6htxhqwldo /RJLF, Psohphqwdwlrq $evwudfwlrq Ri 6Wdwh (Ohphqwv

6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
6HTXHQWLDO &LUFXLWV 3ULPLWLYH VHTXHQWLDO HOHPHQWV &RPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF 0RGHOV IRU UHSUHVHQWLQJ VHTXHQWLDO FLUFXLWV

)LQLWHVWDWH PDFKLQHV 0RRUH DQG 0HDO\ 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI PHPRU\ VWDWHV &KDQJHV LQ VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQV
$EVWUDFWLRQ RI 6WDWH (OHPHQWV

'LYLGH FLUFXLW LQWR FRPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF DQG VWDWH /RFDOL]H IHHGEDFN ORRSV DQG PDNH LW HDV\ WR EUHDN F\FOHV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VWRUDJH HOHPHQWV OHDGV WR YDULRXV IRUPV RI VHTXHQWLDO ORJLF
,QSXWV
&RPELQDWLRQDO /RJLF
%DVLF VHTXHQWLDO FLUFXLWV

6KLIW UHJLVWHUV &RXQWHUV
2XWSXWV
'HVLJQ SURFHGXUH
6WDWH GLDJUDPV 6WDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH 1H[W VWDWH IXQFWLRQV
CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 1
6WDWH ,QSXWV 6WRUDJH (OHPHQWV

6WDWH 2XWSXWV
)RUPV RI 6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF
$V\QFKURQRXV VHTXHQWLDO ORJLF VWDWH FKDQJHV RFFXU ZKHQHYHU VWDWH LQSXWV FKDQJH HOHPHQWV PD\ EH VLPSOH ZLUHV RU GHOD\ HOHPHQWV
)LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV

6WDWHV GHWHUPLQHG E\ SRVVLEOH YDOXHV LQ VHTXHQWLDO VWRUDJH HOHPHQWV 7UDQVLWLRQV FKDQJH RI VWDWH &ORFN FRQWUROV ZKHQ VWDWH FDQ FKDQJH E\ FRQWUROOLQJ VWRUDJH HOHPHQWV
6\QFKURQRXV VHTXHQWLDO ORJLF VWDWH FKDQJHV RFFXU LQ ORFN VWHS DFURVV DOO VWRUDJH HOHPHQWV XVLQJ D SHULRGLF ZDYHIRUP WKH FORFN
,Q
,Q ,Q ,Q

6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF
&ORFN
6HTXHQFHV WKURXJK D VHULHV RI VWDWHV %DVHG RQ VHTXHQFH RI YDOXHV RQ LQSXW VLJQDOV &ORFN SHULRG GHILQHV HOHPHQWV RI VHTXHQFH
([DPSOH )LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQH 'LDJUDP

&RPELQDWLRQ ORFN IURP ILUVW OHFWXUH
&DQ $Q\ 6HTXHQWLDO 6\VWHP EH 5HSUHVHQWHG ZLWK D 6WDWH 'LDJUDP"
6KLIW 5HJLVWHU
,QSXW YDOXH VKRZQ
287
287
287
FORVHG QRW HTXDO QRW HTXDO QHZ QHZ $ $ $ FORVHG FORVHG FORVHG RSHQ PX[ & HTXDO PX[ & HTXDO PX[ & HTXDO QHZ QHZ QHZ QRW QHZ QRW QHZ QRW QHZ QRW HTXDO QHZ
##
RQ WUDQVLWLRQ DUFV 2XWSXW YDOXHV VKRZQ ZLWKLQ VWDWH QRGH

,1 &/.
' 4
' 4
' 4

UHVHW
!

&RXQWHUV DUH 6LPSOH )LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQHV

4:39078
3URFHHG WKUX ZHOOGHILQHG
VWDWH VHTXHQFH LQ UHVSRQVH WR HQDEOH
+RZ 'R :H 7XUQ D 6WDWH 'LDJUDP LQWR /RJLF"

4:3907

7KUHH IOLSIORSV WR KROG VWDWH /RJLF WR FRPSXWH QH[W VWDWH &ORFN VLJQDO FRQWUROV ZKHQ IOLSIORS PHPRU\ FDQ FKDQJH
0DQ\ W\SHV RI FRXQWHUV ELQDU\ %&' *UD\FRGH

ELW XSFRXQWHU ELW GRZQFRXQWHU
:DLW ORQJ HQRXJK IRU FRPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF WR FRPSXWH QHZ YDOXH 'RQ
W ZDLW WRR ORQJ DV WKDW LV ORZ SHUIRUPDQFH
287 287 287

' 4 &/.
' 4
' 4

ELW XSFRXQWHU

)60 'HVLJQ 3URFHGXUH

6WDUW ZLWK FRXQWHUV

6LPSOH EHFDXVH RXWSXW LV MXVW VWDWH 6LPSOH EHFDXVH QR FKRLFH RI QH[W VWDWH EDVHG RQ LQSXW
)60 'HVLJQ 3URFHGXUH 6WDWH 'LDJUDP WR (QFRGHG 6WDWH 7UDQVLWLRQ 7DEOH
7DEXODU IRUP RI VWDWH GLDJUDP /LNH D WUXWKWDEOH VSHFLI\ RXWSXW IRU DOO LQSXW FRPELQDWLRQV (QFRGLQJ RI VWDWHV HDV\ IRU FRXQWHUV MXVW XVH YDOXH
6WDWH GLDJUDP WR VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH

7DEXODU IRUP RI VWDWH GLDJUDP /LNH D WUXWKWDEOH
6WDWH HQFRGLQJ

'HFLGH RQ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI VWDWHV )RU FRXQWHUV LW LV VLPSOH MXVW LWV YDOXH

ELW XSFRXQWHU

,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
)OLSIORS IRU HDFK VWDWH ELW &RPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF EDVHG RQ HQFRGLQJ

FXUUHQW VWDWH
QH[W VWDWH
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
' IOLSIORS IRU HDFK VWDWH ELW &RPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF EDVHG RQ HQFRGLQJ
& & & 1 1 1 1 1 1 &
&&
&
& & [RU & &&&
&
& &
& &&&
&
&
& && [RU & QRWDWLRQ WR VKRZ IXQFWLRQ UHSUHVHQW LQSXW WR '))
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ FRQW
G
3URJUDPPDEOH /RJLF %XLOGLQJ %ORFN IRU 6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF

0DFURFHOO )) ORJLF

7ZROHYHO ORJLF
FDSDELOLW\ OLNH 3$/ HJ SURGXFW WHUPV
DQ Q



$QRWKHU ([DPSOH
0RUH &RPSOH[ &RXQWHU ([DPSOH

&RPSOH[ &RXQWHU

6KLIW 5HJLVWHU
& & & 1 1
,QSXW GHWHUPLQHV QH[W VWDWH

1

5HSHDWV ILYH VWDWHV LQ VHTXHQFH 1RW D ELQDU\ QXPEHU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
,Q
6WHS 'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ GLDJUDP
&RXQW VHTXHQFH
6WHS 'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP WKH

VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ GLDJUDP
1 ,Q 1 & 1 & ,1 &/. ' 4
287 ' 4
287 ' 4
287

3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $
1H[W 6WDWH & % $
QRWH WKH GRQ

W FDUH FRQGLWLRQV WKDW DULVH IURP WKH XQXVHG VWDWH FRGHV
0RUH &RPSOH[ &RXQWHU ([DPSOH FRQWG
6HOI6WDUWLQJ &RXQWHUV FRQWG
6WHS .PDSV IRU 1H[W 6WDWH )XQFWLRQV

&
;
&
; ; ;
5HGHULYLQJ VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP GRQ

W FDUH DVVLJQPHQW
&
; ;
%
;
&
; ;
$ $
&

&

%

&

$

&

%
& $
% 3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $
%

%

%
%
$
&
$
%&
1H[W 6WDWH & % $

6HOI6WDUWLQJ &RXQWHUV
$9,79
:5 $9,908

$W SRZHUXS FRXQWHU PD\ EH LQ DQ XQXVHG RU LQYDOLG VWDWH 'HVLJQHU PXVW JXDUDQWHH LW HYHQWXDOO\ HQWHUV D YDOLG VWDWH
6WDWH 0DFKLQH 0RGHO

9DOXHV VWRUHG LQ UHJLVWHUV UHSUHVHQW WKH VWDWH RI WKH FLUFXLW &RPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF FRPSXWHV
6HOIVWDUWLQJ 6ROXWLRQ
'HVLJQ FRXQWHU VR WKDW LQYDOLG VWDWHV HYHQWXDOO\ WUDQVLWLRQ WR D YDOLG VWDWH 0D\ OLPLW H[SORLWDWLRQ RI GRQ
W FDUHV
1H[W VWDWH

LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RQ SUHYLRXV VOLGH

:95:98
)XQFWLRQ RI FXUUHQW VWDWH DQG LQSXWV
)XQFWLRQ RI FXUUHQW VWDWH DQG LQSXWV 0HDO\ PDFKLQH )XQFWLRQ RI FXUUHQW VWDWH RQO\ 0RRUH PDFKLQH
,QSXWV

RXWSXW ORJLF QH[W VWDWH ORJLF &XUUHQW 6WDWH
2XWSXWV 1H[W 6WDWH
6WDWH 0DFKLQH 0RGHO FRQWG

RXWSXW ORJLF QH[W VWDWH ORJLF &XUUHQW 6WDWH 2XWSXWV 1H[W 6WDWH
([DPSOH $QW %UDLQ :DUG 0,7
,QSXWV
6HQVRUV $FWXDWRUV *RDO 6WUDWHJ\
/ DQG 5 DQWHQQDH LI LQ WRXFKLQJ ZDOO ) IRUZDUG VWHS 7/75 WXUQ OHIWULJKW VOLJKWO\ ILQG ZD\ RXW RI PD]H NHHS WKH ZDOO RQ WKH ULJKW
6WDWHV 6 6 6N ,QSXWV , , ,P 2XWSXWV 2 2 2Q 7UDQVLWLRQ IXQFWLRQ )V6L ,M
2XWSXW IXQFWLRQ )R6L RU )R6L ,M
1H[W 6WDWH 6WDWH &ORFN
$QW %HKDYLRU
$ )ROORZLQJ ZDOO WRXFKLQJ *R IRUZDUG WXUQLQJ OHIW VOLJKWO\ % )ROORZLQJ ZDOO QRW WRXFKLQJ *R IRUZDUG WXUQLQJ ULJKW VOLJKWO\
'HVLJQLQJ DQ $QW %UDLQ
6WDWH 'LDJUDP
/ 5 /267 / 5 (* 7/ / $ 7/ ) / 5
& %UHDN LQ ZDOO *R IRUZDUG WXUQLQJ ULJKW VOLJKWO\ ( :DOO LQ IURQW 7XUQ OHIW XQWLO
' +LW ZDOO DJDLQ %DFN WR VWDWH $
/ 5
/ 5
5 / 5
) ZH DUH KHUH VDPH DV VWDWH %
% 75 ) 5
& 75 )
* 7XUQ OHIW XQWLO /267 )RUZDUG XQWLO ZH WRXFK VRPHWKLQJ
6\QWKHVL]LQJ WKH $QW %UDLQ &LUFXLW

7UDQVLWLRQ 7UXWK 7DEOH
(QFRGH 6WDWHV 8VLQJ D 6HW RI 6WDWH 9DULDEOHV

$UELWUDU\ FKRLFH PD\ DIIHFW FRVW VSHHG
8VH 7UDQVLWLRQ 7UXWK 7DEOH

'HILQH QH[W VWDWH IXQFWLRQ IRU HDFK VWDWH YDULDEOH 'HILQH RXWSXW IXQFWLRQ IRU HDFK RXWSXW
8VLQJ V\PEROLF VWDWHV DQG RXWSXWV

/267 ) / 5 (* 7/ / 5 / 5
/ 5
/ 5 $ 7/ )
5 5 / 5
,PSOHPHQW QH[W VWDWH DQG RXWSXW IXQFWLRQV XVLQJ FRPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF

OHYHO ORJLF 5203/$3$/ 0XOWLOHYHO ORJLF 1H[W VWDWH DQG RXWSXW IXQFWLRQV FDQ EH RSWLPL]HG WRJHWKHU
VWDWH /267 /267 /267 $ $ $ % %
/
5
QH[W VWDWH /267 (* (* % $ (* & $
RXWSXWV ) ) ) 7/ ) 7/ ) 7/ ) 75 ) 75 )
% 75 ) 5
& 75 ) 5
6\QWKHVLV
VWDWHV DW OHDVW VWDWH YDULDEOHV UHTXLUHG ; < =
6\QWKHVLV RI 1H[W 6WDWH DQG 2XWSXW )XQFWLRQV

/267 (* $ % & LW QRZ UHPDLQV WR V\QWKHVL]H WKHVH IXQFWLRQV
6WDWH DVVLJQPHQW LQ WKLV FDVH DUELWUDULO\ FKRVHQ
VWDWH ;<=
QH[W VWDWH ;
<
=
RXWSXWV ) 75 7/

VWDWH ;<=
LQSXWV / 5
QH[W VWDWH ;<=
RXWSXWV ) 75 7/
HJ
75 ; < = ; ; 5 < = 5 5 75

&LUFXLW ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
2XWSXWV DUH D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH FXUUHQW VWDWH RQO\
0RRUH PDFKLQH
RXWSXW ORJLF QH[W VWDWH ORJLF ) 75 7/ =
'RQW &DUHV LQ )60 6\QWKHVLV

:KDW KDSSHQV WR WKH XQXVHG VWDWHV " ([SORLWHG DV GRQ
W FDUHV WR PLQLPL]H WKH ORJLF

,I VWDWHV FDQ
W KDSSHQ WKHQ GRQ
W FDUH ZKDW WKH IXQFWLRQV GR LI VWDWHV GR KDSSHQ ZH PD\ EH LQ WURXEOH
/ 5 ) / 5 7/ / 5 5 / 5 / 5 / 7/ ) / 5
/ 5
1H[W 6WDWH ; <
&XUUHQW 6WDWH
<

75 ) 5
75 )
$QW LV LQ GHHS WURXEOH LI LW JHWV LQ WKLV VWDWH
6WDWH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ

)HZHU VWDWHV PD\ PHDQ IHZHU VWDWH YDULDEOHV +LJKOHYHO V\QWKHVLV PD\ JHQHUDWH PDQ\ UHGXQGDQW VWDWHV 7ZR VWDWH DUH HTXLYDOHQW LI WKH\ DUH LPSRVVLEOH WR GLVWLQJXLVK IURP WKH RXWSXWV RI WKH )60 L H IRU DQ\ LQSXW VHTXHQFH WKH RXWSXWV DUH WKH VDPH
$QW %UDLQ 5HYLVLWHG

$Q\ HTXLYDOHQW VWDWHV"
/ 5 /267 ) / 5 (* 7/ / $ 7/ ) / 5
/ 5
/ 5
5 / 5
7ZR FRQGLWLRQV IRU WZR VWDWHV WR EH HTXLYDOHQW
2XWSXW PXVW EH WKH VDPH LQ ERWK VWDWHV 0XVW WUDQVLWLRQ WR HTXLYDOHQW VWDWHV IRU DOO LQSXW FRPELQDWLRQV
% 75 ) 5
& 75 )
1HZ ,PSURYHG %UDLQ

0HUJH HTXLYDOHQW % DQG & VWDWHV %HKDYLRU LV H[DFWO\ WKH VDPH DV WKH VWDWH EUDLQ
1HZ %UDLQ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
VWDWH ;< / 5
LQSXWV / 5
QH[W VWDWH ;
<
)
RXWSXWV 75 7/
:H QRZ QHHG RQO\ VWDWH YDULDEOHV UDWKHU WKDQ

/ 5 /267 ) / 5 (* 7/ / $ 7/ )
/ ) ;
;

<

5
<
/ ;

<

5 ;
/ 5
/ 5
5 / 5 %&
/

<

5
/
75

<

5
7/
/

<

5
5 75 )
0HDO\ YV 0RRUH 0DFKLQHV
6SHFLI\LQJ 2XWSXWV IRU D 0RRUH 0DFKLQH
0RRUH RXWSXWV GHSHQG RQ FXUUHQW VWDWH RQO\ 0HDO\ RXWSXWV GHSHQG RQ FXUUHQW VWDWH DQG LQSXWV
2XWSXW LV RQO\ IXQFWLRQ RI VWDWH

%
$QW EUDLQ LV D 0RRUH 0DFKLQH
6SHFLI\ LQ VWDWH EXEEOH LQ VWDWH GLDJUDP ([DPSOH VHTXHQFH GHWHFWRU IRU RU

UHVHW LQSXW
2XWSXW GRHV QRW UHDFW LPPHGLDWHO\ WR LQSXW FKDQJH
:H FRXOG KDYH VSHFLILHG D 0HDO\ )60

2XWSXWV KDYH LPPHGLDWH UHDFWLRQ WR LQSXWV $V LQSXWV FKDQJH VR GRHV QH[W VWDWH GRHVQW FRPPLW XQWLO FORFNLQJ HYHQW
/ 7/ / 5 7/ )
'
UHVHW
$
UHDFW ULJKW DZD\ WR OHDYLQJ WKH ZDOO

/ 5 75 )
&
(
FXUUHQW VWDWH $ $ % % & & ' ' ( (
QH[W VWDWH $ % & % ' ( & ( & % '
RXWSXW
6SHFLI\LQJ 2XWSXWV IRU D 0HDO\ 0DFKLQH
&RPSDULVRQ RI 0HDO\ DQG 0RRUH 0DFKLQHV

2XWSXW LV IXQFWLRQ RI VWDWH DQG LQSXWV

% UHVHW $ & UHVHW LQSXW
0HDO\ 0DFKLQHV WHQG WR KDYH OHVV VWDWHV 0RRUH 0DFKLQHV DUH VDIHU WR XVH

6SHFLI\ RXWSXW RQ WUDQVLWLRQ DUF EHWZHHQ VWDWHV ([DPSOH VHTXHQFH GHWHFWRU IRU RU
FXUUHQW VWDWH $ $ % % & & QH[W VWDWH $ % & % & % & RXWSXW
'LIIHUHQW RXWSXWV RQ DUFV QA UDWKHU WKDQ VWDWHV Q
2XWSXWV FKDQJH DW FORFN HGJH DOZD\V RQH F\FOH ODWHU ,Q 0HDO\ PDFKLQHV LQSXW FKDQJH FDQ FDXVH RXWSXW FKDQJH DV VRRQ DV ORJLF LV GRQH D ELJ SUREOHP ZKHQ WZR PDFKLQHV DUH LQWHUFRQQHFWHG DV\QFKURQRXV IHHGEDFN
0HDO\ 0DFKLQHV UHDFW IDVWHU WR LQSXWV

combinational logic for next state inputs logic for outputs
5HDFW LQ VDPH F\FOH GRQ

W QHHG WR ZDLW IRU FORFN ,Q 0RRUH PDFKLQHV PRUH ORJLF PD\ EH QHFHVVDU\ WR GHFRGH VWDWH LQWR RXWSXWV PRUH JDWH GHOD\V DIWHU
logic for outputs combinational logic for next state reg outputs
inputs
reg
outputs
state feedback
state feedback
0HDO\ DQG 0RRUH ([DPSOHV
0HDO\ DQG 0RRUH ([DPSOHV FRQWG
5HFRJQL]H $%

5HFRJQL]H $%
WKHQ

out A
0HDO\ RU 0RRUH"
0HDO\ RU 0RRUH"
D Q Q B D clock A Q Q
A D B clock Q Q
out
Q Q
out
out A
B clock
Q Q
Q Q
Q Q
B D Q Q clock D Q Q
5HJLVWHUHG 0HDO\ 0DFKLQH 5HDOO\ 0RRUH
([DPSOH 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH
6\QFKURQRXV RU UHJLVWHUHG 0HDO\ 0DFKLQH
5HJLVWHUHG VWDWH $1' RXWSXWV $YRLGV JOLWFK\ RXWSXWV (DV\ WR LPSOHPHQW LQ 3/'V
5HOHDVH LWHP DIWHU FHQWV DUH GHSRVLWHG 6LQJOH FRLQ VORW IRU GLPHV QLFNHOV 1R FKDQJH
5HVHW 1 '
0RRUH 0DFKLQH ZLWK QR RXWSXW GHFRGLQJ
2XWSXWV FRPSXWHG RQ WUDQVLWLRQ WR QH[W VWDWH UDWKHU WKDQ DIWHU HQWHULQJ 9LHZ RXWSXWV DV H[SDQGHG VWDWH YHFWRU
,QSXWV RXWSXW ORJLF QH[W VWDWH ORJLF &XUUHQW 6WDWH
&RLQ 6HQVRU
9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH )60
2SHQ
5HOHDVH 0HFKDQLVP
2XWSXWV &ORFN
([DPSOH 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH FRQWG
0LQLPL]H QXPEHU RI VWDWHV UHXVH VWDWHV ZKHQHYHU SRVVLEOH
6XLWDEOH $EVWUDFW 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ
7DEXODWH W\SLFDO LQSXW VHTXHQFHV
5HVHW 6 1 6 ' 6 ' 6 >RSHQ@ 1 6 >RSHQ@ ' 6 >RSHQ@
QLFNHOV QLFNHO GLPH GLPH QLFNHO WZR GLPHV
5HVHW 1 1 ' 1' >RSHQ@
SUHVHQW VWDWH '
'UDZ VWDWH GLDJUDP
,QSXWV 1 ' UHVHW 2XWSXW RSHQ FKXWH
1 6 1 6 >RSHQ@
$VVXPSWLRQV
$VVXPH 1 DQG ' DVVHUWHG IRU RQH F\FOH (DFK VWDWH KDV D VHOI ORRS IRU 1 ' QR FRLQ
LQSXWV ' 1
QH[W VWDWH
RXWSXW RSHQ
V\PEROLF VWDWH WDEOH
8QLTXHO\ (QFRGH 6WDWHV

SUHVHQW VWDWH LQSXWV 4 4 ' 1 QH[W VWDWH ' ' RXWSXW RSHQ
0DSSLQJ WR /RJLF
'
4 ; ; ; ; 1
'
4 ; ; ; ; 1
'
'
2SHQ ' ;
4 ; ; ; 1
4
4
4
' 4 ' 4 1 ' 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 ' 23(1 4 4
(TXLYDOHQW 0HDO\ DQG 0RRUH 6WDWH 'LDJUDPV
2QHKRW (QFRGLQJ
SUHVHQW VWDWH 4 4 4 4 LQSXWV ' 1 QH[W VWDWH RXWSXW ' ' ' ' RSHQ
0RRUH PDFKLQH RXWSXWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK VWDWH

5HVHW 1 ' 5HVHW >@ 1 ' >@ 1 ' >@ 1' >@ 5HVHW 1 ' 1 ' 1 '
0HDO\ PDFKLQH RXWSXWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WUDQVLWLRQV

5HVHW 1 ' 5HVHW 1 ' 1 1' 5HVHW 1 ' 1 ' 1 '
' 4 ' 1 ' 4 1 4 ' 1 ' 4 ' 4 1 4 ' 1 ' 4 ' 4 ' 4 1 4 23(1 4
'
([DPSOH 7UDIILF /LJKW &RQWUROOHU
([DPSOH 7UDIILF /LJKW &RQWUROOHU FRQW
$ EXV\ KLJKZD\ LV LQWHUVHFWHG E\ D OLWWOH XVHG IDUPURDG 'HWHFWRUV & VHQVH WKH SUHVHQFH RI FDUV ZDLWLQJ RQ WKH IDUPURDG

ZLWK QR FDU RQ IDUPURDG OLJKW UHPDLQ JUHHQ LQ KLJKZD\ GLUHFWLRQ LI YHKLFOH RQ IDUPURDG KLJKZD\ OLJKWV JR IURP *UHHQ WR <HOORZ WR 5HG DOORZLQJ WKH IDUPURDG OLJKWV WR EHFRPH JUHHQ WKHVH VWD\ JUHHQ RQO\ DV ORQJ DV D IDUPURDG FDU LV GHWHFWHG EXW QHYHU ORQJHU WKDQ D VHW LQWHUYDO ZKHQ WKHVH DUH PHW IDUP OLJKWV WUDQVLWLRQ IURP *UHHQ WR <HOORZ WR 5HG DOORZLQJ KLJKZD\ WR UHWXUQ WR JUHHQ HYHQ LI IDUPURDG YHKLFOHV DUH ZDLWLQJ KLJKZD\ JHWV DW OHDVW D VHW LQWHUYDO DV JUHHQ
+LJKZD\IDUP URDG LQWHUVHFWLRQ

IDUP URDG FDU VHQVRUV
KLJKZD\
$VVXPH \RX KDYH DQ LQWHUYDO WLPHU WKDW JHQHUDWHV
D VKRUW WLPH SXOVH 76 DQG D ORQJ WLPH SXOVH 7/ LQ UHVSRQVH WR D VHW 67 VLJQDO 76 LV WR EH XVHG IRU WLPLQJ \HOORZ OLJKWV DQG 7/ IRU JUHHQ OLJKWV
CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 47 CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 48
7DEXODWLRQ RI ,QSXWV DQG 2XWSXWV

LQSXWV GHVFULSWLRQ UHVHW & 76 7/ SODFH )60 LQ LQLWLDO VWDWH GHWHFW YHKLFOH RQ WKH IDUP URDG VKRUW WLPH LQWHUYDO H[SLUHG ORQJ WLPH LQWHUYDO H[SLUHG RXWSXWV GHVFULSWLRQ +* +< +5 DVVHUW JUHHQ\HOORZUHG KLJKZD\ OLJKWV )* )< )5 67 DVVHUW JUHHQ\HOORZUHG KLJKZD\ OLJKWV VWDUW WLPLQJ D VKRUW RU ORQJ LQWHUYDO
6WDWH 'LDJUDP
7/&
5HVHW
6
7/& 67
76 67
6 +* 6 +<

76
6 6 76
7DEXODWLRQ RI XQLTXH VWDWHV VRPH OLJKW FRQILJXUDWLRQV
6 )* 6 )<

76 67 6 7/&
67
LPSO\ RWKHUV
VWDWH GHVFULSWLRQ 6 6 6 6 KLJKZD\ JUHHQ IDUP URDG UHG KLJKZD\ \HOORZ IDUP URDG UHG IDUP URDG JUHHQ KLJKZD\ UHG IDUP URDG \HOORZ KLJKZD\ UHG
7/&

/RJLF IRU 'LIIHUHQW 6WDWH $VVLJQPHQWV
$
16 16 &7/
3636 7636
36 763636
&
3636 7/3636 &7/36
36
&7/
3636 36
36

*HQHUDWH VWDWH WDEOH ZLWK V\PEROLF VWDWHV &RQVLGHU VWDWH DVVLJQPHQWV

,QSXWV & 7/ 6$ 6$ 6$ 76 +* +* +* +* +* +* +< +< )* )* )* )< )< +< +< +< +* +* +< +< )* )* )< )< )< +* )* )* )* )< )< )< 3UHVHQW 6WDWH 1H[W 6WDWH RXWSXW HQFRGLQJ VLPLODU SUREOHP WR VWDWH DVVLJQPHQW *UHHQ <HOORZ 2XWSXWV 67 RQHKRW + *UHHQ *UHHQ *UHHQ <HOORZ <HOORZ 5HG 5HG 5HG 5HG 5HG ) 5HG 5HG 5HG 5HG 5HG *UHHQ *UHHQ *UHHQ <HOORZ <HOORZ 5HG
67 &7/36
36
7636
36 763636
&
3636 7/3636 + 36 + 36
36 ) 36
) 3636
$
16 16
&7/36
76
36 &
36
36 763636
36
36 76
3636
67 &7/36
&
36
36 7636 + 36 + ) 36
)
3636
3636 16 7636 &7/
36 &
36 7/
36 7636
$
16 16
&
36 7/36 76
36 &7/36 76
36
16
67 &7/36 7636 &

36 7/36 7636 + 36 36 + 36 ) 36 36 ) 36
9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH ([DPSOH 3/' PDSSLQJ

' ' 23(1 UHVHW
4
1 41
41 4' UHVHW
4 ' 41 44
9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH FRQWG
23(1 FKDQJH 44 FUHDWHV D FRPELQDWLRQDO GHOD\ DIWHU 4 DQG 4
&/.
"
1 6HT 4
7KLV FDQ EH FRUUHFWHG E\ UHWLPLQJ LH PRYH IOLSIORSV DQG ORJLF WKURXJK HDFK RWKHU WR LPSURYH GHOD\ 23(1 UHVHW
4 ' 414
1 41
41 4' UHVHW
441
41 4' 4
1' 41
'
"
' 6HT
4
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ QRZ ORRNV OLNH D V\QFKURQRXV 0HDO\ PDFKLQH
&RPPRQ IRU SURJUDPPDEOH GHYLFHV WR KDYH )) DW HQG RI ORJLF
"
5HVHW
2SHQ &RP
9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH 5HWLPHG 3/' 0DSSLQJ

23(1 UHVHW
441
41 4' 4
1' 41
'
)LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQH 2SWLPL]DWLRQ
&/.
4 6HT
6WDWH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ

)HZHU VWDWHV UHTXLUH IHZHU VWDWH ELWV )HZHU ELWV UHTXLUH IHZHU ORJLF HTXDWLRQV
(QFRGLQJV 6WDWH ,QSXWV 2XWSXWV
"
1
4
6WDWH HQFRGLQJ ZLWK IHZHU ELWV KDV IHZHU HTXDWLRQV WR LPSOHPHQW
+RZHYHU HDFK PD\ EH PRUH FRPSOH[
"
'
OPEN
6WDWH HQFRGLQJ ZLWK PRUH ELWV HJ RQHKRW KDV VLPSOHU HTXDWLRQV
6HT
&RPSOH[LW\ GLUHFWO\ UHODWHG WR FRPSOH[LW\ RI VWDWH GLDJUDP
"
6HT 2SHQ
,QSXWRXWSXW HQFRGLQJ PD\ RU PD\ QRW EH XQGHU GHVLJQHU FRQWURO
5HVHW
$OJRULWKPLF $SSURDFK WR 6WDWH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ

*RDO LGHQWLI\ DQG FRPELQH VWDWHV WKDW KDYH HTXLYDOHQW EHKDYLRU (TXLYDOHQW 6WDWHV
6WDWH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ ([DPSOH
$06:03.0 090.947 147 47

,QSXW 6HTXHQFH 5HVHW
6 6 6
1H[W 6WDWH 3UHVHQW 6WDWH ; ; 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
;
2XWSXW ;
6DPH RXWSXW )RU DOO LQSXW FRPELQDWLRQV VWDWHV WUDQVLWLRQ WR VDPH RU HTXLYDOHQW VWDWHV
$OJRULWKP 6NHWFK
3ODFH DOO VWDWHV LQ RQH VHW ,QLWLDOO\ SDUWLWLRQ VHW EDVHG RQ RXWSXW EHKDYLRU 6XFFHVVLYHO\ SDUWLWLRQ UHVXOWLQJ VXEVHWV EDVHG RQ QH[W VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQV 5HSHDW XQWLO QR IXUWKHU SDUWLWLRQLQJ LV UHTXLUHG
6
6
6
6
VWDWHV OHIW LQ WKH VDPH VHW DUH HTXLYDOHQW
3RO\QRPLDO WLPH SURFHGXUH


0HWKRG RI 6XFFHVVLYH 3DUWLWLRQV

,QSXW
0LQLPL]HG )60
2XWSXW
6HTXHQFH 5HVHW
3UHVHQW 6WDWH ; 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1H[W 6WDWH
;
;
;
6WDWH PLQLPL]HG VHTXHQFH GHWHFWRU IRU RU

,QSXW 6HTXHQFH 3UHVHQW 6WDWH ; 1H[W 6WDWH ; ; 2XWSXW ; 5HVHW ; ; 6 6
6
6
6
6
6 6 6
6
6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 LV HTXLYDOHQW WR 6 6 LV HTXLYDOHQW WR 6 6 LV HTXLYDOHQW WR 6

6 ;
; 6 6
6 6
6 6
6 6
0RUH &RPSOH[ 6WDWH 0LQLPL]DWLRQ
0LQLPL]HG )60
,PSOLFDWLRQ &KDUW 0HWKRG &URVV RXW LQFRPSDWLEOH VWDWHV EDVHG RQ RXWSXWV 7KHQ FURVV RXW PRUH FHOOV LI LQGH[HG FKDUW HQWULHV DUH DOUHDG\ FURVVHG RXW
0XOWLSOH LQSXW H[DPSOH

LQSXWV KHUH
6 >@ 6 >@ 6 >@ 6 >@ 6 >@
6 >@
SUHVHQW VWDWH 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 6 6 6 6 6
QH[W VWDWH 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
RXWSXW
$ $ $ $ $ $
$
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$
SUHVHQW VWDWH 6
6 6 6
6
6
6 6
QH[W VWDWH 6 6
6
6
6 6 6 6
6
6
6
6
RXWSXW

PLQLPL]HG VWDWH WDEOH 6 6 6 6
V\PEROLF VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH
$
$
$
$
0LQLPL]LQJ ,QFRPSOHWHO\ 6SHFLILHG )60V

(TXLYDOHQFH RI VWDWHV LV WUDQVLWLYH ZKHQ PDFKLQH LV IXOO\ VSHFLILHG %XW LWV QRW WUDQVLWLYH ZKHQ GRQ
W FDUHV DUH SUHVHQW HJ VWDWH RXWSXW
0LQLPL]LQJ 6WDWHV 0D\ 1RW <LHOG %HVW &LUFXLW

([DPSOH HGJH GHWHFWRU RXWSXWV ZKHQ ODVW WZR
LQSXW FKDQJHV IURP WR
; >@ ; >@ ; ; ;
4 4 ; 4 [RU 4 ; 4 4
6 6 6

6 LV FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK ERWK 6 DQG 6 EXW 6 DQG 6 DUH LQFRPSDWLEOH
; >@
;
4

4

4

4

1R SRO\QRPLDO WLPH DOJRULWKP H[LVWV IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ EHVW JURXSLQJ RI VWDWHV LQWR HTXLYDOHQW VHWV WKDW ZLOO \LHOG WKH VPDOOHVW QXPEHU RI ILQDO VWDWHV
$QRWKHU ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI (GJH 'HWHFWRU

$G KRF VROXWLRQ QRW PLQLPDO EXW FKHDS DQG IDVW
; ; >@ ; >@ ; ; >@ ; ; ; >@
6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW
&KRRVH ELW YHFWRUV WR DVVLJQ WR HDFK V\PEROLF VWDWH

:LWK Q VWDWH ELWV IRU P VWDWHV WKHUH DUH >ORJ Q P
3@
3

P
FRGHV SRVVLEOH IRU VW VWDWH
3 IRU QG 3
IRU UG
+XJH QXPEHU HYHQ IRU VPDOO YDOXHV RI Q DQG P
,QWUDFWDEOH IRU VWDWH PDFKLQHV RI DQ\ VL]H +HXULVWLFV DUH QHFHVVDU\ IRU SUDFWLFDO VROXWLRQV
2SWLPL]H VRPH PHWULF IRU WKH FRPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF
6L]H DPRXQW RI ORJLF DQG QXPEHU RI ))V 6SHHG GHSWK RI ORJLF DQG IDQRXW 'HSHQGHQFLHV GHFRPSRVLWLRQ
6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW 6WUDWHJLHV

3RVVLEOH 6WUDWHJLHV

6HTXHQWLDO MXVW QXPEHU VWDWHV DV WKH\ DSSHDU LQ WKH VWDWH WDEOH 5DQGRP SLFN UDQGRP FRGHV 2QHKRW XVH DV PDQ\ VWDWH ELWV DV WKHUH DUH VWDWHV ELW ! VWDWH 2XWSXW XVH RXWSXWV WR KHOS HQFRGH VWDWHV +HXULVWLF UXOHV RI WKXPE WKDW VHHP WR ZRUN LQ PRVW FDVHV
2QHKRW 6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW

6LPSOH

(DV\ WR HQFRGH GHEXJ
6PDOO /RJLF )XQFWLRQV

(DFK VWDWH IXQFWLRQ UHTXLUHV RQO\ SUHGHFHVVRU VWDWH ELWV DV LQSXW
*RRG IRU 3URJUDPPDEOH 'HYLFHV

/RWV RI IOLSIORSV UHDGLO\ DYDLODEOH
1R JXDUDQWHH RI RSWLPDOLW\ DQRWKHU LQWUDFWDEOH SUREOHP
6LPSOH IXQFWLRQV ZLWK VPDOO VXSSRUW VLJQDOV LWV GHSHQGHQW XSRQ
,PSUDFWLFDO IRU /DUJH 0DFKLQHV

7RR PDQ\ VWDWHV UHTXLUH WRR PDQ\ IOLSIORSV 'HFRPSRVH )60V LQWR VPDOOHU SLHFHV WKDW FDQ EH RQHKRW HQFRGHG
0DQ\ 6OLJKW 9DULDWLRQV WR 2QHKRW

2QHKRW DOO
+HXULVWLFV IRU 6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW
$GMDFHQW FRGHV WR VWDWHV WKDW VKDUH D FRPPRQ QH[W VWDWH
*HQHUDO $SSURDFK WR +HXULVWLF 6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW
E LN F
$OO FXUUHQW PHWKRGV DUH YDULDQWV RI WKLV
*URXS
V LQ QH[W VWDWH PDS
D L D L E LM
, L L
4 D E
4 2 F M F N
'HWHUPLQH ZKLFK VWDWHV DWWUDFW HDFK RWKHU ZHLJKWHG SDLUV *HQHUDWH FRQVWUDLQWV RQ FRGHV ZKLFK VKRXOG EH LQ VDPH FXEH 3ODFH FRGHV RQ %RROHDQ FXEH VR DV WR PD[LPL]H FRQVWUDLQWV VDWLVILHG ZHLJKWHG VXP
$GMDFHQW FRGHV WR VWDWHV WKDW VKDUH D FRPPRQ DQFHVWRU VWDWH
*URXS
V LQ QH[W VWDWH PDS
, L N
4 D D
4 2 E M F O
E F
L D N D
LM E
'LIIHUHQW ZHLJKWV PDNH VHQVH GHSHQGLQJ RQ ZKHWKHU ZH DUH RSWLPL]LQJ IRU WZROHYHO RU PXOWLOHYHO IRUPV &DQ
W FRQVLGHU DOO SRVVLEOH HPEHGGLQJV RI VWDWH FOXVWHUV LQ %RROHDQ FXEH
NO F
$GMDFHQW FRGHV WR VWDWHV WKDW KDYH D FRPPRQ RXWSXW EHKDYLRU
*URXS
V LQ RXWSXW PDS , 4 4 2
L L
D F
E G
M M
M E G
L D L F L D L F
LM E
LM G
+HXULVWLFV IRU RUGHULQJ HPEHGGLQJ 7R SUXQH VHDUFK IRU EHVW HPEHGGLQJ ([SDQG FXEH PRUH VWDWH ELWV WR VDWLVI\ PRUH FRQVWUDLQWV
2XWSXW%DVHG (QFRGLQJ
5HXVH RXWSXWV DV VWDWH ELWV XVH RXWSXWV WR KHOS
GLVWLQJXLVK VWDWHV :K\ FUHDWH QHZ IXQFWLRQV IRU VWDWH
&XUUHQW 6WDWH $VVLJQPHQW $SSURDFKHV
,QSXWV & +* +< )* +< 7/
VHUYH DV ZHOO )LWV LQ QLFHO\ ZLWK V\QFKURQRXV 0HDO\ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQV

3UHVHQW 6WDWH 76 +* +* +* +< +< )* )* )* )< )< +* +* +< +< )* )* )< )< )< +* 1H[W 6WDWH 2XWSXWV 67 +
ELWV ZKHQ RXWSXW FDQ
)RU WLJKW HQFRGLQJV XVLQJ FORVH WR WKH PLQLPXP QXPEHU RI VWDWH ELWV

%HVW RI UDQGRP VHHPV WR EH DGHTXDWH DYHUDJHV DV ZHOO DV KHXULVWLFV +HXULVWLF DSSURDFKHV DUH QRW HYHQ FORVH WR RSWLPDOLW\ 8VHG LQ FXVWRP FKLS GHVLJQ
)
2QHKRW HQFRGLQJ
(DV\ IRU VPDOO VWDWH PDFKLQHV *HQHUDWHV VPDOO HTXDWLRQV ZLWK HDV\ WR HVWLPDWH FRPSOH[LW\ &RPPRQ LQ )3*$V DQG RWKHU SURJUDPPDEOH ORJLF
2XWSXWEDVHG HQFRGLQJ
$G KRF QR WRROV 0RVW FRPPRQ DSSURDFK WDNHQ E\ KXPDQ GHVLJQHUV <LHOGV YHU\ VPDOO FLUFXLWV IRU PRVW )60V
67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) ) 67 + + ) )
2XWSXW SDWWHUQV DUH XQLTXH WR VWDWHV ZH GR QRW QHHG $1< VWDWH ELWV LPSOHPHQW IXQFWLRQV RQH IRU HDFK RXWSXW LQVWHDG RI RXWSXWV SOXV VWDWH ELWV
6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 6XPPDU\
0RGHOV IRU UHSUHVHQWLQJ VHTXHQWLDO FLUFXLWV

$EVWUDFWLRQ RI VHTXHQWLDO HOHPHQWV )LQLWH VWDWH PDFKLQHV DQG WKHLU VWDWH GLDJUDPV ,QSXWVRXWSXWV 0HDO\ 0RRUH DQG V\QFKURQRXV 0HDO\ PDFKLQHV
)LQLWH VWDWH PDFKLQH GHVLJQ SURFHGXUH

'HULYLQJ VWDWH GLDJUDP 'HULYLQJ VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH 'HWHUPLQLQJ QH[W VWDWH DQG RXWSXW IXQFWLRQV ,PSOHPHQWLQJ FRPELQDWLRQDO ORJLF
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VHTXHQWLDO ORJLF

6WDWH PLQLPL]DWLRQ 6WDWH DVVLJQPHQW 6XSSRUW LQ SURJUDPPDEOH ORJLF GHYLFHV

6htxhqwldo /RJLF, Psohphqwdwlrq $evwudfwlrq Ri 6Wdwh (Ohphqwv

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

6htxhqwldo /RJLF, Psohphqwdwlrq $evwudfwlrq Ri 6Wdwh (Ohphqwv

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ

$EVWUDFWLRQ RI 6WDWH (OHPHQWV

%DVLF VHTXHQWLDO FLUFXLWV

6WDWH ,QSXWV 6WRUDJH (OHPHQWV

)RUPV RI 6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF

)LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV

 ,Q   ,Q  ,Q  

([DPSOH )LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQH 'LDJUDP

&DQ $Q\ 6HTXHQWLDO 6\VWHP EH 5HSUHVHQWHG ZLWK D 6WDWH 'LDJUDP"

,QSXW YDOXH VKRZQ

RQ WUDQVLWLRQ DUFV 2XWSXW YDOXHV VKRZQ ZLWKLQ VWDWH QRGH

      

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 5

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 6

&RXQWHUV DUH 6LPSOH )LQLWH 6WDWH 0DFKLQHV

+RZ 'R :H 7XUQ D 6WDWH 'LDJUDP LQWR /RJLF"

0DQ\ W\SHV RI FRXQWHUV ELQDU\ %&' *UD\FRGH

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 7

)60 'HVLJQ 3URFHGXUH

)60 'HVLJQ 3URFHGXUH 6WDWH 'LDJUDP WR (QFRGHG 6WDWH 7UDQVLWLRQ 7DEOH

6WDWH GLDJUDP WR VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 10

3URJUDPPDEOH /RJLF %XLOGLQJ %ORFN IRU 6HTXHQWLDO /RJLF

0RUH &RPSOH[ &RXQWHU ([DPSOH

,QSXW GHWHUPLQHV QH[W VWDWH

5HSHDWV ILYH VWDWHV LQ VHTXHQFH 1RW D ELQDU\ QXPEHU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ

6WHS  'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ GLDJUDP

&RXQW VHTXHQFH     

6WHS  'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP WKH

1  ,Q 1  & 1  & ,1 &/. ' 4

3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $                        

1H[W 6WDWH & % $               

QRWH WKH GRQ

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 13

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 14

0RUH &RPSOH[ &RXQWHU ([DPSOH FRQWG

6HOI6WDUWLQJ &RXQWHUV FRQWG

6WHS  .PDSV IRU 1H[W 6WDWH )XQFWLRQV

5HGHULYLQJ VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP GRQ

% 3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $                        

1H[W 6WDWH & % $                        

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 15

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 16

6WDWH 0DFKLQH 0RGHO

       

LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RQ SUHYLRXV VOLGH  

)XQFWLRQ RI FXUUHQW VWDWH DQG LQSXWV

RXWSXW ORJLF QH[W VWDWH ORJLF &XUUHQW 6WDWH

2XWSXWV 1H[W 6WDWH

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 17

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 18

6WDWH 0DFKLQH 0RGHO FRQWG

([DPSOH $QW %UDLQ :DUG 0,7

6HQVRUV $FWXDWRUV *RDO 6WUDWHJ\

2XWSXW IXQFWLRQ )R 6L RU )R 6L ,M

1H[W 6WDWH 6WDWH &ORFN      

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 19

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 20

'HVLJQLQJ DQ $QW %UDLQ

' +LW ZDOO DJDLQ %DFN WR VWDWH $

) ZH DUH KHUH VDPH DV VWDWH %

* 7XUQ OHIW XQWLO /267 )RUZDUG XQWLO ZH WRXFK VRPHWKLQJ

CS 150 - Fall 2000 - Sequential Logic Implementation - 21

,Q ,Q ,Q

0DQ\ W\SHV RI FRXQWHUV ELQDU\ %&' *UD\FRGH

)60 'HVLJQ 3URFHGXUH 6WDWH 'LDJUDP WR (QFRGHG 6WDWH 7UDQVLWLRQ 7DEOH

6WHS 'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ GLDJUDP

&RXQW VHTXHQFH

6WHS 'HULYH WKH VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP WKH

1 ,Q 1 & 1 & ,1 &/. ' 4

3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $

1H[W 6WDWH & % $

6HOI6WDUWLQJ &RXQWHUV FRQWG

6WHS .PDSV IRU 1H[W 6WDWH )XQFWLRQV

5HGHULYLQJ VWDWH WUDQVLWLRQ WDEOH IURP GRQ

% 3UHVHQW 6WDWH & % $

1H[W 6WDWH & % $

LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RQ SUHYLRXV VOLGH

([DPSOH $QW %UDLQ :DUG 0,7

6HQVRUV $FWXDWRUV *RDO 6WUDWHJ\

2XWSXW IXQFWLRQ )R6L RU )R6L ,M

1H[W 6WDWH 6WDWH &ORFN

' +LW ZDOO DJDLQ %DFN WR VWDWH $

) ZH DUH KHUH VDPH DV VWDWH %

* 7XUQ OHIW XQWLO /267 )RUZDUG XQWLO ZH WRXFK VRPHWKLQJ

VWDWH /267 /267 /267 $ $ $ % %

QH[W VWDWH /267 (* (* % $ (* & $

RXWSXWV ) ) ) 7/ ) 7/ ) 7/ ) 75 ) 75 )

VWDWHV DW OHDVW VWDWH YDULDEOHV UHTXLUHG ; < =

6WDWH DVVLJQPHQW LQ WKLV FDVH DUELWUDULO\ FKRVHQ

VWDWH ;<=

RXWSXWV ) 75 7/

1H[W 6WDWH ; <

7ZR FRQGLWLRQV IRU WZR VWDWHV WR EH HTXLYDOHQW

:H QRZ QHHG RQO\ VWDWH YDULDEOHV UDWKHU WKDQ

0HDO\ YV 0RRUH 0DFKLQHV

6SHFLI\ LQ VWDWH EXEEOH LQ VWDWH GLDJUDP ([DPSOH VHTXHQFH GHWHFWRU IRU RU

'LIIHUHQW RXWSXWV RQ DUFV QA UDWKHU WKDQ VWDWHV Q

WKHQ

([DPSOH 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH

([DPSOH 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH FRQWG

([DPSOH 9HQGLQJ 0DFKLQH FRQWG

0LQLPL]H QXPEHU RI VWDWHV UHXVH VWDWHV ZKHQHYHU SRVVLEOH

7DEXODWH W\SLFDO LQSXW VHTXHQFHV

5HVHW 6 1 6 ' 6 ' 6 >RSHQ@ 1 6 >RSHQ@ ' 6 >RSHQ@