Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42-0011-00-01

L ab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiments questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

puRpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise?

Are there any safety concerns associated with this exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken.

com

60

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

Questions: Exercise 1 Structures of the Brain

A. Label the terms from Figure 2 of the Discussion and Review on this Lateral View of the Brain below.

com

61

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

B. Label the terms from Figure 4 of the Discussion and Review on this Midsagittal View of the Brain below.

com

62

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

C. Label the terms from Figure 6 of the Discussion and Review on this Ventral View of the Brain below.

com

63

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

D. Label the brain association terms from Figure 3 of the Discussion and Review on this Lateral View of the Brain below.

com

64

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

Questions: Exercise 2 The Sheep Brain Dissection

A. Which of the four major areas of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem) was obviously much larger in the human brain diagram than in the sheep brain? Why do these structures differ so dramatically?
reflect relatively equal importance to the two species.

Human- cerebrum larger than sheep; higher cortical function capability to match need. Other areas

B. What is the significance of the size difference in the olfactory bulbs between humans and sheep?
need for high olfactory sensation.

Sheeps require heightened smell; humans are primarily visually-oriented and thus have decreased

C. The human cerebellum is split in half while the sheep cerebellum is one mass. Why does this structural difference exist?
More complex movement, coordination & integration required by humans.

D. What is the significance in the size difference between the sheep and human brain stems?
sensory and motor requirements.

Brain stems is major hub to link the various processes and activities; humans have more complex

E. What is the function of the third ventricle, fourth ventricle, cerebellum, and brain stem?
Third ventricle- protection of the brain from trauma; pathway for circulation of cerebrospinal fluid Fourth ventricle- forms central canal of spinal cord; protects brain from trauma Cerebellum- fine movement coordination; balance & equilibrium; muscle tone Brain stem- alertness; arousal; breathing; blood pressure; digestion; heart rate; other autonomic relays information between the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the upper parts of the

functions; brain

F. In your own words, explain how (if) this exercise helped you better understand brain anatomy.
This exercise really only helped in differentiating brain anatomy between different species.

com

65

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

Exercise 3: The Cranial Nerves

Fill in the following information about the twelve cranial nerves:

I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlea IX. Glossopharynge X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal

Cranial Nerve

Functi on
Smell Sight Eye movement Eye movement Face & chewing Eye movement Face & taste Balance & hearing Motor throat & posterior tongues Multiple Sternocleidomastoid & trapezius Tongue muscles

Is it Sensory/Motor/ Both Sensory

Sensory Motor Motor Both Motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor

com

66

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

A. Which cranial nerves would be involved in the following activities? Smelling a flower: Olfactory Shrugging your shoulders: Accessory Tasting freshly baked cookies: Facial Slowing your heart rate:
Vagus

com

67

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

Exercise 4: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

A. Label the terms on this cross-sectional view of the spinal cord. Refer to Figure 15 as a guide.

com

68

Hands-On

Experim

Gross AnAtomy of the CentrAl nervous system

B. Use information from the Anatomy and Physiology textbook to fill in the table with the names of the major spinal nerves that serve the areas indicated.

Cervical plexus Vagus Sciatic Femoral Musculocutaneous Medial Many Ulnar Many

Nerv e

Area of the body served

Head, neck, shoulders (plexus only) Diaphragm Posterior thigh Anterior thigh Arm muscles Anterior forearm Abdominal wall Medial side of the hand Leg and foot

C. Use the information from the Anatomy and Physiology textbook to define a plexus. Network of intersecting and interweaving nerves.

com

69

Hands-On