudpd 3/7> d suredelolgdgh gd pxokhu yhu r phvpr surjudpd 3/8> d suredelolgdgh gr krphp yhu r surjudpd srutxh d pxokhu r y 3/:1 Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh= +d, Gh xp fdvdo yhu r surjudpd> +V= 3168, +e, Gh d pxokhu yhu r surjudpd srutxh r krphp r y> +V= 31;:8, +f, Gh shor phqrv xp hohphqwr gr fdvdo yhu r surjudpd1 +V= 3188, H{hufflr 518 Gdgrv grlv dfrqwhflphqwrv h / wdlv txh E ' e c E ' h E ^ ' 2 / ghwhuplqh= +d, Vh h vr pxwxdphqwh h{foxvlyrv> +V= qr, +e, Vh h vr lqghshqghqwhv> +V= vlp, 7 c E* 7 c E* 7 7 +V= c c 2 c +f, E* c E* e e e
47
H{hufflr 519 Gxdv ptxlqdv D h E ixqflrqdp gh irupd lqghshqghqwh xpd gd rxwud1 Qr txdgur vhjxlqwh/ lqglfdp0vh dv suredelolgdghv gh vh yhulfdu r qphur uhihulgr gh dyduldv sdud fdgd ptxlqd/ qr ghfxuvr gh xp gld gh wudedokr= qJ dyduldv 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ptxlqd D 3/4 3/5 3/6 3/5 3/3< 3/3: 3/37 ptxlqd E 3/6 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/48 3/48 Fdofxoh dv vhjxlqwhv suredelolgdghv= +d, D h E wp r phvpr qphur gh dyduldv> +V= 314588, +e, R qphur wrwdo gh dyduldv lqihulru d 6> +V= 3155, +f, D whp pdlv dyduldv txh E> +V= 3174:, +g, E whp r greur gdv dyduldv gh D> +V= 313;, +h, E whp 7 dyduldv/ vdehqgr0vh txh E whp shor phqrv gxdv dyduldv> +V= 314+9,, +i, R qphur pqlpr gh dyduldv hp fdgd xpd gdv gxdv ptxlqdv 61 +V= 315, H{hufflr 51: Xp frphufldqwh uhfheh edwdwd gh wuv uhjlhv glihuhqwhv1 Dr fkhjdu fdgd orwh fodvvlfdgr hp gxdv fodvvhv/ D h E/ gh dfrugr frp d txdol0 gdgh gr surgxwr1 Vdehqgr txh xp orwh dfdedgr gh fkhjdu irl fodvvlfdgr qd fdwhjruld D/ txdo d suryhqlqfld pdlv suryyho ghvwh orwh/ whqgr hp dwhqr txh d glvwulexlr grv orwhv uhfhelgrv dw gdwd d vhjxlqwh= Uhjlhv Wrqhodgdv Txdolgdgh D Txdolgdgh E L 43 5 ; LL 53 47 9 LLL 53 43 43 +V= Uhjlr LL, H{hufflr 51; Xpd gdgd grhqd dsduhfh hp fhufd gh xpd shvvrd sru fdgd 4333 qxpd gdgd srsxodr1 Sh0vh hp ixqflrqdphqwr xp surjudpd sdud dqdolvdu d suhvhqd gd grhqd/ vhqgr sdud wdo xvdgr xp dsduhokr gh gh0 whfr txh g whvwh srvlwlyr frp suredelolgdgh gh 3/<< sdud xpd shvvrd frp d grhqd/ h 3/38 sdud xpd shvvrd vhp d glwd1 Suhwhqgh0vh vdehu txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh xpd shvvrd frp whvwh srvlwlyr whqkd uhdophqwh d grhqd1 +V= 3134<7,
5151 H[HUFFLRV
48
H{hufflr 51< Dv ptxlqdv D h E surgx}hp uhvshfwlydphqwh 43( h <3( gd surgxr wrwdo gh xp fhuwr wlsr gh duwljrv1 Vxsrqgr txh d suredelolgdgh gd ptxlqd D surgx}lu duwljrv ghihlwxrvrv gh 4( h txh sdud d ptxlqd E gh 8(/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp duwljr wrpdgr dr dfdvr gh xp gld gh surgxr suryhqkd gd ptxlqd D/ dvvxplqgr txh ghihlwxrvrB +V= 31354:, H{hufflr 5143 Xpd hpsuhvd srvvxl 6 phlrv gh wudqvsruwh/ Wc W2c h W / sdud frorfdu rv vhxv surgxwrv qr phufdgr1 Vdeh0vh txh dv suredelolgdghv ghvwhv wudqvsruwhv dwudvduhp vr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh/ 3138/ 314/ h 31581 Vdeh0vh dlqgd txh hvwhv phlrv gh wudqvsruwh vr hpsuhjxhv frp iuhtxqfldv lqyhuvd0 phqwh sursruflrqdlv drv uhvshfwlyrv fxvwrv sru uhphvvdv= ;3/ 73 h 49 xqlgdghv prqhwuldv uhvshfwlydphqwh1 +d, Fdofxoh dv shufhqwdjhqv gh xwlol}dr gh fdgd xp grv phlrv gh wudqvsruwh> 2 D f +V= . c . c . , +e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh kdyhu dwudvr> +V= 314;5, +f, Frqvlghudqgr dv uhphvvdv fkhjdgdv frp dwudvr/ txdo d suredelol0 gdgh gdv phvpdv whuhp vlgr wudqvsruwdgdv sru W2q +V= 31494, H{hufflr 5144 Dsv dojxqv whvwhv hihfwxdgrv shuvrqdolgdgh gh xp lq0 glylgxr frqfoxlx0vh txh/ hvwh orxfr frp xpd suredelolgdgh ljxdo d 319/ odgur frp xpd suredelolgdgh ljxdo d 31: h qr orxfr qhp odgur frp xpd suredelolgdgh gh 3158 +d, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gr lqglylgxr vhu orxfr h odgur> +V= 3188, +e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gr lqglylgxr vhu dshqdv orxfr rx dsh0 qdv odgur> +V= 315, +f, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gr lqglylgxr vhu odgur/ vdehqgr txh r phvpr qr orxfr1 +V= 316:8, H{hufflr 5145 R Mrr whp vxd glvsrvlr wuv phlrv gh wudqvsruwh glih0 uhqwhv sdud vh ghvorfdu gh fdvd sdud d hvfrod= r wudqvsruwh D/ E rx F1 Vdeh0vh txh d suredelolgdgh gh= 0 fkhjdu dwudvdgr hvfrod 319> 0 fkhjdu dwudvdgr xwlol}dqgr r wudqvsruwh D 31;> 0 fkhjdu dwudvdgr xwlol}dqgr r wudqvsruwh E 318> 0 fkhjdu dwudvdgr xwlol}dqgr r wudqvsruwh F 319> 0 xwlol}du rv wudqvsruwhv E h F d phvpd1
49
FDSWXOR 51 SUREDELOLGDGHV +d, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gr Mrr xwlol}du r wudqvsruwh D> +V= 315, +e, Vdehqgr txh r Mrr fkhjrx dwudvdgr hvfrod/ fdofxoh d suredelo0 lgdgh gh whu xwlol}dgr r wudqvsruwh F1 +V= 317,
H{hufflr 5146 Vhmdp D h E grlv dfrqwhflphqwrv lqghshqghqwhv/ suryh txh r frpsohphqwdu gh D h r frpsohphqwdu gh E wdpep r vr1 H{hufflr 5147 Qxpd srsxodr 53( gdv idpoldv wp ptxlqd gh odydu orxd/ 63( wp ptxlqd gh odydu urxsd h 43( wp dperv rv wlsrv gh ptxlqdv1 Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh xpd idpold hvfroklgd dr dfdvr= +d, Whu shor phqrv xp grv wlsrv gh ptxlqd> +V= 317, +e, Qr whu qhqkxp grv wlsrv gh ptxlqd> +V= 319, +f, Whu xp v wlsr gh ptxlqd1 +V= 316, H{hufflr 5148 D suredelolgdgh gh vh rewhu fdgd srqwr qxp gdgr ylfldgr gh= % 2 e D S E% f f.D f.D f.D f.D f2 Odqd0vh r gdgr gxdv yh}hv frqvhfxwlyd h dglflrqdp0vh rv srqwrv rewlgrv1 Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh fdgd xp grv dfrqwhflphqwrv= +d, Rewhu xpd vrpd gh srqwrv vxshulru d gh}> +V= 3144, +e, Rewhu xpd vrpd gh srqwrv lqihulru d txdwur1 +V= 31378, H{hufflr 5149 Frqvlghuh gxdv xuqdv D h E1 D xuqd D frqwp 4 erod eudqfd h <<< erodv suhwdv h d xuqd E frqwp 4 erod suhwd h <<< erodv eudqfdv1 hvfroklgd xpd xuqd dr dfdvr gd txdo h{wudgd xpd erod1 Vh hvwd suhwd/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh d xuqd D whqkd vlgr hvfroklgdB +V= 31<<<, H{hufflr 514: Xp vdfr whp 6 prhgdv xpd gdv txdlv irl fxqkdgd frp 5 fdudv hqtxdqwr txh dv rxwudv r irudp frp 4 fdud h 4 frurd1 Wlud0vh xpd prhgd dr dfdvr gr vdfr h odqd0vh dr du 5 yh}hv vhjxlgdv1 Txdo d suredelol0 gdgh gh txh vh wudwh gd prhgd gh 5 fdudv vdehqgr txh qrv grlv odqdphqwrv vdlx vhpsuh fdudB +V= 2 , H{hufflr 514; Qxpd dprvwud frqvwlwxgd sru 433 lqglylgxrv rewlyhudp0vh rv uhvxowdgrv dsuhvhqwdgrv qr txdgur vhjxlqwh= Frp Eurqtxlwh Vhp Eurqtxlwh Ixpdgruhv 73 53 qr Ixpdgruhv 43 63
5151 H[HUFFLRV
4:
+d, Gljd/ mxvwlfdqgr d uhvsrvwd/ vh rv dfrqwhflphqwrv vhu ixpdgru h whu eurqtxlwh vr lqghshqghqwhv> +V= qr, +e, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh xp lqglylgxr txh ixpdgru whu eurq0 txlwh1 +V= 2 , H{hufflr 514< Frqvlghuh txh d vlwxdr gh xpd hqwuhylvwd gh fdqglgdwxud d xp hpsuhjr/ xpd h{shulqfld dohdwuld h txh d qrvvd dwhqr vh fhqwud hp grlv dfrqwhflphqwrv r fdqglgdwr whp erd dsduqfld +dfrqwhflphqwr , h r fdqglgdwr frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr +dfrqwhflphqwr ,1 Vdehqgr txh E ' fec E ' f2 h E ^ ' fe +d, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh r fdqglgdwr whu erd dsduqfld h frq0 vhjxlu r hpsuhjr> +V= 315, +e, Rv dfrqwhflphqwrv r fdqglgdwr whp erd dsduqfld h r fdqglgd0 wr frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr vr lqghshqghqwhvB +V= qr, +f, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh r fdqglgdwr whu erd dsduqfld vdehqgr txh frqvhjxlx r hpsuhjr1 +V= 4, H{hufflr 5153 Qxpd ieulfd/ yhulfrx0vh txh xp fhuwr duwljr srgh dsuh0 vhqwdu ghihlwrv gh grlv wlsrv1 D suredelolgdgh gh rfruuhu r ghihlwr gr wlsr D 314 h d suredelolgdgh gh rfruuhu r ghihlwr gr wlsr E 31381 Vdehqgr txh rv ghihlwrv rfruuhp lqghshqghqwhphqwh xp gr rxwur/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh= +d, Xp duwljr qr whu txdotxhu ghihlwr> +V= 31;88, +e, Xp duwljr whu ghihlwr> +V= 31478, +f, Xp duwljr frp ghihlwr whu xp h xp v wlsr gh ghihlwr1 +V= 3147, H{hufflr 5154 Vxsrqgr txh vh whp frqkhflphqwr gd vhjxlqwh lqirupdr= 0 d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr yhu r dqqflr gr surgxwr D @3168 0 d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr frpsudu r surgxwr D @3156 0 d suredelolgdgh gr dfrqwhflphqwr frpsudu r surgxwr D/ whqgr ylvwr r dqqflr gr surgxwr D @3176 +d, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqqflr h frpsudu r surgxwr D> +V= 314838, +e, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqqflr rx frpsudu r surgxwr D> +V= 3175<8,
4;
FDSWXOR 51 SUREDELOLGDGHV +f, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh yhu r dqqflr gr surgxwr D vh frpsurx hvvh surgxwr> +V= 319876, +g, Rv dfrqwhflphqwrv yhu r dqqflr gr surgxwr D h frpsudu r surgxwr D vr lqghshqghqwhvB Mxvwltxh1 +V= qr,
H{hufflr 5155 Sdud xpd gdgd vhfr gh xpd hvwudgd irudp uhfroklgdv hvwdwvwlfdv vreuh r qphur gh yhfxorv shvdgrv +f , h oljhlurv +t , txh hp frqmxqwr/ d fux}dp hp lqwhuydorv gh 4 plqxwr1 QJ gh Shvdgrv +f , QJ gh Oljhlurv +t , QJ gh Revhuydhv f ef f e Df f D Hf f S 2f Hf e Hf D ef S ff 2 2 Sf 2 Hf 2 e ef ef 2 Sf 6 6 63 Frqvlghuh rv vhjxlqwhv dfrqwhflphqwrv = 0 qJ gh yhfxorv shvdgrv phqru rx ljxdo d 4 0 qJ gh yhfxorv oljhlurv phqru rx ljxdo d 6 Ghwhuplqh Ec E c E* c E ^ h wluh dv vxdv frqfoxvhv vreuh d lqghshqgqfld hvwdwvwlfd hqwuh rv grlv dfrqwhflphqwrv1 +V= 319<> 316<> 3163::> 31<9> qr vr lqg1, H{hufflr 5156 Gh uhjlvwrv hihfwxdgrv frqfoxl0vh txh rv frqgxwruhv txh flu0 fxodp hp ghwhuplqdgd hvwudgd srghp frphwhu xp h xp v grv grlv wlsrv gh wudqvjuhvvhv= wlsr L/ wlsr LL/ h qxqfd dpedv1 Gh 833 frqgxwruhv pxowdgrv 433 frphwhudp wudqvjuhvvhv gr wlsr L1 43( grv txh frphwhudp wudqvjuhvvhv gr wlsr L vr pxowdgrv1 4( grv frqgxwruhv frphwhp wudqvjuhvvhv gr wlsr L h 5( gr wlsr LL1 Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh vhu pxowdgr txhp frphwhu xpd wudqvjuhvvr gr wlsr LL1 +V= 315,
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+d, Prvwuh txh s uhsuhvhqwd d ixqr suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1 f > +e, Fdofxoh . df o c . df n 2o h T d2f n o + V=
2b e. H ( H ( S
H{hufflr 618 Frqvlghuh f xpd y1d1 frqwqxd frp ixqr ghqvlgdgh ; ? n % / % f % /f % s E% ' = f /uhvwdqwhv fdvrv Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr 8 E% h hverfh r vhx jufr1 H{hufflr 619 Xpd ptxlqd id} sdudixvrv frp glphwurv glvwulexlgrv vh0 jxqgr xpd y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh &E% E% 2 / % 2 s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh &> +V= 09, +e, Rv sdudixvrv vr uhmhlwdgrv vh r vhx glphwur glihulu gh 4/8 pdlv gh 3/71 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp sdudixvr vhu uhmhlwdgrB +V= 31389, H{hufflr 61: Txdlv gdv vhjxlqwhv ixqhv srghp uhsuhvhqwdu d ixqr ghq0 vlgdgh suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1=
6191 H[HUFFLRV +d, s E% ' +e, s E% ' e% 2%2 / f % 2 +V= qr, f / fdvr frqwuulr
2% S%2 H
66
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f
/f % 2 +V= vlp, / fdvr frqwuulr
H{hufflr 61; Frqvlghuh d vhjxlqwh ixqr= & / % K %2 s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr Txh uhodr ghyh h{lvwlu hqwuh & h K sdud txh s vhmd xpd ixqr ghqvlgdgh K gh suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1 f 1 +V= & ' K! H{hufflr 61< Vxsrqkd txh r jufr gd jxud vhjxlqwh uhsuhvhqwd d ixqr ghqvlgdgh suredelolgdgh gh xpd y1d1 f 1
(a,b)
-a
00
+d, Txdo d uhodr hqwuh @ h KB +V= KE@ n K ' 2 +e, Vh K : f/ ghwhuplqh r ydoru gh K txdqgr @ ' h fdofxoh/ frp hvwhv ydoruhv/ d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f 1 H{hufflr 6143 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 frqwqxd frq ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh sured0 elolgdgh gdgd sru ; @% /f % A A ? @ / %2 s E% ' @% n @ / 2 % A A = f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh @> +V= 2 +e, Ghwhuplqh 8 E% h hverfh r vhx jufr> +f, Vh fc f2 h f iruhp 6 revhuydhv lqghshqghqwhv gh f / txdo vhu d suredelolgdgh gh h{dfwdphqwh xp ghvvhv qphurv vhu pdlru txh 4/8B +V= 316:8,
67FDSWXOR 61 YDULYHLV DOHDWULDV H IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR H{hufflr 6144 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 frqwqxd1 +d, Lqgltxh sdud txh ydoruhv gh q txh d vhjxlqwh ixqr srgh vhu xpd ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh f = +V= q : f !q% qe /%:f s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +e, Xvdqgr d ixqr ghqvlgdgh ghqlgd qd doqhd dqwhulru/ suryh txh sdud txdlvtxhu rc | : f vh yhulfd Ef : r n |*f : r ' Ef | H{hufflr 6145 D y1d1 frqwqxd f whp ixqr ghqvlgdgh 2 % / % f s E% ' f / % rx % f Vhmd K xp qJ uhdo wdo txh K f +d, Fdofxoh d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f > K .K EV= ! +e, Fdofxoh f : K*f 2 K nH H{hufflr 6146 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 frp ixqr ghqvlgdgh 2 e % n S% eD / % D e s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Yhultxh vh s srgh vhu xpd ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh f > +e, Ghwhuplqh d uhvshfwlyd ixqr gh glvwulexlr1 H{hufflr 6147 Ghwhuplqh d hvshudqd pdwhpwlfd h d ydulqfld gdv y1d1 D grv h{hufflrv 618/ 6143/ 6144 h 61451 +V= 618 3> S ( 6143 2 ( 2 > 6144 q ( q 2 > 6145 0 e ( Hf H{hufflr 6148 Suryh dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv gd hvshudqd pdwhpwlfd= +d, Vh f ' @ hqwr . df o ' @( +e, . dKf o ' K. df o ( +f, . df n @o ' . df o n @( +g, Vh } Ef h Ef vr ixqhvgh fc hqwr . d}Ef nEf o ' . d}Ef on . dEf o/ fdvr h{lvwdp hvwdv hvshudqdv pdwhpwlfdv1
6191 H[HUFFLRV H{hufflr 6149 Suryh dv vhjxlqwhv sursulhgdghv gd ydulqfld= +d, T df o ' . df 2 o . 2df o( +e, T df o f( +f, Vh f ' @/ hqwr T df o ' f( +g, T df n @o ' T df o( +h, T dKf o ' K2 T df o
68
H{hufflr 614: Uhodwlydphqwh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f vdeh0vh txh . df o ' S h . df 2 o ' S Vhqgr t xpd rxwud ydulyho wdo txh t ' 2 f n c ghwhuplqh . dt oc T dt o h jt +V= 9> 3> 3, H{hufflr 614; R qphur gh fduurv yhqglgrv vhpdqdophqwh qxp vwdqg xpd ydulyho dohdwuld f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr gh suredelolgdgh= % s E% S 2
2
S
e
e 2 2D
S
+d, Fdofxoh/ mxvwlfdqgr/ r ydoru gh S> +V=
+e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f ( +f, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gr qphur gh fduurv yhqglgrv qr fkhjdu d 7/ vdehqgr txh hvwh ydoru vxshulru d 4> +V= f +g, Vh rv fxvwrv {rv vhpdqdlv vr gh 63 frqwrv txdqgr vr yhqglgrv 5 rx phqrv fduurv h 48 frqwrv txdqgr vh yhqgh pdlv gh 5 fduurv h/ dop glvvr/ sru fdgd fduur yhqglgr k xp oxfur gh 68 frqwrv/ ghwhuplqh d uhfhlwd otxlgd vhpdqdo1 H{hufflr 614< Wuv doxqrv h wuv doxqdv yr uhdol}du xp wudedokr gh juxsr sdud d glvflsolqd gh Hvwdwvwlfd1 Frpr wp gh h{lvwlu 5 uhvsrqvyhlv shor juxsr/ uhvroyhudp hihfwxdu hvvd hvfrokd gh irupd dohdwuld1 Frqvlghuh f d y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd r qphur gh doxqdv qhvvd hvfrokd1 +d, Lqgltxh d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f ( +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh h{lvwlu qr phqrv gr txh xpd doxqd qhvvd hvfrokdB +V= e D +f, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o +V= 4> 2 D
69FDSWXOR 61 YDULYHLV DOHDWULDV H IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR H{hufflr 6153 f xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr gh ghqvl0 gdgh= ; % /f%& ? e % s E% ' e / & % e = f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh/ mxvwlfdqgr &( +V= 5, +e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f ( +f, Fdofxoh EfD f 2D dwudyv gd ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh gh f ( +V= 319;:8, +g, Fdofxoh Ef *f f2D dwudyv gd ixqr gh glvwulexlr gh f +V=3144;, H{hufflr 6154 Qxp juxsr gh 43 lqglylgxrv yr vhu hvfroklgrv 6 sdud iru0 pduhp xpd frplvvr sdud r hvwxgr gh xp gdgr dvvxqwr1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ vdeh0vh txh 7 grv 43 lqglylgxrv vr hvshfldolvwdv qr dvvxqwr1 +d, Dgplwlqgr xpd hvfrokd fdvxdo/ frqvwuxd d ixqr gh suredelolgdgh gd y1d1 f = qJ gh hvshfldolvwdv qd frplvvr> +e, Vdehqgr txh qd frplvvr whp txh hvwdu shor phqrv xp hvshfld0 olvwd/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vhuhp wrgrv hvshfldolvwdvB +V= 3137, +f, Dgplwlqgr txh fdgd hvshfldolvwd uhfheh phqvdophqwh/ sru id}hu sduwh gd frplvvr/ 83 frqwrv h fdgd xp grv uhvwdqwhv 53 frqwrv/ rewhqkd r ydoru hvshudgr uhodwlyr dr prqwdqwh phqvdo gh uhpx0 qhudhv gd frplvvr1 +V= <9 frqwrv, H{hufflr 6155 D txdqwlgdgh gh shl{h shvfdgr gluldphqwh/ hp wrqhodgdv/ sru fhuwr edufr xpd y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelo0 lgdgh= ; % / f % f ? 2ff @E2f % / f % 2f s E% ' = f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh r ydoru gd frqvwdqwh @> +V= 31348, +e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr glvwulexlr gd y1d1 h/ frp edvh qhod/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gr edufr/ qxp gld/ qr shvfdu phqrv gh ; wrqhodgdv gh shl{h> +V= 31;7, +f, Vdehqgr txh qxpd pdqk r edufr m shvfrx pdlv gh 6 wrqhodgdv gh shl{h/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh dw dr p gr gld h{fhghu dv ; wrqhodgdv gh shvfdgrB +V= 31;8<6,
6191 H[HUFFLRV
6:
+g, Vh fdgd fdl{d gh shl{h hqyldgd sdud d orwd ohyd 58 nj/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh qxp gld vh hqylduhp pdlv gh 733 fdl{dvB +V= 31:8, H{hufflr 6156 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 glvfuhwd wdo txh= ; f /% A A A A /% 2 ? e /2% 8 E% ' e A & A /% e A A = H /%e +d, Ghwhuplqh rv srvvyhlv ydoruhv sdud &( +V= g 5 dSc Ho +e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh suredelolgdgh gh f ( +f, Fdofxoh E2 f e( +V= e +g, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o +V=
g
(D 2
g2
Se
H{hufflr 6157 D ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh gh xpd y1d1 f gdgd sru= @ n K%2 / f % s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr Vdehqgr txh . df o ' Dc
S +d, Ghwhuplqh @ h K( +V= @ ' D( K ' D
+e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gh f ( +f, Fdofxoh 2 f e +V= 3159;:8, H{hufflr 6158 Xpd hpsuhvd ghglfd0vh yhqgd gh duwljrv hofwulfrv1 Dv yhqgdv gluldv gh judydgruhv +hp xqlgdghv, vr uhsuhvhqwdgdv sru xpd y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr gh suredelolgdgh= &E% n / % ' fc c 2c c e s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh r ydoru gh &1 Mxvwltxh d vxd uhvsrvwd> +V= +e, Ghqd d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f ( +f, Fdofxoh/ dwudyv gd ixqr gh suredelolgdgh h gd ixqr gh glv0 wulexlr/ d suredelolgdgh gh dv yhqgdv vhuhp h{dfwdphqwh ljxdlv d 6 judydgruhv/ qxp gld hp txh hvwdv irudp shor phqrv 51 +V=
D
6;FDSWXOR 61 YDULYHLV DOHDWULDV H IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR H{hufflr 6159 Frqvlghudqgr f xpd y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd d gxudr hp fhqwhqdv gh krudv gh xp fhuwr frpsrqhqwh hofwulfr h hp txh d vxd ixqr ghqvlgdgh gdgd sru= @% / f % f s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh/ mxvwlfdqgr/ r ydoru gh @( +V= +e, Fdofxoh Ef : D( +V=
D 2f Df
+f, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o +V=
2f Df ( b
H{hufflr 615: Qxpd ormd gh hohfwurgrpvwlfrv d surfxud gluld gh dvsl0 udgruhv xpd y1d1 f frp ixqr gh suredelolgdgh= % f 2 e s E% f2 K f f2 f +d, Fdofxoh K/ mxvwlfdqgr> +V= 315, +e, Qr qlflr gh xp gld h{lvwhp dshqdv 5 dvsludgruhv qd ormd1 Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh vhuhp yhqglgrv +frqvlghuh txh surfxud@yhqgd vhpsuh txh h{lvwd r surgxwr surfxudgr,> +V= 319, +f, D sduwlu gd doqhd dqwhulru rewhqkd d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd ydulyho qphur gh dvsludgruhv yhqglgrv1 H{hufflr 615; Vhmd1 f xpd y1d1 glvfuhwd frp ixqr gh suredelolgdgh gdgd sru= % f 2 D s E% H H 2 +d, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f ( +e, Fdofxoh Ef f 2( +V= +f, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o +V=
2e eb Dbb 2e ( D.S
H{hufflr 615< Gdgd d ixqr gh glvwulexlr 8 gd y1d1 f = ; ? f /% f % /f% S 8 E% ' = S /%S +d, Ghwhuplqh d uhvshfwlyd ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh>
6191 H[HUFFLRV +e, Fdofxoh E2 f e( +V= +f, Fdofxoh . df o +V= 6,
6<
H{hufflr 6163 D ixqr gh suredelolgdgh gd y1d1 f / txh uhsuhvhqwd r qphur gh lpshuihlhv hp fdgd 43 phwurv gh xpd eud vlqwwlfd ideulfdgd hp urorv frqwqxrv gh odujxud xqliruph gdgd sru= % f 2 e s E% fe @ fS ffD ff +d, Fdofxoh @/ mxvwlfdqgr> +V= 316:, +e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f > +f, Fdofxoh E f e( +V= 3155, +g, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o +V= 31;;> 31;789, H{hufflr 6164 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 frqwqxd fxmd ixqr gh glvwulexlr gdgd sru= ; ? f /%f %2 / f % 8 E% ' = /% +d, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh f wrpdu xp ydoru hqwuh D 2 fdofxoh/ hp vhjxlgd/ . df o h T df o( +V= S ( ( H

+e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh/ hp 7 ydoruhv dvvxplgrv lqghshq0 ghqwhphqwh shod y1d1 f / shor phqrv 6 hvwduhp frpsuhhqglgrv hqwuh 3158 h 31:81 +V= 316458, H{hufflr 6165 D sursrur gh dofro gh xp fhuwr frpsrvwr srgh vhu frq0 vlghudgd xpd y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh= &% n 2 / f % s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Fdofxoh & / rewhqkd d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f h hverfh r vhx jufr> +V= 4, +e, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o( +V=
. 2 ( ee
+f, Vxsrqkd txh r suhr gh yhqgd ghvvh frpsrvwr ghshqgh gd shufhq0 wdjhp gh dofro1 Hvshflfdphqwh vh e f e r frpsrvwr yhqgh0 vh sru 4333'332olwur h gh frqwuulr yhqgh0vh sru :33'332olwur1 Vh r fxvwr iru 833'332olwur/ fdofxoh d hvshudqd pdwhpwlfd gr oxfur otxlgr sru olwur1 +V= 683'33,
73FDSWXOR 61 YDULYHLV DOHDWULDV H IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR H{hufflr 6166 Frqvlghuh d y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh= &E2% n / f % s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghwhuplqh & h hp vhjxlgd d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f ( +V= 2 +e, Fdofxoh . df o h T df o( +V=
. 2 ( ee
+f, Ghwhuplqh 6 gh prgr txh Ef : 6 ' Ef 6 h prvwuh txh 6 qlfr1 +V= 3194;, H{hufflr 6167 R glphwur gh xp fder hofwulfr xpd y1d1 f frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh= S%E % / f % s E% ' f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Ghqd d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f h fdofxoh f 2 ( +V= 318, +e, Fdofxoh . df o( +V= 318, +f, Vxsrqkd txh r fder hofwulfr frqvlghudgr ghihlwxrvr vh r glphwur glihulu gd vxd pgld hp pdlv gh 31381 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vh hqfrqwudu xp fder ghihlwxrvrB +V= 31;838, H{hufflr 6168 Frqvlghudqgr f xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frqwqxd/ suryh/ xwl0 ol}dqgr d ghqlr/ d vhjxlqwh ljxdogdgh= T d@f K2o ' @2T df o H{hufflr 6169 Suryh d vhjxlqwh ljxdogdgh= T d@2 f @Ko ' @eT df o +d, Sdud f / ydulyho dohdwuld frqwqxd> +e, Sdud f / ydulyho dohdwuld glvfuhwd1 H{hufflr 616: R qphur gh yhqgdv uhdol}dgdv sru xp djhqwh gh vhjxurv glduldphqwh xpd y1d1 frp ixqr gh suredelolgdgh= % f s E% 2 e 5 | 5
Vdehqgr txh hp 43( grv gldv dv yhqgdv vr lqihulruhv d xp h txh hp :3( grv gldv vr vxshulruhv d xp/
6191 H[HUFFLRV +d, Ghwhuplqh c 5 h |( +V= 314/ 315 h 317, +e, Ghwhuplqh T d2f o( +V= 71;,
74
+f, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh txh/ txdqgr frqvlghudgrv grlv gldv/ dv yhqgdv vhmdp vxshulruhv/ hp fdgd xp ghohv/ d gxdv xqlgdghv> +V= 313<, +g, Vh fdgd vhjxur ihlwr sru 48333'33/ ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh sur0 edelolgdgh gd uhfhlwd rewlgd frp d yhqgd grv vhjxurv qxp gld> +h, Vh qxp gld d uhfhlwd iru lqihulru d 83333'33/ ghwhuplqh d sured0 elolgdgh gh txh vhmd vxshulru d 53333'331 +V= 31999, H{hufflr 616; R Vu1 Mrr whp xp fduur txh qhfhvvlwd gh xpd uhsdudr xujhqwh1 Frqvlghuh f d y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd r qphur gh vhpdqdv txh r fduur vh pdwhu hp ixqflrqdphqwr vhp uhsdudr1 D ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh d vhjxlqwh= ; % ? 2f / f % e % s E% ' /e %K = ef f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Txdo r qphur p{lpr gh vhpdqdv txh r fduur ixqflrqdu vhp uhsdudrB +V= ;, +e, Ghwhuplqh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f ( +f, R Vu1 Mrr suhflvd gh lu dr Sruwr gdtxl d 9 vhpdqdv1 Txdo d sure0 delolgdgh gh srghu xwlol}du r vhx fduur vhp whu hihfwxdgr txdotxhu uhsdudrB +V= 3168, H{hufflr 616< D txdqwlgdgh gh fhuyhmd yhqglgd glduldphqwh qxpd ihlud +hp plokduhv gh olwurv, xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghq0 vlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh= ; /f%e ? &% &E2 2% / e % S s E% ' = f / fdvr frqwuulr +d, Rewhqkd r ydoru gh & h gh . df n 2o ( +V= +e, Ghwhuplqh 8 E%( +f, Frqvlghuh rv vhjxlqwhv dfrqwhflphqwrv= D@ yhqgd gluld vxshulru d 7333 olwurv E@ yhqgd gluld hqwuh 6333 h 8333 olwurv Lqgltxh/ mxvwlfdqgr/ vh D h E vr lqghshqghqwhv1 +V= qr,
2
h 2,
75FDSWXOR 61 YDULYHLV DOHDWULDV H IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR H{hufflr 6173 Xpd hvwdr gh jdvrolqd hqfkh rv uhvhuydwulrv xpd yh} sru vhpdqd1 R yroxph vhpdqdo gh yhqgdv/ h{suhvvr hp plokduhv gh olwurv/ xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelolgdgh= ; /% f f A A ? /f% D f s E% ' f!% / D % f A A = 2D f / % f +d, Yhultxh txh s E% gh idfwr xpd ixqr ghqvlgdgh gh suredelol0 gdgh gh xpd ydulyho dohdwuld f ( +e, Fdofxoh d ixqr glvwulexlr gh f ( +f, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh qxpd vhpdqd vh yhqghuhp pdlv gh :333 olwurv gh jdvrolqd/ vdehqgr0vh txh m irudp yhqglgrv shor phqrv 7333 olwurv> +g, Fdofxoh d txdqwlgdgh pgld gh jdvrolqd txh yhqglgd vhpdqdo0 phqwh1 H{hufflr 6174 Vhmd f xpd ydulyho dohdwuld glvfuhwd frp d vhjxlqwh ixqr gh suredelolgdgh= % 6 6 6n 6nD &n & &! & s E% H H H H Ghwhuplqh/ +d, & h 6 gh prgr txh . df o ' e ( +V= 5 h 04, +e, T df 2o( +V= 8819;:8, +f, 8 E% h E2 f D +V= 3158,
Fdswxor 7 Glvwulexlhv Whulfdv Glvfuhwdv

714 Glvwulexlr Xqliruph
Ghqlr 714 Xpd ydulyho dohdwuld f gl}0vh txh whp xpd glvwulexlr xqliruph hp ? srqwrv txdqgr d vxd ixqr gh suredelolgdgh gd irupd s E% ' Ef ' % ' c ' c 2c c ? ?
Frpr h{hufflr ghl{d0vh dr fxlgdgr gr doxqr d ghprqvwudr gd vhjxlqwh sursrvlr1 Sursrvlr 714 Vh f xpd y1 d1 frp xpd glvwulexlr xqliruph/ . df o ' [ % ? h
% &2 [ 2 [ T df o ' % % ? ? H{hpsor 714 Flwdqgr gh qryr r h{hpsor 517/ frqvlghuh0vh r odqdphqwr gh xp gdgr1 D fdgd dfrqwhflphqwr hohphqwdu/ lvwr / d fdgd uhvxowdgr srvvyho gh xp odqdphqwr/ srghprv dvvrfldu xp grv qphurv c 2c c ec Dc Sc r qphur gh srqwrv txh dsduhfhp qd idfh uhvxowdqwh1Dtxl d ydulyho dohdwuld f srgh wrpdu xp gh vhlv ydoruhv % ' E ' c 2c c ec Dc S frp d phvpd suredelolgdgh Ef ' % ' S Grqgh hvwd y1 d1 whp xpd glvwulexlr xqliruph1 76
77
FDSWXOR 71 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV GLVFUHWDV
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87
FDSWXOR 71 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV GLVFUHWDV +e, Wrgrv hvwhmdp frqwdplqdgrv/ vdehqgr0vh txh shor phqrv xp ghohv hvw> +V= 313334688, +f, Phwdgh rx pdlv hvwhmd frqwdplqdgr1 +V= 313<<,
H{hufflr 7143 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh wludu/ hp 43 odqdphqwrv gh xp gdgr qxphudgr gh 4 d 9= +d, H{dfwdphqwh wuv uhvxowdgrv idfh 8B +V= 31488, +e, Shor phqrv wuv uhvxowdgrv idfh 8B +V= 31557;, +f, Txdqwr pxlwr wuv uhvxowdgrv idfh 8B +V= 31<636, H{hufflr 7144 R qphur gh folhqwhv glulrv gh xp fdehohluhlur xpd y1d1 frp glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq gh pgld 481 R kruulr gh ixqflrqdphqwr ydl gdv 43 v 49 krudv/ qr ihfkdqgr sdud doprr1 Vdeh0vh dlqgd txh/ ghylgr d olplwdhv gh shvvrdo vh dwhqghp qr p{lpr 58 folhqwhv sru gld1 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh hqwuh dv 43 h dv 45 krudv fkhjduhp phqrv gh 8 folhqwhvB +V= 317738, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh qxp gld fduhp folhqwhv sru dwhqghuB +V= 313395, H{hufflr 7145 Frqvlghuh f d y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd r qphur gh udsd}hv hp idpoldv frp 9 okrv1 +d, Frqvwuxd d ixqr suredelolgdgh gh f ( +e, Vdehqgr txh qxpd idpold frp 9 okrv/ shor phqrv 6 ghohv vr udsd}hv/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh qr h{lvwluhp udsduljdv> +V= 31356;, +f, Vh qxpd flgdgh k ;33 idpoldv frp 9 okrv/ txdqwdv srghprv hvshudu txh whqkdp shor phqrv 5 udsd}hvB +V= :4517;, H{hufflr 7146 Hqwuh dv 47 h dv 49 krudv/ r qphur pglr gh fkdpdgdv whohiqlfdv sru plqxwr/ dwhqglgdv qr fhqwur gh frpxqlfdhv gh xpd hpsuh0 vd 5181 Vdehqgr txh r qphur gh fkdpdgdv vxjhuh xpd glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh/ gxudqwh xp ghwhuplqdgr plqxwr kdyhu= +d, 3 fkdpdgdv whohiqlfdv> +V= 313;54, +e, 5 fkdpdgdv whohiqlfdv> +V= 315898, +f, 7 rx phqrv fkdpdgdv whohiqlfdv> +V= 31;<4,
7181 H[HUFFLRV +g, Pdlv gh 9 fkdpdgdv whohiqlfdv1 +V= 31347,
88
H{hufflr 7147 Xp lqglylgxr txh sudwlfd wlur dr doyr/ dfhuwd qd prxfkh hp pgld/ grlv hp fdgd wuv wlurv1 Vxsrqgr txh id} gh} wlurv/ txdo d sured0 elolgdgh gh= +d, Dfhuwdu qd prxfkh h{dfwdphqwh 9 yh}hv> +V= 3155:9, +e, Dfhuwdu qd prxfkh shor phqrv 4 yh}> +V= 31<<<<;, +f, Dfhuwdu qd prxfkh txdqwr pxlwr 5 yh}hv1 +V= 313367, H{hufflr 7148 Xpd hvwudgd vhfxqguld mxqwd0vh d xpd dxwr0hvwudgd qr srqwr D1 Rv yhfxorv suryhqlhqwhv gd dxwr0hvwudgd fkhjdp d D/ d xpd wd{d pgld gh 43 sru plqxwr/ h rv suryhqlhqwhv gd hvwudgd vhfxqguld d xpd wd{d pgld gh 7 sru plqxwr1 Vxsrqgr txh hp dperv rv fdvrv d glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq dsolfyho h txh r qJ gh yhfxorv txh sdvvdp sru D ylqgrv gd dxwr0 hvwudgd lqghshqghqwh gr qJ gh yhfxorv txh sdvvdp hp D ylqgrv gd hvwudgd vhfxqguld/ fdofxoh= +d, D suredelolgdgh gh r qJ gh yhfxorv txh sdvvdp hp D gxudqwh xp plqxwr/ ylqgrv gd dxwr0hvwudgd/ vhu vxshulru d 45> +V= 3153;, +e, D suredelolgdgh gh sdvvduhp sru D/ h{dfwdphqwh : yhfxorv gx0 udqwh xp plqxwr/ suryhqlhqwhv gd hvwudgd vhfxqguld> +V= 3138<8, +f, D suredelolgdgh gh gxudqwh xp plqxwr qr sdvvdu sru D txdotxhu yhfxor1 +V= 3134;6, H{hufflr 7149 Qxpd h{shulqfld elrojlfd/ sdud d txdo d hvfrokd gdv fr0 edldv edvwdqwh glvshqglrvd/ yhulfd0vh txh d h{shulqfld ehp vxfhglgd hp 73( grv fdvrv1 +d, Vh r h{shulphqwdgru wlyhu 43 fredldv vxd glvsrvlr/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vh yhulfduhp shor phqrv 5 h{shulqfldv ehp vxfhglgdvB +V= 31<87, +e, Txdqwdv fredldv vr qhfhvvuldv sdud txh r qJ hvshudgr gh vxfhvvrv vhmd 57B Mxvwltxh> +V= 93, +f, Txdqwdv fredldv vhur qhfhvvuldv sdud jdudqwlu txh d suredelol0 gdgh gh rewhu shor phqrv xpd h{shulqfld frp vxfhvvr vhmd lqih0 ulru d 31<81 +V= ? D
89
H{hufflr 714: Qd flgdgh D h{lvwh xpd fdsdflgdgh krwhohlud gh ;33 fdpdv1 D suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd surfxudu xpd fdpd gh krwho qhvvd flgdgh gh 2ff 1 Fdofxoh r qJ p{lpr gh fdpdv qhfhvvuldv gxudqwh xp p gh vhpdqd +5 gldv, sdud doehujdu wrgdv dv shvvrdv txh r ghvhmhp frp xpd suredelolgdgh gh 31<991 +V= 46, H{hufflr 714; D suredelolgdgh gh xpd shvvrd pruuhu gh xpd fhuwd grhqd uhvsludwuld 313351 +d, Ghwhuplqh d glvwulexlr gd y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd r qJ gh grhqwhv txh pruuhp hp 5333 lqihfwdgrv sru hvvd grhqd> +e, Hp 5333 lqihfwdgrv txdo r qJ hvshudgr gh grhqwhv txh lur pruuhuB +V= 7, +f, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh pruuhuhp 8 grhqwhv grv su{lprv 5333 lqihfwdgrv1 +V= 314896, H{hufflr 714< Hvwdwvwlfdv uhdol}dgdv qr fdpsr gd vdgh uhyhodp txh xpd grhqd gh wudwdphqwr glvshqglrvr dihfwd 4 hp fdgd 8333 shvvrdv1 Edvhdgd qhvwdv hvwdwvwlfdv/ xpd vhjxudgrud ghflglx fuldu xp vhjxur sdud freulu dv ghvshvdv ghvvh wudwdphqwr1 Qxp fhuwr dqr d vhjxudgrud whp hp fduwhlud 6333 dsolfhv ghvwh wlsr1 +d, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh qhqkxpd gdv shvvrdv vhjxudgdv frq0 wudlu d grhqd qhvvh dqr> +V= 3187;;, +e, Vdehqgr txh qhvvh dqr m irl uhjlvwdgd shor phqrv xpd sduwlfl0 sdr vhjxudgrud/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh qr vh yhulfduhp pdlv gh 6 sduwlflsdhv dw dr qdo gr dqr1 +V= 31<<67, H{hufflr 7153 Vdeh0vh txh 6( gdv opsdgdv hofwulfdv ideulfdgdv sru xpd frpsdqkld vr ghihlwxrvdv1 Ghvljqdqgr sru f d y1d1 txh uhsuhvhqwd r qphur gh opsdgdv frp ghihlwr h{lvwhqwhv qxpd dprvwud gh 433= +d, Gljd/ mxvwlfdqgr/ txdo d glvwulexlr gh f ( +e, Fdofxoh= l1 Ef ' D( +V= 31433;, ll1 E f ( +V= 315573, lll1 Ef D +V= 314;8, H{hufflr 7154 Vhmd f r qJ gh dyduldv txh rfruuh sru krud qxp fhuwr glv0 srvlwlyr/ frp glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq wdo txh Ef ' ' Ef ' 2
7181 H[HUFFLRV
8:
+d, Ghwhuplqh r qJ pglr gh dyduldv txh rfruuhp sru krud gh ixq0 flrqdphqwr qr glvsrvlwlyr uhihulgr> +V= 5, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh rfruudp txdqwr pxlwr 7 dyduldv hp phld krudB +V= 31<<9, +f, Dgplwd txh sdud d prqwdjhp gh xp ghwhuplqdgr dsduhokr vr qhfhvvulrv 8 glvsrvlwlyrv grv uhihulgrv qr hqxqfldgr1 Txdo d sure0 delolgdgh gh txh qhqkxp ghohv vh dydulh qxp shurgr gh 48 plq0 xwrvB +V= 313;57, H{hufflr 7155 R qJ glulr gh ylvlwdqwhv gh xpd ihlud +hp plokduhv gh shv0 vrdv, vhjxh xpd glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq frp pgld ljxdo d 61 +d, Ghwhuplqh r qJ hvshudgr gh ylvlwdqwhv qd ihlud> +V= 6, +e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gr qJ gh ylvlwdqwhv qr vhu lqihulru d 73331 +V= 31::9, H{hufflr 7156 R qJ gh shvvrdv txh vhpdqdophqwh dsuhvhqwd xp shglgr gh hpsuhjr qr Fhqwur gh Hpsuhjr gh Vhwedo xpd ydulyho dohdwuld txh vhjxh xpd glvwulexlr gh srlvvrq frp . df o ' b Fhufd gh ;3( gdv shvvrdv suhwhqghp wudedokdu qr vhfwru grv vhuylrv1 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh hp ghwhuplqdgd vhpdqd qr dsduhfhuhp pdlv gh 7 shglgrv qr fhqwur gh hpsuhjrB +V= 31354, +e, Whqgr vhohfflrqdgr 45 grv shglgrv uhfhsflrqdgrv/ txdo d suredel0 olgdgh gh vh hqfrqwuduhp pdlv gh : gluljlgrv d vhfwruhv txh qr r gh vhuylrvB +V= 31334,
8;
Fdswxor 8 Glvwulexlhv Whulfdv Frqwqxdv

814 Glvwulexlr Qrupdo
D glvwulexlr Qrupdo gh judqgh lpsruwqfld qd whruld gdv suredelolgdghv h qd hvwdwvwlfd1 Qd qdwxuh}d h qd whfqrorjld vr lqphurv rv ihqphqrv txh dsuhvhqwdp fdudfwhuvwlfdv lgqwlfdv v gh xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo1 H{hp0 sorv glvvr vr/ d phglr gd dowxud gdv shvvrdv gh xpd judqgh srsxodr/ rv huurv hqfrqwudgrv txdqgr vh id}hp pxlwdv phglhv/ hwf1 Qd ivlfd/ d ohl gdv yhorflgdghv gh Pd{zhoo lpsolfd txh d ixqr gh glvwulexlr gd yhorflgdgh qxpd gdgd gluhfr gh xpd profxod gh pdvvd qxp jv whpshudwxud devroxwd Ac qrupdo frp pgld 3 h ydulqfld * E&A c rqgh & xpd frqv0 wdqwh1 Dohp glvvr/ vre klswhvhv edvwdqwhv jhudlv/ d glvwulexlr qrupdo d glvwulexlr olplwh sdud vrpdv gh ydulyhlv dohdwuldv lqghshqghqwhv txdqgr r qphur gh whuprv whqgh sdud lqqlwr1 Hvwd glvwulexlr wdpep frqkh0 flgd sru glvwulexlr gh Jdxvv hp krphqdjhp dr pdwhpwlfr dohpr Fduo Jdxvv +4:::04;88, txh ghgx}lx d vxd htxdr1 Ghqlr 814 Xpd ydulyho dohdwuld [ whp xpd glvwulexlr Qrupdo vh d vxd ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh gdgd shod iupxod # $ E% >2 s E% ' s i T c rqgh j : f h 4 > n4 2j2 j 2Z D glvwulexlr Qrupdo ghqlgd d sduwlu gh grlv sduphwurv= > h j( ghprqvwud0vh txh > uhsuhvhqwd r ydoru hvshudgr gh fc h jc r vhx ghvylr sdgur1 8<
93
FDSWXOR 81 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV FRQWQXDV
Txdqgr xpd ydulyho dohdwuld f whp xpd glvwulexlr Qrupdo hvfuhyh0vh vlperolfdphqwh f q Q E>( j Qdv jxudv vhjxlqwhv hvwr uhsuhvhqwdgrv rv jufrv gh yuldv ixqhv gh ghqvlgdgh gd glvwulexlr Qrupdo1
0.4
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00
4 x
Ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh gd Qrupdo0Q+3/4, h Q+7/4,1

0.8
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00
Ixqr gh ghqvlgdgh gd Qrupdo0Q+3>4, h Q+3>318,1 R hvwxgr gd ixqr s E% shuplwh frqfoxlu txh vlpwulfd uhodwlydphqwh uhfwd % ' >c dwlqjh xp p{lpr devroxwr qr srqwr % ' >c whp grlv srqwrv gh lq h{r hp % ' > j h txh r hl{r R[ xpd dvvpswrwd krul}rqwdo dr vhx jufr1 Srgh ghprqvwudu0vh txh vh f xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp xpd glv0 wulexlr Qrupdo/ f q Q E>( j c d ydulyho wudqvirupdgd ~' f > j
whp wdpep xpd glvwulexlr Qrupdo gh pgld f h ghvylr sdgur c ~ q Q Ef( Hvwh uhvxowdgr sduwlfxoduphqwh lpsruwdqwh srlv d ixqr gh glvwulexlr Qrupdo qr fdvr hvshfldo > ' f h j ' c hqfrqwud0vh odujdphqwh wdehodgd>
8141 GLVWULEXLR QRUPDO
94
d fkdpdgd glvwulexlr Qrupdo hvwdqgduwl}dgd rx sdgurql}dgd1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d ixqr gh glvwulexlr kdelwxdophqwh uhsuhvhqwdgd shod ohwud x ]| xE| ' 2 % s i T _% 2 2Z
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Ixqr gh glvwulexlr Q Ef( D ydulyho ~ ghvljqd0vh sru ydulyho qrupdo sdgurql}dgd rx uhgx}lgd1 Sdud rewhu E@ f Kc vhqgr f q Q E>( j c edvwd qrwdu/ @> f > K> E@ f K ' c j j j h/ sruwdqwr/ E@ f K ' x K> j @> x j
H{hpsor 814 D ydulyho dohdwuld f whp xpd glvwulexlr Q E( 2 Ghwhu0 plqh d suredelolgdgh gh f vhu pdlru txh 6 hp ydoru devroxwr1 R txh vh suhwhqgh fdofxodu Emf m : Ydprv sulphlur fhqwudu h uhgx}lu d ydulyho dohdwuld f / lvwr / ydprv wudqvirup0od qxpd rxwud gh pgld > ' f h ghvylr sdgur j ' D wudqv0 irupdr d xwlol}du vhu ghqlgd sru ~' Qhvwh fdvr f ' 2~ n f> / f ' j~ n > j
95
FDSWXOR 81 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV FRQWQXDV Whp0vh hqwr txh Emf m : ' Em2~ n m : ' ' E2~ n : n E2~ n ' ' E~ : n E~ 2
Frpr E~ : ' E~ c whp0vh Emf m : ' E~ n E~ 2 Shod frqvxowd gd wdehod Emf m : ' xE n xE2 ' fHe n ff22H ' fHD Ydprv djrud uhihulu xp lpsruwdqwh whruhpd vreuh d glvwulexlr Qrupdo1 Whruhpd 814 Vh dv ydulyhlv dohdwuldv f c ' c c ?c vr lqghshqghqwhv/ f q Q E> ( j c hqwr d y1d1
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Dsur{lpdr gd Elqrpldo Qrupdo

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Whruhpd 815 Vh f xpd y1d1 elqrpldo frp pgld > ' ?R h ydulqfld s j2 ' ?R^c hqwr d glvwulexlr gd y1d1 f $ Q E?Rc ?R^
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H{hpsor 815 Vhmd f xpd y1d1 frp xpd glvwulexlr elqrpldo gh sduph0 ?R f 3S I3 wurv ? ' D h R ' fec f q KEDc fe h ~ ' f ?R^ ' b q Q Efc D suredelolgdgh gh d y1d1 f vhu ljxdo d 7/ Ef ' e ' f2SH Frpr d glvwulexlr gh f glvfuhwd h vh suhwhqgh rewhu xp ydoru dsur{lpdgr ghvwd suredelolgdgh fxvwd gh xpd y1d1 frqwqxd/ rqgh dv suredelolgdghv srqwxdlv vr qxodv/ k txh txh xwlol}du r vhjxlqwh surfhglphqwr= K?J6@, Ef ' % r ?Jo6@, E% fD f % n fD
8141 GLVWULEXLR QRUPDO

0 .3 0 .2 5 0 .2 0 .1 5 0 .1 0 .0 5 0
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Glvwulexlr gr Txl0Txdgudgr 0 2
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8151 GLVWULEXLR GR TXL0TXDGUDGR 0 Kf8 2
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99
Sursrvlr 815 Vhmdp fc f2c c f?c ? ydulyhlv dohdwuldv lqghshqghqwhv frp d S phvpd glvwulexlr> f q Q Ef( c ' c 2c c ? Hqwr f2 q 2 E? Sru rxwudv sdodyudv/ xpd ydulyho dohdwuld txh uhvxowd gd vrpd grv txdgud0 grv gh ? ydulyhlv dohdwuldv lqghshqghqwhv h lghqwlfdphqwh glvwulexlgdv EQ Ef( c whp xpd glvwulexlr gr Txl0Txdgudgr frp ? judxv gh olehugdgh1
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:3
FDSWXOR 81 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV FRQWQXDV +f, Kdyhu pdlv gh 78 frp phqrv gh 4 olwurB +V= 313595, +g, Kdyhu hqwuh 77 h 83 frp phqrv gh 4 olwurB +V= 314859,
H{hufflr 819 Ghwhuplqh=

2 +e, %2 fbb / sdud xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp glvwulexlr H +V= :135, 2 2 +d, %2 0 / wdo txh Ee %0 ' 0c frp 0 ' fbb( +V= 4615;,
H{hufflr 81: Xpd ptxlqd sdud hpsdfrwdphqwr dxwrpwlfr gh dxfdu surgx} sdfrwhv fxmr shvr oltxlgr xpd y1d1 frp glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld ; j h ghvylr sdgur 5 j1 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp sdfrwh hvfroklgr dr dfdvr whu xp shvr vxshulru d ;18 jB +V= 317346, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp sdfrwh hvfroklgr dr dfdvr whu xp shvr vxshulru d 43 j rx lqihulru d 9 jB +V= 3164:7, +f, Txdo ghyhuld vhu d pgld gr shvr oltxlgr sdud txh <<( grv sdfrwhv frqwlyhvvhp shor phqrv < jB +V= 46199, H{hufflr 81; Xpd hpsuhvd whp surgxr frqvwdqwh gh <3 wrqhodgdv2pv gr surgxwr txh ideulfd1 Vdehqgr txh d surfxud ghvvh surgxwr xpd y1d1 dsur{lpdgdphqwh qrupdo gh sduphwurv > ' ff h j ' fc fdofxoh= +d, D suredelolgdgh gd surfxud vh vlwxdu hqwuh 9; h <3 wrqhodgdv> +V= 3148;34, +e, D suredelolgdgh gh kdyhu surfxud h{fhghqwuld> +V= 31;746, +f, R ydoru txh ghyhuld whu d surgxr gd hpsuhvd sdud txh d sure0 delolgdgh gh kdyhu surfxud lqvdwlvihlwd irvvh 313581 +V= 44<19, H{hufflr 81< Qxpd phglr r huur dohdwulr vhjxh xpd ohl qrupdo gh ghvylr sdgur j ' pp h pgld > ' f pp1 +d, Rewhqkd d suredelolgdgh gh/ qxpd phglr/ r huur shuwhqfhu dr lqwhuydor `0318/518^> +V= 319;86, +e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh txh/ hp 5 phglhv lqghshqghqwhv/ r huur gh shor phqrv xpd ghodv qr xowudsdvvh hp ydoru devroxwr 415; pp1 +V= 31<8<:9, H{hufflr 8143 R glphwur lqwhuqr gh xp vhjphqwr gh xp prwru gh dx0 wrpyho xpd y1d1 txh vhjxh xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld 43 fp h ghvylr sdgur 3136 fp
8181 H[HUFFLRV
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+d, Txh shufhqwdjhp gh vhjphqwrv wp glphwur lqwhuqr vxshulru d 4313:8 fpB +V= 313395, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh xp vhjphqwr whu xp glphwur lqwhuqr hqwuh <1<<: h 43136B +V= 316;44, +f, Dedl{r gh txh ydoru gr glphwur lqwhuqr/ vh hqfrqwudp 48( grv vhjphqwrvB +V= <1<9;;, H{hufflr 8144 Rv fxvwrv gh pr0gh0reud qd surgxr gh xp duwljr duwh0 vdqdo vr xpd ydulyho dohdwuld gh glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld 433 x1p1 +xqlgdghv prqhwuldv, h ghvylr sdgur gh 43 x1p1 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gdtxhoh fxvwr vh vlwxdu hqwuh <3 h 443 x1p1B +V= 319;59, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gr fxvwr gh 6 duwljrv vhu lqihulru d 643 x1p1B +V= 31:4<, +f, Surgx}hp0vh wuv xqlgdghv1 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh wrgdv whuhp fxvwr lqihulru d 44; x1p1B +V= 31;<94, H{hufflr 8145 R glphwur f gh xp fder hofwulfr qrupdophqwh glv0 wulexlgr frp pgld 31; h ydulqfld 3133371 R fder hofwulfr frqvlghudgr ghihlwxrvr vh glihulu gd vxd pgld hp pdlv gh 313581 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vh hqfrqwudu xp fder ghihlwxrvrB +V= 315445, H{hufflr 8146 Qxpd hpsuhvd d xwlol}dr vhpdqdo gh ghwhuplqdgd pdwuld0 sulpd/ xpd y1d1 frp glvwulexlr qrupdo gh sduphwurv > ' Sff nj h j ' ef nj1 Qr lqlflr gh fhuwd vhpdqd d hpsuhvd whp hp vwrfn 967 nj gh pdwuld0sulpd/ vhqgr lqylyho qhvvd vhpdqd surfhghu d pdlv dsurylvlrqdphq0 wrv1 +d, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh uxswxud gh vwrfn gh pdwuld0sulpd qhvvd vhpdqd> +V= 314<::, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh qxpd gdgd vhpdqd r frqvxpr vhu lqih0 ulru pgld/ vdehqgr0vh txh qr lqlflr gd phvpd vhpdqd m vh frqvxpludp shor phqrv 833 nj gh pdwuld0sulpdB +V= 317<9<, +f, Txdo ghyhu vhu r vwrfn pqlpr/ gh prgr d txh vhmd gh 3134 d suredelolgdgh gh uxswxudB +V= 9<615, H{hufflr 8147 Dv dowxudv gh xp juxsr gh shvvrdv vhjxh xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld ljxdo d 499 fp h ydulqfld gh < fp1 Ghwhuplqh=
:5
FDSWXOR 81 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV FRQWQXDV +d, D suredelolgdgh gh txh dv dowxudv vh vlwxhp hqwuh rv 493 h 4:5 fp> +V= 31<877, +e, D suredelolgdgh gh txh dv dowxudv qr vhmdp lqihulruhv d 4:8 fp> +V= 313346, +f, D dowxud gh prgr txh hp ;33 shvvrdv kdmd 597 frp dowxud vxshulru d +V= 49:165 fp,
H{hufflr 8148 Qxp h{dph 48( grv doxqrv rewlyhudp qrwd vxshulru d 49 h 93( qrwd vxshulru d <1 Vxsrqgr txh d glvwulexlr gdv qrwdv qrupdo/ +d, Ghwhuplqh rv ydoruhv grv sduphwurv > h j2 ghvvd glvwulexlr> +V= 43169 h 5<178, +e, Fdofxoh d shufhqwdjhp gh lqglylgxrv frp qrwd lqihulru d :1 +V= 3159:9, H{hufflr 8149 Frqvlghuh d ydulyho dohdwuld f q Q E>( j c wdo txh Ef f ' fD h Ef : Df ' ff.b Ghwhuplqh > h j +V= 6:15: h 9139, H{hufflr 814: Qrv eev/ d lgdgh +hp phvhv, hp txh urpsh r sulphlur ghqwh xpd y1d1 qrupdo gh pgld : h ydulqfld ljxdo d 71 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh xp ee hvfroklgr dr dfdvr whqkd r 4J ghqwh dqwhv grv : phvhvB +V= 318, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh hp grlv eev/ xp whqkd r 4J ghqwh ghsrlv grv 9 phvhv/ h rxwur ghsrlv grv ; phvhvB +V= 315466, +f, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh qxpd dprvwud gh 43 eev/ ; ghohv whqkdp r 4J ghqwh qr dqwhv grv : phvhvB +V= 31376<, H{hufflr 814; Sdud hihlwrv gh frphufldol}dr/ ghwhuplqdgrv iuxwrv vr fodvvlfdgrv shor wdpdqkr1 Frqvlghud0vh frpr phglgd r vhx glphwur p{l0 pr/ r txdo xpd ydulyho dohdwuld frp glvwulexlr qrupdo gh ghvylr sdgur ljxdo d 8 fp h pgld > Dv fdwhjruldv frqvlghudgdv vr dv vhjxlqwhv= 0 S= iuxwrv frp glphwur lqihulru rx ljxdo d 9 fp 0 S2= iuxwrv frp glphwur p{lpr hqwuh 9 h 45 fp 0 S= iuxwrv frp glphwur p{lpr vxshulru rx ljxdo d 45 fp +d, Vdehqgr txh 63( grv iuxwrv vr gh fdwhjruld S / fdofxoh r glphwur p{lpr pglr grv iuxwrv> +V= <16;, +e, Fdofxoh d shufhqwdjhp gh iuxwrv gdv fdwhjruldv S h S2 ( +V= 571;6( h 78135(,
8181 H[HUFFLRV
:6
+f, Vh rv iuxwrv iruhp yhqglgrv hp hpedodjhqv hfrqplfdv gh 9 xql0 gdghv/ lqfoxlqgr dohdwuldphqwh wrgrv rv wdpdqkrv/ txdo d sure0 delolgdgh gh kdyhu shor phqrv 5 iuxwrv gd fdwhjruld S q +V= 318;, +g, Vdehqgr txh rv iuxwrv gd fdwhjruld S2 wp xpd suredelolgdgh gh dsrguhfhu +dr p gh 8 gldv, gh 31337/ fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh hqwuh 4333 iuxwrv/ qr phqrv gh : iuxwrv dsrguhfhuhp dr p gh 8 gldv1 +V= 31444, H{hufflr 814< Grv ixvyhlv surgx}lgrv qxpd ieulfd yhulfd0vh txh 5( vr ghihlwxrvrv1 Rv ixvyhlv vr hpedodgrv hp fdl{dv gh 5333 xqlgdghv1 Vhmd f r qphur gh ixvyhlv ghihlwxrvrv sru fdl{d/ +d, Lqgltxh d glvwulexlr gh f ( +e, Txdo r qphur pglr gh ixvyhlv ghihlwxrvrv sru fdl{dB +V= 73, +f, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gh hqfrqwudu shor phqrv 63 ixvyhlv ghihlwxrvrv qxpd fdl{d1 +V= 31<868, H{hufflr 8153 Dv fodvvlfdhv rewlgdv qxp h{dph vhjxhp glvwulexlr qrupdo frp ydoru pglr gh 44 h ydulqfld <1 Rv doxqrv frp fodvvlfdr hqwuh ;18 h 43 rx vxshulru d 48 wp gh id}hu rudo1 Fdofxoh= +d, D shufhqwdjhp gh doxqrv txh vh hvshud txh rewhqkdp qrwdv qr lqwhuydor ^43/48`> +V= 861:8(, +e, Gh 453 doxqrv txh }hudp r h{dph/ l1 Txdqwrv vh hvshud txh uhsuryhpB +V= 57, ll1 Txdo r qJ hvshudgr gh doxqrv txh yr id}hu rudoB +V= 64, lll1 Txdo d qrwd p{lpd rewlgd qr juxsr grv 45 doxqrv slru fodv0 vlfdgrvB +V= :1487, ly1 Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh vh hqfrqwuduhp 43 doxqrv frp qrwd vxshulru d 48B +V= 31453;, H{hufflr 8154 Qxp wrwdo gh 653 doxqrv lqvfulwrv d Hvwdwvwlfd/ ;3 vr gh Hohfwurphfqlfd +HP,/ 453 gh Lqirupwlfd gh Jhvwr +LJ, h rv uhvwdqwhv gh Phfqlfd Wuplfd +PW,1 Vdeh0vh txh d suredelolgdgh grv doxqrv vhuhp dsurydgrv qd glvflsolqd gh 3158 sdud PW h 313< sdud LJ h HP1 +d, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh xp doxqr +gh txdotxhu grv fxuvrv, vhu dsurydgr qd glvflsolqd gh Hvwdwvwlfd> +V= 3148,
:7
FDSWXOR 81 GLVWULEXLHV WHULFDV FRQWQXDV +e, Dr hvfrokhu xp doxqr dr dfdvr/ gh hqwuh rv dsurydgrv qd glvflsolqd/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh hvwh vhu gh PWB +V= 31958, +f, Whqgr0vh uhfroklgr xpd dprvwud gh 83 doxqrv lqvfulwrv qd glvfl0 solqd gh Hvwdwvwlfd/ txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txdqwr pxlwr 5 ghvvhv doxqrv whuhp wlgr dsurydr qd glvflsolqdB +V= 31356<,
H{hufflr 8155 D glvwulexlr grv uhqglphqwrv idplolduhv/ qxp djorphudgr srsxodflrqdo gh 43333 idpoldv/ vdwlvidwruldphqwh uhsuhvhqwdgr sru xpd ohl qrupdo1 Vdeh0vh txh r uhqglphqwr pglr qhvvh djorphudgr srsxodflrqdo gh <8 x1p1 +xqlgdghv prqhwuldv, h txh d shufhqwdjhp gh idpoldv frp uhqglphqwr lqihulru d ;3 x1p1 481;:(1 +d, Txdo r ghvylr sdgur gr uhqglphqwr ghvvdv idpoldvB +V= 48, +e, Txdo r qJ suryyho gh idpoldv frp uhqglphqwr hqwuh ;3 h 443 x1p1B +V= 9;59, +f, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh hp 433 idpoldv vhohfflrqdgdv dohdwruld0 phqwh/ vh hqfrqwuduhp 93 frp uhqglphqwrv hqwuh ;3 h 443 x1p1B +V= 3134:8, H{hufflr 8156 R prqwdqwh gh ghsvlwrv rughp hihfwxdgrv glduldphqwh qxpd djqfld edqfuld xpd y1d1 frp glvwulexlr qrupdo gh pgld 453 x1p1 h ydulqfld 971 +d, Ghwhuplqh d shufhqwdjhp gh gldv hp txh r prqwdqwh gh ghsvlwrv vh vlwxd hqwuh 438 h 468 x1p1> +V= 31<7, +e, Ghwhuplqh d suredelolgdgh gr prqwdqwh gh ghsvlwrv vhu vxshulru pgld/ qrv gldv hp txh hvvh phvpr prqwdqwh lqihulru d 458 x1p1> +V= 3165, +f, Ghwhuplqh d pgld h d ydulqfld gr prqwdqwh gh ghsvlwrv vhpd0 qdlv +8 gldv,1 +V= 933 h 653, H{hufflr 8157 D sduwlu gh xp dupd}p yr vhu glvwulexgdv 43333 odwdv gh hvsdujrv gdv txdlv 833 m xowudsdvvdudp r sud}r gh ydolgdgh1 hihfwxdgd xpd lqvshfr vreuh xpd dprvwud gh 48 odwdv hvfroklgdv dr dfdvr h frp uhsrvlr1 D lqvshfr uhmhlwd r orwh vh iruhp hqfrqwudgdv pdlv gr txh 5 odwdv irud gh ydolgdgh1 +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gd lqvshfr uhmhlwdu r orwhB +V= 313694, +e, Txdo r qJ hvshudgr gh odwdv irud gr sud}r gh ydolgdghB +V= 31:8,
8181 H[HUFFLRV
:8
+f, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh/ hp 733 odwdv hvfroklgdv dr dfdvr gh hqwuh dv 43333 h{lvwhqwhv/ vh hqfrqwuduhp 58 irud gr sud}r gh ydolgdghB +V= 3137::, H{hufflr 8158 R frqvxpr glulr gh jxd qxpd gdgd orfdolgdgh whp xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo gh pgld 533 p h ghylr sdgur gh 43 p +d, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh/ qxp gdgr gld/ r frqvxpr hvwdu frp0 suhhqglgr hqwuh 4;3 h 568 p B +V= 31<::, +e, Txh txdqwlgdgh gh jxd vh ghyhu hqfrqwudu glvsrqyho gh prgr d dvvhjxudu0vh r frqvxpr hp <3( grv fdvrvB +V= 5451; p +f, Dr orqjr gh xpd vhpdqd +: gldv, txdo d suredelolgdgh gh kdyhu qr p{lpr 6 gldv frp frqvxpr lqihulru d 549178 pB +V= 313335, +g, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh txh/ hp 8 gldv whlv/ vh frqvxpd pdlv gh 4333 p B +V= 318, H{hufflr 8159 Dv qrwdv rewlgdv qxpd idfxogdgh d hvwdwvwlfd vr xpd ydulyho dohdwuld f frp glvwulexlr qrupdo gh pgld 431 Vdeh0vh txh Ef 2 ' fHe +d, Ghwhuplqh r ghvylr sdgur gdv qrwdv> +V= 5, +e, Ghwhuplqh EH f 2( +V= 319;56, +f, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gh/ hp 43 doxqrv/ 7 rewhuhp xpd qrwd vx0 shulru d ;B +V= 313349;,
:9
Fdswxor 9 Whruld gd Dprvwudjhp

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91:1 H[HUFFLRV
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443
FDSWXOR 91 WHRULD GD DPRVWUDJHP +e, Frp edvh qd phvpd dprvwud frqvwuxd xp lqwhuydor gh frqdqd d <8( sdud d ydulqfld gd srsxodr> +V= oH.c H2Sed, +f, Vxsrqkd txh d yhugdghlud ydulqfld gd srsxodr 771 Vh suh0 whqghu frqvwuxlu xp lqwhuydor gh frqdqd +d <8( sdud d pgld gd srsxodr, fxmd dpsolwxgh qr h{fhgd 918/ txdo ghyhu vhu d glphqvr gd dprvwud d frqvlghuduB +V= ? S,
H{hufflr 914: Frp d qdolgdgh gh hvwlpdu r shvr pglr +hp txlorv, gdv fuldqdv gh 48 dqrv gh lgdgh hp ghwhuplqdgd uhjlr jhrjufd/ vhohfflrqdudp0 vh dohdwuldphqwh 43 fuldqdv txh iruqhfhudp xpd pgld gh 6;17 txlorv h xp ghvylr sdgur gh 818 txlorv1 Dgplwlqgr d qrupdolgdgh/ +d, Ghwhuplqh xp lqwhuydor gh frqdqd d <8( sdud r shvr pglr gh wrgdv dv fuldqdv> +V= oeeSDHc e2e2d, +e, Frqvlghudqgr txh d hvwlpdwlyd sdud r ydoru pglr qr vxflhq0 whphqwh suhflvd +gdgr txh r lqwhuydor gh frqdqd ghpdvldgr judqgh,/ shujxqwd0vh= txdo ghyh vhu r wdpdqkr gd dprvwud sdud txh r lqwhuydor gh frqdqd d <8(/ whqkd xpd dpsolwxgh gh 6 txlorvB +V= ? ' D2, H{hufflr 914; R whpsr +hp plqxwrv, txh xp folhqwh jdvwd gluldphqwh sdud vhu dwhqglgr drv edofhv gh xpd ghwhuplqdgd djqfld edqfuld whp glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld ghvfrqkhflgd h ydulqfld 771 Vh suhwhqghu frqvwuxlu xp lqwhuydor gh frqdqd sdud r whpsr pglr gh hvshud +d <8(,/ fxmd dpsolwxgh qr h{fhgd 918 plqxwrv/ txdo d glphqvr gd dprvwud d frq0 vlghuduB +V= ? S, H{hufflr 914< R ghsduwdphqwr gh uhfxuvrv kxpdqrv gh xpd judqgh hp0 suhvd hvwxgrx d glvwulexlr gr whpsr gh wudedokr shuglgr ghylgr dr devhq0 wlvpr1 Gxudqwh r dqr r ghsduwdphqwr hqfrqwurx xpd pgld gh 54 gldv h xp ghvylr sdgur gh 43 gldv/ h frqfoxlx txh r devhqwlvpr wlqkd xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo1 Xp juxsr gh 7< hpsuhjdgrv irl vhohfflrqdgr dohdwuldphqwh sdud sduwlflsdu qxp surjudpd txh shuplwh xp kruulr h{lyho h frp r txdo r ghsduwdphqwr gh uhfxuvrv kxpdqrv hvshud glplqxlu r whpsr wrwdo gh devhq0 wlvpr +qr ixwxur,1 +d, Fdofxoh d suredelolgdgh gh gxudqwh hvvh dqr/ xp hpsuhjdgr hvfr0 oklgr dr dfdvr whu idowdgr pdlv gh 54 gldv> +V= 318, +e, Txdo d suredelolgdgh gr ydoru pglr gd dprvwud h{fhghu 58 gldvB +V= 313359,
91:1 H[HUFFLRV
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445
FDSWXOR 91 WHRULD GD DPRVWUDJHP +d, Ghwhuplqh xp lqwhuydor gh frqdqd d <3( sdud d pgld> +V= `;18;9;/431<465^, +e, Txdo ghyhuld vhu r judx gh frqdqd d xwlol}du sdud txh d dpsol0 wxgh gr lqwhuydor irvvh 51::B +V= 31<8, +f, Lqgltxh d glphqvr gd dprvwud txh frqvlghuduld sdud txh r huur frphwlgr irvvh lqihulru d xp/ qdv frqglhv gd doqhd d,> +V= ? ee, +g, H{soltxh vxflqwdphqwh r txh dfrqwhfhuld vh dxphqwdvvh sdud <<( r judx gh frqdqd/ pdqwhqgr d dprvwud1
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:141 JHQHUDOLGDGHV
448
RA RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf *Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k ll1 vh w wf
RA
RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf *Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - Frqvlvwlqgr d ghflvr hp qr uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - +e, klswhvh vlpsohv frqwud klswhvh frpsrvwd +hp txh rwf ' h rw : , Mf G w ' wf M G w : wf b w wf b w 9' wf Frqvlghudqgr & r ydoru olplwh gd - ydprv whu wuv fdvrv srv0 vyhlv= Mf G w ' wf l1 M G w : wf
449
RA RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf*Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k Mf G w ' wf ll1 M G w wf
RA
RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf*Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k Mf G w ' wf lll1 M G w 9' wf
RA
RC
RC
k1
k2
Frpr E& w 9 ' Ew9 &2 / hqwr/ EUhmhlwdu Mf*Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' EE& w9 ^ w 9 &2 *w ' wf ' k /
:141 JHQHUDOLGDGHV
44:
/ Ew9 & *w ' wf n Ew 9 &2*w ' wf EE& w9 _ w 9 &2 *w ' wf ' k/ / Ew9 & *w ' wf n Ew9 &2*w ' w f f ' k / / Ew9 & *w ' wf n Ew9 &*w ' w f ' k / / Ew9 & *w ' wf ' k 2 Gd phvpd irupd vh fdofxod &2/ Ew9 & *w ' wf n Ew 9 &2*w ' wf EE& w 9 _ w9 &2 *w ' wf ' k / / Ew9 & *w ' wf n Ew9 &2*w ' w f f ' k / / Ew9 &2 *w ' wf n Ew9 &2*w ' w f ' k / / Ew9 &2 *w ' wf ' k 2 uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - Frqvlvwlqgr d ghflvr hp qr uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - +f, klswhvh frpsrvwd frqwud klswhvh frpsrvwd +hp txh rw f : h rw : , Mf G w wf b w wf M G w w f b w : wf Frqvlghudqgr & r ydoru olplwh gd - ydprv whu grlv fdvrv srv0 vyhlv= Mf G w wf l1 M G w wf
RA
RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf *Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k Mf G w wf ll1 M G w : wf
44;
RA RC
EUhmhlwdu Mf*Mf ' Ew9 5 -*w ' wf ' ' Ew9 &*w ' wf ' k uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - Frqvlvwlqgr d ghflvr hp qr uhmhlwdu Mf vh w9 5 - +g, klswhvh frpsrvwd frqwud klswhvh vlpsohv +hp txh rwf : h rw ' , Mf G w 9' wf M G w ' wf Hvwh whvwh/ hperud whulfdphqwh vhmd srvvyho/ qd suwlfd qr vh xwlol}d1 Whvwdu qhvwdv frqglhv Mf iruqhfh srxfd lqirupdr/ gd0 gr txh r sduphwur d whvwdu srgh dvvxplu txdotxhu ydoru h{fhswr wf 1 Frpr wdo/ srghprv vhpsuh wudqvirupdu xp whvwh ghvwh wlsr qxp rxwur gh klswhvh vlpsohv frqwud klswhvh frpsrvwd/ r txdo id} pxlwr pdlv vhqwlgr1 Srghprv dlqgd dfuhvfhqwdu txh txdqgr qxp whvwh gh klswhvhv d - dedufd dv gxdv pdqjdv gd glvwulexlr r whvwh vh srgh gh0 qrplqdu gh elodwhudo> fdvr frqwuulr/ txdqgr d - dshqdv dedufd xpd uhjlr gd glvwulexlr +d hvtxhugd rx d gluhlwd,/ r whvwh gh klswhvhv vh srgh ghqrplqdu gh xqlodwhudo1 71 Xp whvwh gh klswhvhv qhp vhpsuh frqgx} d ghflvhv fruuhfwdv srlv/ d dqolvh gh xpd dprvwud srgh/ frpr hylghqwh/ idovhdu dv frqfoxvhv1 Frpr wdo srghprv hqfrqwudu0qrv shudqwh 7 vlwxdhv glvwlqwdv= Ghflvr Wrpdgd Uhmhlwd0vh Mf Qr vh Uhmhlwd Mf Vlwxdr Uhdo Mf Yhugdghlud Mf Idovd @ Huur gh 4 hvsflh Ghflvr Fruuhfwd Ghflvr fruuhfwd Huur gh 5@ hvsflh
+d, Qxp huur gh 4@ hvsflh +fxmd suredelolgdgh vh uhsuhvhqwd sru k, uhmhlwd0vh Mf/ vhqgr hvwd yhugdghlud/ orjr k ' EUhmhlwdu
:141 JHQHUDOLGDGHV
44<
Mf *Mf ' Ew9 5 -*Mf( suredelolgdgh k g0vh r qrph gh qyho gh vljqlfqfld rx vlpsohvphqwh qyho gr whvwh> +e, Qxp huur gh 5@ hvsflh +fxmd suredelolgdgh vh uhsuhvhqwd sru q , dfhlwd0vh Mf / vhqgr hvwd idovd +rx M yhugdghlud,/ orjr q ' EQr Uhmhlwdu Mf*M ' Ew9 5 -*M( +f, dwudyv gdv suredelolgdghv k h q txh vh surfxud r phokru whvwh gh klswhvhv/ vhqgr r whvwh lghdo r txh plqlpl}d vlpxowqhdphqwh dperv rv ydoruhv1 Qr hqwdqwr/ h frpr k h q yduldp hp vhqwlgrv frqwuulrv/ wdo qr srvvyho1 R txh qd pdlru sduwh grv fdvrv vh id}/ edvhld0vh qd Whruld gh Qh|pdq0Shduvrq/ frqvlvwlqgr qd {dr gh k +sdud dprvwudv gh glphqvr ?, h whqwdu plqlpl}du q 1 Qrwh0vh dlqgd txh srvvyho {du k h q sulrul/ fdqgr ? olyuh> qr hqwdqwr hvwh pwrgr txh vh edvhld hp ydoruhv shtxhqrv gh k h q frqgx} d ydoruhv gh ? judqghv/ r txh qr frqyhqlhqwh> +g, Fkdpd0vh ixqr srwqfld gh xp whvwh h uhsuhvhqwd0vh sru ZEw suredelolgdgh gh uhmhlwdu Mf txdqgr hvwd idovd +ghflvr fru0 uhfwd,1 Hqwr srghprv gl}hu txh gdgr r huur gh 5@ hvsflh q ' Ew9 5 -*M / d ixqr srwqfld r vhx frpsohphqwdu ZEw ' Ew9 5 -*M ' q Ew 1 Hvwd suredelolgdgh ixqr gr judx gh idovlgdgh gh Mf/ orjr d suredelolgdgh gh uhmhlr wdqwr pdlv hohydgd/ txdqwr pdlv idovd iru Mf1 Frqfoxl0vh hqwr txh d uh0 odr hqwuh d suredelolgdgh gh uhmhlr gh Mf h r judx gh idovlgdgh gd phvpd frqvwlwxhp d ixqr srwqfld gr whvwh/ lvwr / txdqwr pdlruhv iruhp rv ydoruhv gd ixqr srwqfld/ phqru r huur gh 5@ hvsflh frphwlgr/ orjr/ pdlru d txdolgdgh gr whvwh +whvwh pdlv srwhqwh,1 81 Rv huurv dqwhulruhv qr srghp vhu frpsohwdphqwh hylwdgrv/ qr hqwdqwr/ srgh0vh pdqwhu shtxhqd d suredelolgdgh gh rv frphwhu1 Qd suwlfd {d0vh xp olplwh vxshulru gh ulvfr gh huur gh 4@ hvsflh +k,/ txh qd pdlru sduwh grv fdvrv gh 8( rx 4( +k ' ffD rx k ' ff,1 Hvwh olplwh wdpep r qyho gh vljqlfqfld gr whvwh/ txh shuplwh ghqlu d frqglr gh uhmhlr gh Mf1 91 H{lvwh xpd uhodr hqwuh d whruld gd hvwlpdr/ hqyroyhqgr lqwhuydorv gh frqdqd/ h d whruld uhodwlyd drv whvwhv gh klswhvhv1 Txdqgr wudedokd0 prv frp whvwhv gh klswhvhv elodwhudlv srghprv hihfwlydphqwh xwlol}du rv lqwhuydorv gh frqdqd sdud whvwdu klswhvhv1 Uhvxowdgr dqorjr sdud whvwhv xqlodwhudlv/ h{ljluldp lqwhuydorv gh frqdqd xqlodwhudlv/ rv txdlv/ gh udud dsolfdr suwlfd/ vr srvvyhlv gh ghqlu1
453
:15
Whvwhv d Srsxodhv Qrupdlv
Frqvlghudqgr - d uhjlr fuwlfd rx uhjlr gh uhmhlr gh Mf h - d uhjlr gh dfhlwdr gh Mf / srghprv hqwr sdvvdu d hqxqfldu/ gh xpd irupd jhudo/ rv surfhglphqwrv d xwlol}du qxp whvwh gh klswhvhv= 41 Frqvrdqwh rv whvwhv d uhdol}du vhmdp vreuh ghwhuplqdgrv sduphwurv h vh frqkhdp rx qr rv uhvwdqwhv sduphwurv gd srsxodr qrupdo/ ydprv ghqlu d hvwdwvwlfd h uhvshfwlyd glvwulexlr dghtxdgdv +xwlol}dgdv qrv lqwhuydorv gh frqdqd gr fdswxor dqwhulru,> 51 Il{dqgr d suredelolgdgh gh frphwhu xp huur gh 4@ hvsflh rx qyho gh vljqlfqfld k ' Ew9 5 -*Mf/ ghwhuplqd0vh d - ( 61 Yhulfd0vh vh r hvwlpdgru gr sduphwur +w9c iruqhflgr shod dprvwud, 5 - , uhmhlwdu Mf 5 - , qr uhmhlwdu Mf Srgh dlqgd fdofxodu0vh d suredelolgdgh gh frphwhu xp huur gh 5@ hvsflh id}hqgr q ' Ew9 5 -*M ' Ew9 5 -*M rx ixqr srwqfld/ vxd frpsohphqwdu1
:1514
Whvwhv gh Klswhvhv Sdud d Pgld
? 7 ' S % frp xpd glv0 Qhvwh fdvr d hvwdwvwlfd d xwlol}du r hvwlpdgru f ? ' j wulexlr Q >( 1? Frpr ylprv qr fdswxor dqwhulru/ frqvrdqwh rv uhvwdqwhv sduphwurv vhmdp rx qr frqkhflgrv h d glphqvr gd dprvwud vhmd judqgh rx shtxhqd/ ydprv xwlol}du glihuhqwhv ydulyhlv dohdwuldv h uhvshfwlydv glv0 wulexlhv1 Sdud rv whvwhv gh klswhvhv hvwh surfhglphqwr uhshwh0vh/ orjr ydprv xwlol}du=
41 Vh j frqkhflgr/ ~'
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7 1 ?
454
q |E?!
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RA RC
12.2
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Mf G > ' D M G > ' S
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%
455
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RA RC
5.93
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7
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456
RC RA
967.1
Frpr % 7 ' bHf : bS./ hvw0vh qd uhjlr gh dfhlwdr +-,/ orjr qr vh uhmhlwd Mf Sdud r fdofxor grv huurv gh 5@ hvsflh/ ydprv whu= 7 7 q ' EQr uhmhlwdu Mf *M ' Ef 5 -*M ' Ef : &*> fff ' bS.!> ~ 2f *> fff Dwulexlqgr dojxqv ydoruhv d >/ sru h{hpsor 4333/ <<3/ <:3/ <83 h <43/ ydprv fdofxodu rv uhvshfwlyrv huurv gh 5@ hvsflh h fruuhvsrqghqwhv ixqhv srwqfld= > q E> ZE> fff fbD ffD bbf fH.2b f2. b.f fDDD. feee bDf fb.. fHf2 bf fff22 fbb.H H{hpsor :18 R ghsduwdphqwr gh frqwuror gh txdolgdgh gh xpd hpsuhvd surgxwrud gh frqvhuydv hvshflfd txh r shvr oltxlgr pglr sru hpedodjhp gh fhuwr surgxwr ghyh vhu gh 833 judpdv1 D h{shulqfld sdvvdgd lqglfd txh rv shvrv vr qrupdophqwh glvwulexgrv frp xp ghvylr sdgur gh 48 judpdv1 Vh qxpd dprvwud gh 53 hpedodjhqv iru hqfrqwudgr r shvr oltxlgr pglr gh 783 judpdv/ frqvwlwxl lvvr suryd vxflhqwh gh txh r yhugdghlur shvr pglr vhmd lqihulru dr hvwdehohflgrB Yhultxh hvwd txhvwr hoderudqgr xp whvwh hp txh Mf G > Dff/ frp k ' ffD Frp f 0shvr hp judpdv gh xpd hpedodjhp gh frqvhuydv1 7 !> Frpr f q Q E>( D hqwr ~ ' f D q Q Ef( 1 2f Mf G > Dff Ydprv hqwr surfhghu dr whvwh M G > Dff 7 5 -*Mf ' f 7 f ' ffD / &*> ' Dff 7 !> Dff ~f ' ffD ': ~ &! ' ffD , D *> ' Dff D 1 1
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457
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:1515
Whvwhv gh Klswhvhv Sdud Glihuhqdv gh Pgldv
Qhvwhv fdvrv k txh glihuhqfldu pdlv xpd yh} dv hvwdwvwlfdv h uhvshfwlydv glvwulexlhv d xwlol}du= 41 Vh rv ghvylrv sdguhv vr frqkhflgrv/ 7 f 7 2 E> >2 f t 2 ~' q Q Ef( j j2 2 n ?2 ? 51 Vh rv ghvylrv sdguhv vr ghvfrqkhflgrv h dv glphqvhv gdv dprvwudv vr judqghv/ 7 2 E> >2 7 f f t 2 A ' q Q Ef( 2 7 72 n ? ?2 61 Vh rv ghvylrv sdguhv vr ghvfrqkhflgrv +h ljxdlv, h dv glphqvhv gdv dprvwudv vr shtxhqdv/ 7 f 7 2 E> >2 f A ' u q |E? n?2 !2 2 nE? !7 2 E? !7 2 2 n ?2 ? ? n?2 !2 H{hpsor :19 D dowxud pgld gh 83 dwohwdv txh wlyhudp sduwlflsdr dflpd gd pgld hp frpshwlhv ghvsruwlydv gh xp gdgr foxeh/ gh 9;15 srohjdgdv/ frp ghvylr sdgur gh 518 srohjdgdv/ hqtxdqwr txh xp juxsr gh 83 dwohwdv gr phvpr foxeh txh qr ghprqvwududp lqwhuhvvh hp wdlv frpshwlhv whp dowxud pgld gh 9:18 srohjdgdv frp ghvylr sdgur gh 51; srohjdgdv1 Ydprv whvwdu d klswhvh gh txh rv dwohwdv txh sduwlflsdudp dfwlydphqwh qdv frpshwlhv vr pdlv dowrv gr txh rv txh sru hodv qr vh lqwhuhvvdudp +frp k ' ffD Ghyhprv hqwr surfhghu dr whvwh gh klswhvhv= Mf G > ' >2 +qr k 9' vljqlfdwlyd hqwuh dv pgldv gdv dowxudv, M G > : >2 +dowxud pgld gr 4J juxsr gh dwohwdv vxshulru gr 5J , Xwlol}dqgr sdud r hihlwr 7 2 E> >2 7 f f t ~' q Q Ef( 2D2 2H2 n Df Df
458
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H{hpsor :1: Vh/ sdud r h{hpsor dqwhulru/ txlvvvhprv txh d glihuhqd re0 vhuydgd hqwuh dv pgldv/ gh 31: srohjdgdv/ irvvh vljqlfdwlyd/ gh txh glphqvr ghyhuld vhu d dprvwudB t D2 H2 Qhvwh fdvr/ suhwhqghprv txh & f. / SeD 2? n 2? f. / s .D SeDB.D / SeD 1? f. / ? , ? .H f. H{hpsor :1; Rv TL +txrflhqwhv gh lqwholjqfld, gh 49 hvwxgdqwhv gh xp gdgr edluur gh xpd flgdgh dsuhvhqwdudp xpd pgld gh 43: frp xp ghvylr sdgur gh 43> hqwuhwdqwr/ qrxwur edluur gd phvpd flgdgh/ dqdolvdudp0vh 47 hvwxgdqwhv fxmrv TL wlqkdp xpd pgld gh 445 h xp ghvylr sdgur gh ;1 K glihuhqdv vljqlfdwlydv hqwuh rv TL grv grlv juxsrv +k ' ffq Sdud uhvroyhu hvwd txhvwr ydprv hoderudu r vhjxlqwh whvwh gh klswhvhv elodwhudo= Mf G > ' >2 +qr k glihuhqd vljqlfdwlyd hqwuh dv pgldv grv TL, M G > 9' >2 +k glihuhqd vljqlfdwlyd hqwuh dv pgldv grv TL, Ydprv xwlol}du qhvwh fdvr/ 7 2 E> >2 7 f f q |E2H A ' t DBf2 nBH2 n S e 2H 7 f 72 5 -*Mf ' ff / f 7 f 72 & ^ f 7 f 7 & *> ' >2 ' ff / f 2 2 & &2 A J DBf2nBH2 n A J DBf2 nBH2 ' ff , n e n e E S 2H 2H E S & & A e ' fffD A e ' fffD / , , 2 2 A & ' f ffD A & ' fbbD e e & & ' b22.b e ' 2.S / , &2 &2 ' b22.b e ' 2.S Hqwr d - 'o 4c b22.bo ^ db22.bc n4d h d - 'o b2SHc b2SHd1 Frpr E7 % % 72 ' Ef. 2 ' D 5 -c hqwr qr uhmhlwdprv Mfc lvwr / frqfoxl0vh txh qr h{lvwhp glihuhqdv vljqlfdwlydv hqwuh rv grlv juxsrv1
459
:1516
Whvwhv gh Klswhvhv Sdud Sursruhv
Qhvwh fdvr/ h frqvlghudqgr R9 d sursrur revhuydgd qd dprvwud/ hvwlpd0 wlyd gd sursrur ghvfrqkhflgd +R,/ gd srsxodr ydprv xwlol}du d ydulyho dohdwuld R9 R ~ ' s R^ q Q Ef( sdud judqghv dprvwudv1
?
:1517
Whvwhv gh Klswhvhv Sdud Glihuhqdv gh Sursruhv

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6151 IXQHV GH GLVWULEXLR

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