English 3B Vocabulary and Reading Teacher S Guide 2010-07-28

3B
Teachers Guide Basic English Program Basic English Program Basic English Program Basic English Program Basic English Program
English
3B
Teachers Guide
Vocabulary and Reading

Basic English Program
Developed by:
Academic Curriculum & Testing Unit, Program Development Division

Saudi Aramco Box 113, B-223, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Copyright Saudi Aramco, 2009. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of Saudi Aramco.
Contents
Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Dangerous Places The Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline) Crude Oil Processing Air Pollution Shipping Oil Saudi Aramco at Sea The Master Gas System Poisons in the Home The Refinery 1 19 37 55 73 91 109 125 143 159 177 181
Lesson 10 Saudi Aramco: Not Just An Oil Company Target Words Target Words by Lesson
Teachers Guide
Lesson 8
The Shaybah Story
English 3B Vocabulary and Reading
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Figure 1.1 Thousands of accidents happen in the home every year.
Accidents can happen when you are in your car, at work, or in public places. But many people are surprised to hear that one of the most dangerous places is their own home. Thousands of people are injured or die in accidents in their cars and at work every year, but more die at home than anywhere else. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. How can the work site be a dangerous place? 2. Which places in the home do you think are the most dangerous? 3. What do you think people can do to make their home safe from accidents?
Teachers Guide
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Part A Vocabulary
Study the words, definitions, and example sentences. Then, complete the exercises that follow.
although (conjunction) in spite of Although the temperature is only 10 Celsius, this swimmer is enjoying the water.
aware (adjective) knowing about something Omar is aware of the benefits of a healthy diet.
component (noun) part of a system, process, or machine Each component in your computer must work well if you want it to function.
conclude (verb) understand that something is true because of some other information From the teachers face, the students concluded that he was angry with them.
deal with, dealt with, dealt with (verb phrase) manage or control a situation Visitors to London often feel upset because they dont know how to deal with the crowds.
event (noun) anything that happens, especially if it is unusual or special The World Cup in football is a huge sporting event.
fatal (adjective) causing death Two people died in the fatal car accident.
indicate (verb) show, make something clear This sign indicates the directions that buses and cars must take.
obvious (adjective) easily seen or understood Its obvious that the new employee is eager to begin working.
Teachers Guide
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
reliable (adjective) can be trusted Omars car is very old, but its reliable. It always runs well.
Exercise 1
T
Look at the vocabulary again. Then, read the statements below. Are they true or false? Write T for True and F for False.
1. Id al-Fitr is the event which is celebrated at the end of Ramadan. 2. A smile doesnt always indicate that a person is happy. 3. Many people live in Riyadh, although the weather there is very hot in the summer. 4. Many students who learn another language say that the reading component is the most difficult. They have less trouble with listening, speaking, and grammar. 5. Its obvious to most people that money always brings happiness. 6. A head cold is a fatal disease. 7. Saudi Aramco wants every employee to be aware of the importance of driving safely. 8. My brother is very reliable. He never does anything he says he will do, so you cant depend on him. 9. The clerk always comes to work. Hes never absent. However, hes not here today, so we can conclude that hes probably sick. 10. One way to deal with the sun in Saudi Arabia is to wear sunscreen every day.
T T
F T
Teachers Guide
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. When you drive, you should understand what all the road signs __________. a. agree b. deal with c. conclude d. indicate
2. If you dont tell other people exactly what you are thinking, your ideas will not be __________ to them. a. reliable b. obvious c. fatal d. social
3. We have to __________ each problem as it happens. a. deal with b. invent c. conclude d. indicate
4. The number of __________ diseases is growing smaller thanks to new medical discoveries. a. reliable b. aware c. obvious d. fatal
5. If Sami doesnt come to football practice, we can only __________ that he isnt interested in playing. a. greet b. indicate c. conclude d. deal with
6. __________ I exercise and eat a healthy diet, I put on more weight every year. a. However b. Although c. Before d. Additionally
7. I arrived at the store early in the morning, but it was closed. I wasnt __________ of the correct opening hours. a. aware b. reliable c. obvious d. fatal
8. A snowstorm in Jiddah would be an unusual __________. a. event b. component c. architecture d. civilization
9. The air conditioner is very old and doesnt function well. I should buy a new one that will be more __________. a. fatal b. obvious c. reliable d. aware
10. Good food and plenty of sleep are important for good health, but another necessary __________ is exercise. a. contradiction b. component c. event d. legacy
Teachers Guide
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Exercise 3
Use the vocabulary from this lesson to complete the sentences below.
1. After we saw the price of the new car, we concluded ______________ that we couldnt buy it.
aware 2. My brother isnt ______________ of the reason why he didnt get the job.
3. The first heavy rain in the winter is always a happy event ______________ for people who live in the desert. 4. The temperature gauge in my car is broken, so it doesnt indicate ______________ the temperature of the engine.
Although 5. ______________ you are a strong swimmer, you could have problems if you go into deep water. deal with 6. Sami can ______________ the people in Japan easily because he speaks their language well. obvious 7. Alis skill as a football player was not ______________ until he began to score a goal in every game he played.
8. Ahmed uses the videos from the listening component of the English course to improve his ______________ skills. 9. I can depend on Badr to drive me to work on time. He is reliable always ______________ and arrives early every day.
fatal 10. People can have a ______________ heart attack at any age, not just when theyre old.
Exercise 4
Fill in the shaded boxes in the table. Use your dictionary if necessary.
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
awareness
aware
conclusion
conclude
conclusive
conclusively
event
eventful
fatality
fatal
fatally
indication indicator
indicate
obvious
obviously
reliance reliability
rely
reliable
reliably
Teachers Guide
Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Part B Reading
Vocabulary Review Before we move on to the reading, lets review the vocabulary from this lesson. Choose five or more words from Exercise 4 and form meaningful sentences of your own. This is a classroom speaking activity.
Remember: You may be asked to speak or write about the topics covered in this lesson, using the new vocabulary.
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Exercise 5
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercises that follow.
Avoiding Accidents at Work Accidents can happen anywhere and at any time. Government records in the U.S. indicate that homes, cars, public places, and work sites can be dangerous places. In an average year, 45 percent of fatal accidents in the U.S. occur in cars, 25 percent happen in the home, and 22 percent are in public places like stores, airports, and parks. Another 8 percent of fatal accidents happen at work sites. These numbers are reliable because they are the result of a lot of research. Although we can conclude from them that the work site is safer than most places, it is possible to do some things that will help avoid accidents there. Everyone should be aware of what they can do to remove risks from the workplace. Dealing with these things in a safe way is necessary to avoid accidents. First, check all appliances and machines to make sure they are in good working condition. Look for loose or damaged wires when you check the appliances and lights. Next, store all toxic substances used for cleaning in a safe place. These poisons are especially dangerous to children. Also, do not store dangerous materials such as gasoline in the workplace. Finally, put all knives and sharp tools in a safe place. These actions are some of the most important components of work site safety. Always think about safety when you are at work to prevent events that will injure or even kill people.
236 words
Figure 1.2 Store all cleaning substances in a safe place.
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Now, use the information from the passage to complete the sentences below.
1. U.S. government records show that the most dangerous places are cars, homes, work sites, and public places ________________. 2. The numbers in the U.S. government records are reliable research because they are the result of ______________.
work site 3. The records indicate that the ______________ is the safest place.
4. Examples of public places are parks, stores, and airports ______________. 5. U.S. government records show that most fatalities car accidents happened in ________________.
Now, read the statements below. Are they true or false? Write T for True or F for False. F 1. U.S. government records show that over 25 percent of accidental deaths happen in public places. 2. In the U.S., an average of 45,000 people die in car accidents every year. 3. In the U.S., the home is the most dangerous place. 4. Gasoline is considered a dangerous substance. 5. To be safe, appliances should be reliable.
F T T
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Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. The underlined word them in paragraph 1 refers to __________. a. research b. numbers c. work sites d. accidents
2. The underlined word toxic in paragraph 2 means __________. a. cleaning b. damaged c. safe d. poisonous
3. The underlined word especially in paragraph 2 means __________. a. particularly b. less c. seldom d. sometimes
4. To avoid accidents in the workplace, __________. a. store dangerous materials there b. check all sharp knives and tools c. think about safety all the time d. make sure toxic substances are in good condition
5. You can guess that __________ in the workplace. a. appliances are the most dangerous things b. the writer thinks an accident rate of 8 percent is too high c. there is no danger from damaged or loose wires d. its difficult to store dangerous materials safely
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Exercise 6
Study the chart carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Major Causes of Death in the United States
Tobacco
Cause
Number 435,000 365,000 75,000 55,000 26,347 7,600
% 18.1 16.6 2.6 2.1 0.85 .02
Poor Diet and Physical Inactivity Illnesses (for example, cancer) Poisons Car Crashes Drugs such as Aspirin and Panadol
Figure 1.3 Major causes of death in the U.S. with their average number of fatalities each year
Now, read the statements below. Are they true or false? Write T for True or F for False. T T 1. If people exercise every day, they will probably live longer. 2. More than twice the number of people die from illnesses than from car accidents. 3. Poisons are a bigger cause of death in the U.S. than eating poor food. 4. People can take as much aspirin as they want without negative results. 5. Tobacco and poor diet cause more deaths than all the other causes combined.
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Exercise 7
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows.
Dangerous Places in the Home The most dangerous place in the home is the kitchen. One reason for this danger is that many home fires start in the kitchen. A major cause of these fires is cooking oil. Oil starts to smoke and burn at about 200 Celsius. When the oil is on fire, water will not put the fire out. This isnt obvious to everyone. Water will only cause an oil fire to cover a larger area and become worse. The best way to prevent this kind of kitchen fire is to be careful when cooking with oil. However, if a cooking oil fire starts, what should you do? First, turn off the burner on the stove. Then, cut off the oxygen supply to the fire by covering the food that is on fire. If you cant cover the fire, use baking soda. Baking soda is a white substance that will put the fire out by cutting off the oxygen supply. Finally, open the windows to let the smoke out. The bathroom is the second most perilous room in the home. It is no surprise that falls, hot water burns, and poisoning, especially of children, are the usual types of accidents in the bathroom. Wet floors are the main cause of falls. There are several things you can do to prevent falls and other accidents in the bathroom. Wearing nonslip sandals on wet floors is a good idea. Also, keep electrical equipment like hair dryers or radios away from water. Finally, keep all medicines locked up or out of the reach of children.
260 words
Figure 1.4 Always be careful when you are near the burners on a stove.
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Cooking oil __________. a. will put out fires if it is mixed with water b. is not an important cause of kitchen fires c. starts to burn at 200 Celsius d. fires always cover very large areas
2. Baking soda is good for __________. a. putting out oil fires b. keeping bathroom floors dry c. letting smoke out of the kitchen d. turning off the burner
3. Most falls in the bathroom __________. a. result from water that is too hot b. are caused by the presence of liquids on the floor c. cause accidental poisoning, especially among children d. make the bathroom the most dangerous place in the home 4. The underlined word This in paragraph 1 refers to the idea that __________. a. cooking oil begins to burn at 200 Celsius b. many home fires start in the kitchen c. water doesnt put out cooking oil fires d. cooking oil is an important cause of fires
5. The underlined word perilous in paragraph 3 means __________. a. surprising b. wet c. usual d. dangerous
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6. Make sure that you store __________ out of childrens reach. a. medicines b. nonslip sandals c. hair dryers d. radios
7. You can guess that __________. a. nonslip sandals are expensive to buy b. children never need to use medicine c. water and electricity together are dangerous d. nothing can be done to prevent accidents in the bathroom
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 1
Dangerous Places
Notes
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Lesson 2
The Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline)
Figure 2.2 View of the Suez Canal from shore
Figure 2.1 Tapline construction, Lebanon 1948
Following the end of World War II, the demand for oil was greater than ever before. Western European countries, in particular, needed oil for their reconstruction. Of course, Saudi Arabia was eager to meet this demand. Transporting oil from Saudi Arabia to Europe, however, was costly. Tankers leaving Ras Tanura had to travel a long distance to reach the Suez Canal. Then, to cross over to the Mediterranean, they had to pay high canal charges. Was there a better way? Aramco thought there was. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. What do you know about Tapline? 2. What difficulties do you think there are in building a pipeline across several countries? 3. What other pipelines are there in Saudi Arabia?
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Part A Vocabulary
challenge (noun) test of someones skills and abilities Ali is a skillful chess player, so its always a challenge to play him.
lay, laid, laid (verb) put into position for use or operation; put down The worker is laying new carpet on the floor. When he finished reading, Karim laid the book on the table. link (verb) connect one thing to another The Mackinac Bridge links the northern part of the state of Michigan to the southern part.
period (noun) particular length of time Ramadan lasts for a period of about 30 days.
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recover (verb) get back to normal condition after a period of difficulty; save from loss or make useful again The storm caused a lot of damage. It will take the community a long time to recover. The workers recovered 10,000 barrels of crude oil after the spill. route (noun) way from one place to another The route through the mountains is beautiful but dangerous.
section (noun) one of the parts that something is divided into The produce section of Alis supermarket always has fresh fruits and vegetables.
shortcut (noun) quicker or more direct way to do something or go somewhere On Microsoft Windows, Ctrl + C is a shortcut for copying something.
voyage (noun) long trip, particularly by sea The passenger ship made its first voyage on the Adriatic Sea.
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
weld (verb) join metal or plastic parts together by using heat The worker welded the two metal pieces together.
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Exercise 1
T T F T
1. Saudi Arabias roads link its cities and towns. 2. Because we left late for the airport, we took a shortcut. 3. Most people dont remember the route to their home. 4. The Juma family lives in a new residential section of the city, away from the city center and business areas. 5. Climbing Mount Everest is a challenge for anyone who tries it. 6. Taleb is going on a voyage to the supermarket. 7. The carpenter welded the pieces of wood together with a nail. 8. A decade is a period of ten years. 9. I hope my friend recovers from his happiness soon. 10. It took the workers three hours to lay the concrete for my neighbors swimming pool.
F F
T F T
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Some restaurants provide a smoking __________ for their customers. a. challenge b. period c. voyage d. section
2. The sections of a passenger train are __________ together. a. linked b. concluded c. indicated d. laid
3. By taking a __________, I avoided a lot of traffic and got to my appointment early. a. section b. challenge c. shortcut d. period
4. In the beginning, it is a __________ to live in a foreign country because there is so much to learn and adjust to. a. route b. period c. challenge d. section
5. Transportation problems hurt the companys profits last year. The business __________ only after the owner bought two more vans. a. linked b. laid c. challenged d. recovered
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6. Because their country is so far away from most others, many Australians have to take a long __________ if they travel overseas. a. challenge b. shortcut c. voyage d. section
7. When the pipeline boss __________ the final sections of pipe together, the project was completed. a. welded b. recovered c. challenged d. concluded
8. Most class __________ at school last for less than an hour. a. periods b. routes c. shortcuts d. voyages
9. When traveling in an unfamiliar place, a map is helpful in determining the best __________ to take. a. route b. period c. challenge d. section
10. The weather was cold, so Ahmed __________ a few more pieces of wood on the fire. a. welded b. laid c. challenged d. recovered
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Exercise 3
route 1. Abqaiq is on the ______________ between Khobar and Hofuf. voyage 2. The last ______________ of the British passenger ship Queen Elizabeth II was from the United Kingdom to Dubai.
3. Drivers who are familiar with a city often take shortcuts ______________ to reduce their driving time.
laid 4. After I finished reading the book, I ______________ it on the table. section 5. Jamal prefers to read the sports ______________ of the newspaper before he reads the news. weld 6. The worker had to ______________ the two pipes together before the line could carry water.
7. Im sorry to hear you have the flu. I hope you recover ______________ from it soon.
challenge 8. Learning a foreign language is a ______________ for everyone.
9. Not much is known for certain about the period ______________ of Arabian history before the rise of Islam.
links 10. The King Fahd Causeway ______________ Saudi Arabia to Bahrain.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
challenge challenger link linkage
challenge
challenging
link
linked linking
period
periodic
periodically
recovery
recover
recovered
voyage voyager welder welding
voyage
weld
welded
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
The Challenge of Building Tapline The period following the end of World War II was one of great activity for Saudi Arabias oil industry. There were regular discoveries of new oil locations, and pumping and pipeline facilities were being enlarged. At the same time, the demand for oil was greater than ever before, especially from western European countries trying to recover from the war. However, transporting crude oil by tanker from Saudi Arabia to Europe required a long, expensive trip. To get to the Mediterranean Sea, tankers leaving Ras Tanura had to make a nine-day trip of 5,600 km and pay high charges for passing through the Suez Canal. An overland shortcut made economic sense. The only shortcut possible would be a pipeline that extended from the Arabian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. A project like this, however, would be a great challenge to its planners and builders. The shipment of pipes and materials from the U.S. would be larger and require longer voyages overseas than any previous business venture. Then, the workers would have to lay the pipes over 1,670 kmall the way from Saudi Arabia, through Jordan, over the Golan Heights in Syria, to Sidon, Lebanon, often in areas that had no roads or modern facilities. The pipeline would be the longest one ever made, and probably the most expensive. Finally, there were political problems in the Middle East that made the project risky. Aramco was sure, however, of Saudi Arabias enormous oil resources and certain about the demand for oil in Europe. With strong government support, it created the Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company, or Tapline, and began preparations for construction of the pipeline.
271 words
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Now, read the statements below. Are they true or false? Write T for True and F for False.
1. The end of the war caused the oil industry in Saudi Arabia to slow down. 2. Western European countries needed a lot of oil in order to rebuild after the war. 3. A major problem with transporting crude oil from Saudi Arabia to Europe was the time it took tankers to get through the Suez Canal. 4. Tapline was expected to save both time and money. 5. The materials for building the pipeline would come from the Arabian Gulf area. 6. The Tapline project would require building roads and other basic facilities, not just a pipeline. 7. The underlined word venture in paragraph 4 means project. 8. Most of the pipeline was to be laid in Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. 9. Politics did not affect the construction of Tapline. 10. Tapline was a company, but it was owned by Aramco.
T F
F T
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Exercise 6
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows. The Construction of Tapline Planning the construction of the pipeline went on for nearly a year and a half. New engineering problems required new solutions. For example, one resourceful idea reduced shipping costs and delivery time of the pipes by 50 percent. This was to use two sizes of pipes that could be shipped from the U.S. together, with the smaller pipe placed within the larger. After the 265,000 tons of pipes were manufactured, they were loaded onto ships and sent to the Middle East. Once brought to shore, they were put onto huge vehicles and transported to their proper location along the pipeline route. In early 1948, construction began on a pipeline from Abqaiq to Qatif, and from there to Qaisumah. Qaisumah would be the starting point and first pump station of Tapline. On the western end of the pipeline project, work did not begin until the fall of 1949 due to political troubles in Lebanon.
Figure 2.3 Tapline Inspection
For over two and a half years, the team of 1,550 Americans and 14,500 Arabs and South Asians worked nonstop. On September 2, 1950, the final pipes were welded together, connecting the western and eastern sections. The pipeline then took two months to fill with oil. In Figure 2.4 November, the first ships in Sidon were loaded and ready to take oil to the west. Tapline was in business.
Terminal at Sidon
Tapline had linked Saudi oil fields more directly to western markets, and the results quickly showed how valuable the pipeline was. Within a few months, the kingdoms oil production rose by 60 percent. Over the next 26 years, 300500,000 barrels per day (bpd) of oil flowed through Tapline.
Figure 2.5 Tapline diver, Sidon1952 265 words
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. The main idea of the passage is that __________. a. Tapline made Saudi oil available to western markets b. intelligent ideas made Tapline possible c. a great amount of work was required to build Tapline d. Tapline helped raise the kingdoms oil production by 60 percent
2. The pipes that were used in building Tapline __________. a. had to be transported over both sea and land b. were transported from Sidon to Qaisumah c. weighed less than 265,000 tons d. were all the same size
3. The underlined word resourceful in paragraph 1 means __________. a. wasteful b. ordinary c. difficult d. inventive
4. The underlined word This in paragraph 1 refers to __________. a. amount of 50 percent b. delivery time c. idea d. example
5. The late start on laying the western section of the pipeline was the result of __________. a. slow workers b. improper pipe locations c. political problems d. two sizes of pipes
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6. You can guess that the oil that was pumped by the pump stations came from __________. a. Sidon b. Abqaiq c. Qatif d. Qaisumah
7. The underlined phrase due to in paragraph 3 means __________. a. because of b. resulting in c. putting an end to d. causing
8. By __________, the Tapline project had met its major goal. a. using a large team of both Americans and Arabs b. completing the building of the pipeline in only two and a half years c. taking only two months to fill the pipeline d. shortening the delivery time of Saudi oil to western countries 9. The underlined word Once in paragraph 2 means __________. a. Before b. When c. Although d. Therefore
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Exercise 7
Tapline as a Public Service Provider Part of the agreement between Aramco and King Abd alAziz ibn Saud for doing business in the kingdom was that the company had to provide services in areas that had little to do with the oil transportation business. On the part of Aramco, therefore, Tapline built and, for many years, maintained one of the major roads in Saudi Arabia. Tapline also played an extremely important part in developing the northern towns of Qaisumah, Rafha, Badanah, and Turaif. In addition to the roads it made, the company provided these towns with planning and advice in organizing a local electricity service. Also, the Tapline medical service offered health care to local people. In fact, next to the transportation of oil, this service came to employ more workers and cost more than any other part of Tapline operations. Nothing changed life in the northern areas as much as the water wells drilled by Tapline. Until the pipeline came, the area for 320 km was mostly dry desert. Forty-three water wells were drilled, producing water for the pump stations and towns. The availability of water and the presence of jobs with Tapline led to great social change in the area. Many Saudis chose to live there, as the towns developed schools, mosques, shops, and government services. Tapline continued to serve as a major transportation facility for Aramcos oil exports until the early 1970s. At that time, the construction of very large crude carriers (VLCCs) began to give an economic advantage to shipping oil by sea. Also, as a result of war in Lebanon, the pipeline was damaged and finally shut down. Today, Tapline no longer operates, but it will always be a highlight in the history of Saudi Aramco.
285 words
Figure 2.6 Tapline road, Badanah
Figure 2.7 Camels drinking water, Turaif
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1. Unlike other pipeline companies, Tapline also performed work in areas that were not related to the business of oil transportation __________________. 2. Tapline helped the northern towns along the pipeline in organizing their own electricity service. ______________
expense 3. The ______________ to Tapline of providing medical services to local residents was second only to the cost of transporting oil.
4. The 43 water wells that were drilled produced water for stations pump ______________ and towns.
Social change occurred in these northern areas 5. ________________ because of the water and jobs that Tapline made available.
6. Until the early 1970s, Tapline was a major transportation facility ______________ for Aramco oil exports.
VLCCs 7. When ______________ became available, shipping oil by sea began to gain economic advantage once again. highlight 8. Tapline is a ______________ of Saudi Aramcos history.
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 2
Notes
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Lesson 3
Crude Oil Processing
Figure 3.1 Shaybah gas-oil separation plant (GOSP)
Crude oil is found in rocks under the ground and under the sea in different areas of Saudi Arabia. It contains a number of different substances. Many of these can be used to make fuels and lubricating and chemical products. However, some of the substances are not useful and must be removed before the oil is refined or exported. Removal of unwanted substances from the crude oil is done in several stages at special installations in different parts of Saudi Arabia. After this has been done, it is safe to send the oil to the refinery or for export. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. Where is oil found under the sea in Saudi Arabia? How do employees travel to work at these offshore locations? 2. Is crude oil dangerous? Why? 3. Can you give some examples of chemical products made from oil?
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 3
Part A Vocabulary
cylinder (noun) circular container with straight sides Nearly all car engines have cylinders.
force (verb) make something move or happen using strong pressure Criminals use tools to force doors open.
horizontal (adjective) aligned from side to side The boys shirt has horizontal lines on it.
hydrogen sulfide (noun) poisonous, flammable, and colorless gas made of hydrogen and sulfur Employees must wear special equipment for protection from hydrogen sulfide.
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impurity (noun) unwanted substance that reduces the quality of another substance Some factories release many impurities into the air.
maximum (noun) largest amount possible, needed, or required The maximum that my boat can hold is four people.
porous (adjective) allowing liquids or gases to enter or pass through Sponges are useful for cleaning because they are porous and can hold a lot of water.
reservoir (noun) place to store something, particularly a liquid, until it is needed Big reservoirs are needed to store water for large cities.
sink, sank, sunk (verb) go down because of weight, usually through a fluid If a ship hits rocks, it will most likely sink.
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 3
stabilize (verb) achieve and maintain a balanced condition Surfaces at the rear of an aircraft stabilize it in flight.
tray (noun) piece of flat, solid material with slightly raised sides The sides of a tray help prevent things from falling off.
vertical (adjective) aligned straight up and down An elevator has a vertical motion.
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Exercise 1
F T
1. Gas is usually stored in triangular cylinders. 2. If a key will not turn easily in a door, you must not force it. If you do, the key may break. 3. The line where the earth meets the sky is horizontal. 4. You can see and smell hydrogen sulfide gas. 5. It may be unsafe to take water from a river to drink. It often contains many impurities. 6. You may drive in Saudi Arabia at more than 120 kph. That is the maximum. 7. Stones can pass through a porous filter. 8. There is usually a reservoir in a car to keep the brake system full of fluid. 9. If you throw a football into a swimming pool, it will sink to the bottom. 10. Special devices prevent damage to computers by stabilizing the flow of electricity. 11. Mechanics put a tray under a car to catch the engine oil. 12. When you lie down, your body is vertical.
T F T
F T
T F
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 3
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Rashid damaged the electrical plug when he tried to __________ it into the outlet. a. force b. sink c. stabilize d. align
2. One hundred percent power is the __________ an engine can deliver. a. impurity b. cylinder c. reservoir d. maximum
3. Ali stayed in bed because he was sick, so I took some food to his room on a __________. a. reservoir b. component c. cylinder d. tray
4. My shirt got wet when it rained because my jacket was __________. a. horizontal b. porous c. vertical d. fatal
5. It is very dangerous to breathe __________. a. hydrogen sulfide b. cylinders c. reservoirs d. trays
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6. Empty gas __________ must be fastened securely in a vehicle to prevent them from moving around. a. reservoirs b. cylinders c. trays d. impurities
7. If a heavy car falls into a lake, it will __________ quickly. a. force b. stabilize c. sink d. indicate
8. Some people like to go fishing at large water __________ on weekends. a. reservoirs b. cylinders c. trays d. impurities
9. If there is a sudden change of pressure in a pipeline, employees act quickly to __________ the flow to avoid an accident. a. stabilize b. sink c. force d. indicate
10. Drinking water which contains __________ can make us ill. a. trays b. impurities c. reservoirs d. cylinders
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Lesson 3
11. The walls of a house are usually __________. a. cylindrical b. porous c. obvious d. vertical
12. There is a __________ line across the top of a capital letter T. a. fatal b. porous c. reliable d. horizontal
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Exercise 3
trays 1. Shops which sell sweets often have ______________ of chocolates on display in the window. vertical 2. A chair is a seat with a ______________ back to support the body.
3. At night, the tops of mountains cool very quickly, so cold sinks air ______________ to the bottom of the mountain.
horizontal surface for people to sit on. 4. A seat is a ______________
5. Sand can be used to filter impurities from fluids because porous it is ______________.
Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that burns very easily. 6. __________________
7. To prevent passengers from becoming sick in bad weather, big ships have devices under the water to stabilize ______________ the motion of the ship.
impurities 8. If there are ______________ in the fuel tank of your car, the engine will probably not start.
9. The amount of money you have in your bank account maximum determines the ______________ you can spend with your debit card.
reservoirs 10. Many ______________ are created by building dams between mountains. cylinder 11. If you put the end of a ______________ on a piece of paper and draw around it, you will make a circle. force 12. The boy tried to ______________ his camel to move by hitting it with a piece of wood.
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Lesson 3
Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
cylinder
cylindrical
force
force
forceful forced
forcefully
horizon
horizontal
horizontally
impurity
impure
maximum
maximize
maximum
reservoir reservation
reserve
reserved
sink
sinking sunken
stabilizer stability
stabilize
stable
vertical
vertical
vertically
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Part B Reading
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Lesson 3
Exercise 5
Read the passage carefully and complete the activity that follows.
Crude Oil Mixture Geologists find crude oil in porous rock formations under the ground. They drill wells into these reservoirs to reach the oil. However, the crude oil is mixed with gases like natural gas and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). It also contains other substances, like sand and water. The gases in the reservoir generate a lot of pressure. This forces the crude oil mixture up the well to the surface. At the surface, the mixture goes through a pipeline to a gas-oil separation plant (GOSP). Here, gases and other substances are separated from the crude oil. The gases are processed separately from the oil. They include methane, butane, and propane, all of which are important fuels. Every reservoir contains a mixture of liquids, gases, and solids, although the mixture is different in each reservoir. Nearly all of the liquids and gases are processed to become useful products. However, there are some substances mixed with the oil that are not useful and must be removed. Hydrogen sulfide, a very dangerous gas, is one of them, together with sand, salt, and water. After all those impurities have been removed, the crude oil can go by pipeline to be exported or to the refinery for processing into many different products. These include gasoline, fuel oil, and diesel oil.
212 words
Figure 3.2 Drilling
Figure 3.3 Hydrogen sulfide
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1. Solid rock contains a lot of crude oil. 2. There is the same amount of gas in all reservoirs. 3. Most of the crude oil can be processed into useful products. 4. Methane, butane, and propane all provide energy. 5. Hydrogen sulfide cannot be used as a fuel.
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Lesson 3
Exercise 6
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Gas-Oil Separation Preparing the crude oil for export or refining requires separation of the oil from gas, water, and other impurities at a GOSP. When the crude oil mixture arrives at the GOSP, its pressure is high because of the gas it contains. In fact, from some wells, it can be as high as 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi). This pressure is reduced in stages to just above atmospheric pressure to make the rest of the processing easier. Pressure reduction and the separation of gas and oil are done in gas-oil separators. These are usually horizontal cylinders. Inside a cylinder, various components slow down the crude oil mixture and keep the liquid surface as smooth as possible. This makes it easier for the gas to separate from the oil and other substances.
Figure 3.4 Horizontal cylinders
As the mixture passes through the separator, gases rise to the top of the cylinder. They then go through pipes to the gas processing plant. Oil, water, and other impurities sink to the bottom half of the cylinder. This mixture goes to a second separator and then to a desalter. These processes remove water, salt, and other materials. They also help to remove more gas from the mixture, leaving sour crude oil to move to the final stage.
210 words
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. The underlined word it in paragraph 1 means __________. a. gas b. pressure c. GOSP d. mixture
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2. The pressure of the crude oil mixture is reduced __________. a. immediately b. easily c. vertically d. slowly
3. The gases in the crude oil mixture are __________ than the oil. a. heavier b. faster c. lighter d. weaker
4. The underlined word desalter in paragraph 3 means equipment that __________. a. adds impurities b. removes oil c. adds water d. removes salt
5. Crude oil has to pass through many __________ before it can be refined or exported. a. stages b. separations c. reductions d. substances
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Lesson 3
Exercise 7
Sour Crude Processing Sour crude oil contains up to 27,000 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen sulfide gas. This is very poisonous and highly flammable. Therefore, it is necessary to stabilize the oil before it goes for export or goes to the refinery for processing into various products. This is done by separating the gas from the oil in an installation called a stabilizer. A stabilizer is a vertical cylinder which is heated by boilers. It contains horizontal trays with holes in them. The crude oil enters the stabilizer at the top and flows down through the holes in the trays. It is heated as it flows down the cylinder. As the temperature increases, hydrogen sulfide gas is released and rises to the top of the cylinder. It is taken from the cylinder for further processing. In Saudi Aramco, sour crude oil must be processed until it contains a maximum of 70 ppm of hydrogen sulfide. When this level has been reached, the sour crude oil has become sweet crude oil. This sweet crude oil leaves the stabilizer at the bottom. It goes through pipelines to the refinery or to be exported.
Figure 3.6 Oil export 189 words
Figure 3.5 Refinery towers
1. Hydrogen sulfide gas is removed from crude oil in a stabilizer ______________. 2. You can die quickly if you breathe H2S because it is very poisonous ______________. 52
temperature of the crude oil increases as it flows 3. The ______________ down the stabilizer. Boilers 4. ______________ are used to heat the crude oil in the stabilizer.
5. When it leaves the stabilizer, H2S needs further processing ______________.
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Lesson 3
Notes
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Figure 4.1 Every time we breathe in polluted air, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals.
Air pollution is caused by anything that makes the air dirty, and it can have serious effects on our health and on the world around us. People are now responsible for most of the pollutants that are released into the air. So, it is the responsibility of people to clean up the air they breathe. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. What are some causes of air pollution? 2. What health problems can air pollution cause? 3. What are some of the things we can do to prevent air pollution?
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Part A Vocabulary
acid (noun) chemical substance that can damage what it touches You should be careful when you work with an acid because it can burn your skin.
assume (verb) accept something as true without having other information Although the lion looks like it is smiling, you should not assume that its friendly.
emit (verb) send out The power plant emits a lot of smoke.
exhaust (noun) gas that comes out of an engine Its not healthy to breathe in the exhaust from a car.
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former (pronoun) the first of two people or things I went to two doctors because I was worried about my weight. The former told me that my weight wasnt a problem, but the latter told me I was fat.
irritate (verb) cause an uncomfortable or painful feeling The desert air irritates my eyes, making them feel hot and dry.
latter (pronoun) the second of two people or things I had two different managers at work. The former liked my work, but the latter thought it wasnt very good.
limit (verb) control something so that it doesnt go higher You should limit the money you spend. Dont spend more than the amount of money you have in the bank.
modify (verb) change something slightly After Ahmed modified the engine, his car could go much faster.
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
particle (noun) very small piece of something Snowflakes are particles of frozen water.
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Exercise 1
1. A strong wind carrying sand from the desert will never irritate your nose. 2. Car exhaust makes the problem of air pollution worse. 3. If acid gets onto your skin, you should immediately wash it off. 4. Most students assume that they will not do well on a test if they have studied a lot. 5. In Germany, they make Mercedes and Volkswagen cars. The former is more expensive. 6. If you want to win a football game, you have to limit the number of goals the other team gets while increasing the number your team gets. 7. When the fire alarm emits a loud sound, it means there is no fire. 8. A particle of sand in your eye can be very painful. 9. In many parts of Saudi Arabia, there are two seasons: a hot summer and a cool winter. During the latter, most people use air conditioners all the time. 10. Manufacturers regularly modify their mobile phones because people want to buy the newest models.
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. I cant eat very hot food because it __________ my stomach. a. irritates b. limits c. assumes d. modifies
2. When I saw that Omars seat was empty, I __________ that he was absent. a. modified b. emitted c. assumed d. limited
3. I visited both Paris and London during my vacation. Although I cant speak French, I preferred the __________ because it is so beautiful. a. exhaust b. particle c. former d. latter
4. China is trying to control the growth of its population by making laws that __________ each family to having only one child. a. assume b. limit c. emit d. solve
5. I have a problem with my telephone. It __________ very strange sounds when I am making a call to someone. a. assumes b. limits c. modifies d. emits
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6. The house is so clean that you wont find one __________ of dirt anywhere in it. a. particle b. exhaust c. latter d. acid
7. When a plane flies across the sky, you can often see the __________ it leaves behind. a. acid b. former c. exhaust d. particle
8. Sami enjoys playing both tennis and football, but he prefers the __________ because he likes team sports more. a. particle b. latter c. exhaust d. former
9. The __________ in our stomach helps us digest, or process, the food we eat. a. exhaust b. former c. particle d. acid
10. We __________ our travel plans so that we could spend more time with friends in Jiddah. a. modified b. assumed c. emitted d. irritated
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Exercise 3
1. One of the benefits of the weekend is that I dont have limit to ______________ the amount of time I spend sleeping.
exhaust 2. If your car ______________ is blue, the engine is probably burning oil.
3. Omar suggested I buy a new car, but Samir said that I should save money and keep my old one. Of the two former suggestions, I prefer the ______________ because my old car isnt in very good condition.
modify 4. Some people want to ______________ the rules of English spelling to make it easier to read and write. acid 5. Scientists who work with any ______________ avoid injury by wearing safety glasses and safety gloves. irritate 6. Some kinds of soap ______________ the skin on my face.
7. The students didnt ask any questions, so the teacher assumed ______________ that they understood the lesson. 8. In the past, the steel factories of Pittsburgh emitted ______________ a lot of black smoke, adding to the citys air pollution. 9. I took tests in science and English last week. I am very latter good in grammar, so the ______________ was much easier for me than the former.
Particles 10. ______________ of sand in the fuel tank of your car can cause problems.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
acid acidity
acidic
assumption
assume
assumed
emission
emit
irritation irritant limit limitation modification modifier
irritate
irritated
limit
limited limitless
modify
modified
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
Air Pollution: A World Problem Air pollution is when air is dirty and unhealthy. One cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels, like coal or oil. For example, when cars and trucks burn gasoline, they emit harmful gases in their exhaust. Factories that use fossil fuels to get energy also emit dangerous gases into the air. Air pollution is a problem that is not limited to one country. Its an international problem. In fact, scientists say that any city with a population of 50,000 or more has some air pollution. Some large cities with terrible air pollution are Mexico City, Los Angeles, and Athens, Greece. In Mexico City, the air pollution never goes away because of the mountains around the city. Los Angeles has about 180 unhealthy days every year because of serious air pollution. The polluted air, which is called smog, irritates peoples eyes. It also gives some people respiratory problems, so they cant breathe easily. In addition, air pollution affects visibility in Los Angeles because dirty air limits how far we can see. In Athens, many old, famous buildings are in danger of falling down. This is because the air pollution in Athens is filled with metal particles and acid that make these buildings weaker. There are no simple solutions to the dilemma of air pollution, but laws can help to reduce it. In the U.S., new laws compel car makers to modify car engines to limit the amount of dangerous gases they emit. Also, factories must reduce the amount of harmful gases that they emit into the air. In spite of these laws, air pollution will be with us for many years.
274 words Figure 4.2 Los Angeles has a serious air pollution problem.
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
1. A major cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil __________ fuels.

exhaust of cars 2. Harmful gases are also found in the __________ and trucks. Factories are another source of air pollution 3. ____________ because they emit dangerous gases into the air.
4. The pollution in Mexico City never goes away because of mountains around the city. the ______________
50,000 people have 5. All cities that have more than __________ some air pollution.
1. Some people find it much easier to breathe if the air is polluted. 2. The city of Los Angeles has about 180 days per year with a lot of air pollution 3. Athens is in danger of losing some famous buildings because of air pollution. 4. Air pollution improves visibility. 5. Polluted air can have small particles of metal in it.
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Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. If there is a lot of air pollution, people can have __________. a. breathing problems b. better eyes c. difficulties eating d. excellent visibility
2. __________ by the metal and dirt particles in air pollution. a. Visibility is improved b. Peoples breathing is not affected c. Older buildings are weakened d. Eyesight is made stronger
3. The underlined word dilemma in paragraph 4 means __________. a. former b. visibility c. exhaust d. problem
4. The underlined word they in paragraph 4 refers to __________. a. new laws b. car engines c. car makers d. dangerous gases
5. You can guess that __________ solve the problem of air pollution. a. modifying car engines will b. limiting dangerous gas emissions is enough to c. nothing more can be done to d. international action is needed to
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Exercise 6
Study the table carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Air Pollution in Some Major World Cities
Cities
Type of Air Pollution
Beijing
Cairo
Moscow
Buenos Aires
Tokyo
Gases from industry: cause respiratory problems Gases from cars and trucks: cause headaches and respiratory problems Gases from air conditioners & other machines: cause heart disease Metal particles in the air from industry and cars: cause hearing damage and blood disease
Figure 4.3 Levels of air pollution in five major world cities
Very High
Low
Low
Low
Moderate
Low
High
High
Very High
Moderate
Very High
Very High
High
High
Low
Moderate
Very High
Moderate
Moderate
Low
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1. In general, Beijing has the highest levels of every kind of air pollution. 2. Gases from industry are not a problem in three of the cities in the table. 3. Beijing would be the best place to live for anyone who has breathing problems. 4. Industry is a major polluter in Buenos Aires. 5. People could have hearing problems if they live in Cairo. 6. Industry is the biggest polluter in Moscow. 7. Heart disease is probably a problem in Beijing and Cairo.
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
Exercise 7
Acid Rain Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur and nitrogen from cars and factories which produce particles of acid. These very small particles combine with rain water in the atmosphere. Acid rain can destroy trees and damage lakes, killing all the life in them. For example, in the Czech Republic and Norway, the results of air pollution are major problems. In the former, 71 percent of all the trees have been damaged by acid rain. In the latter, 80 percent of all the lakes have no fish. Acid rain has also damaged many stone buildings, such as the pyramids in Egypt. And, because it is a cause of cancer and other diseases, acid rain affects people too. You cant assume that acid rain only affects people and buildings in the places where it is produced. Winds carry polluted air from one area to another. Therefore, acid rain can fall in areas that didnt cause the pollution problem. One example is in the United States, where many power plants that operate in the midwest get energy to produce electricity by burning coal. This produces polluted air that contains acid. Winds carry this dirty air to other parts of the United States and eastern Canada. These areas now suffer from the negative effects of acid rain. Consequently, it isnt enough for one country to have laws preventing air pollution. Neighboring countries must have similar laws to keep air pollution under control.
239 words
Figure 4.4 Acid rain kills fish in lakes and rivers.
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Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. __________ are the main sources of emissions that produce acid rain. a. Particles of rain water b. Factories and cars c. Rain water in the atmosphere d. Small particles of metal
2. In Norway, __________. a. acid rain has destroyed 71 percent of the forests b. 80 percent of the forests have died c. acid rain has given millions of people cancer d. only 20 percent of the fish remain in the lakes
3. The writer mentions the pyramids of Egypt to __________. a. give an example of how acid rain damages buildings b. show that acid rain is not just a problem in Norway c. explain why visitors should go to Egypt before the pyramids disappear d. describe how acid rain can affect peoples health 4. The underlined word This in paragraph 2 refers to __________. a. producing electricity b. burning coal c. getting energy d. operating power plants
5. The passage tells us that acid rain is a problem around the world because __________. a. some places dont create the pollution problem b. rainfall is very heavy all over the world c. winds take air pollution to many places d. people are the same all over the world
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Lesson 4
Air Pollution
6. The underlined word suffer in paragraph 2 means to __________. a. cause positive results from an event b. prevent good things from happening c. show the effects of something bad d. understand the reasons for something
7. You can guess that Canada and the U.S. __________. a. dont agree that acid rain is a problem b. must work together to get rid of acid rain c. dont want to have similar laws preventing acid rain d. dont know how to stop acid rain
8. The passage is mainly about __________. a. the effects of acid rain on human health b. a major problem faced by Norway and the Czech Republic c. the causes of acid rain in the United States and Canada d. the causes and effects of a serious pollution problem
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Figure 5.1 Huge ships transport oil from Saudi Arabia to other countries.
On March 3, 1938, the California Arabian Standard Oil Company (CASOC) exported the first barrel of oil from Saudi Arabia. A pipeline carried the oil from Dammam Well Number 7 to al-Khobar. From there, the oil was sent by sea to a refinery in Bahrain. Later, CASOC built a facility in Ras Tanura where the oil was loaded onto oil tankers and sent directly from Saudi Arabia to other countries. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. Where are the major oil tanker facilities in Saudi Arabia? 2. To which other countries does Saudi Arabia ship its oil? 3. Which shipping company does Saudi Aramco own? Why does Saudi Aramco own its own shipping company?
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Part A Vocabulary
cargo (noun) products carried by ships, planes, trains, or trucks A lot of cargo is shipped around the world in containers on huge ships.
drawback (noun) problem or disadvantage One of the drawbacks of driving in the rain is poor visibility.
evaluate (verb) determine the quality or value of something The doctors must evaluate the patients condition before allowing him to go home.
fleet (noun) group of ships, planes, buses, taxis, cars, or trucks, often under the control of one company or a government The Yellow Cab Company runs a fleet of taxis in the city.
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headquarters (noun) main offices of a company Many companies have their headquarters in large cities.
marine (adjective) related to the ocean Whales are the largest marine mammals.
regulation (noun) rule; adjustment You must obey company regulations and wear a safety hat and safety gloves at the work site. The regulation of a persons diet can help him or her lose weight.
related (adjective) connected, concerning Sami reads everything he can that is related to science.
sail (verb) travel across water in a boat or a ship Until the 1950s, most people didnt fly from Europe to America. They sailed in passenger ships.
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
standard (noun) level of quality The standard of service at this hotel is excellent.
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Exercise 1
1. Marine mammals are easy to find in the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia. 2. Schools use tests to evaluate their students progress. 3. People prefer to live in countries that have a high standard of living. 4. It isnt possible to sail from Egypt to Europe. 5. The headquarters of Saudi Aramco are in Abqaiq. 6. A bad driver follows all the regulations that are related to safe driving. 7. It can be a real drawback if you dont speak the language of a country youre visiting. 8. When you fly on a plane, you are allowed to take large boxes of cargo with you on the aircraft. 9. The Saudi Aramco fleet of oil tankers loads its cargo in Buraydah. 10. Passengers must follow all the safety regulations when they are on an airplane.
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Oil spills from tankers kill a lot of __________ life. a. standard b. marine c. cargo d. fleet
2. One of the __________ of my job is that I have to travel a lot. I dont like being separated from my family so often. a. drawbacks b. standards c. fleets d. headquarters
3. Before buying a new car, you should __________ its strong points and weak points. a. conserve b. refuse c. conclude d. evaluate
4. At the airport, the __________ that comes into a country is carefully inspected. a. fleet b. cargo c. standard d. headquarters
5. Abdullah is going to live in China, so hes reading everything that is __________ to the country and its people. a. former b. latter c. related d. assumed
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6. Although most travelers today fly to their destinations, some people still prefer __________ on ships. a. sailing b. evaluating c. solving d. opposing
7. Japan is famous for the very high __________ of its cars. a. fleet b. headquarters c. standard d. substance
8. In Egypt, a __________ of small ships on the Nile takes visitors from Aswan to Luxor. a. cargo b. fleet c. standard d. regulation
9. Saudi Arabian Airlines has its main __________ in Jiddah. a. headquarters b. standards c. regulations d. drawbacks
10. Government __________ demand that everyone arriving from another country must have a passport. a. headquarters b. drawbacks c. fleets d. regulations
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Exercise 3
1. The top management of a company usually works at its headquarters ________________.

standard 2. I take my car to a garage where the ______________ of work is excellent. cargo 3. Today, machines load ______________ onto ships. Its not done manually. evaluate 4. You cant ______________ a book if youve never read it. marine 5. The conservation of ______________ life in the worlds oceans is becoming more and more important. drawback 6. A major ______________ of living in a big city is that a house costs more than it does in a small town.
7. Hundreds of years ago, Arab traders regularly sailed ______________ from the Middle East to Southeast Asia. 8. I depend on Omar to fix my car because he knows so related much ______________ to car maintenance and repair.
fleet 9. Saudi Arabian Airlines has a large ______________ of airplanes. regulations to 10. Saudi Aramco teaches driving safety ______________ all of its employees.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
evaluation
evaluate
marine mariner regulation regulator relation relationship sail sailor
marine
regulate
regulatory
relate
related
sail
standard
standardize
standard standardized
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
Shipping Oil In the 1930s, Aramco evaluated the advantages of shipping its oil overseas using its own fleet of tankers. Seeing the benefits of this, the company built a port, or tanker terminal, at Ras Tanura. A tanker terminal is a kind of port where ships are loaded with oil. On May 1, 1939, oil flowed into the first Aramco tanker, the D.G. Scofield. The D. G. Scofield transported a cargo of more than 70,000 barrels of crude oil on its first trip from Ras Tanura. Saudi Aramco bought many other tankers, and, in 1995, the company purchased the Alphard Star. The Alphard Star carries a load of two million barrels of oil. This is nearly thirty times more than the D. G. Scofields load. Owning its own tankers helps Saudi Aramco avoid the delays and other drawbacks that are often a part of international trade. Saudi Aramco ports handle thousands of oil tankers per year. These include some ships that are leased, or rented, from other companies. Two of these ports are located at Ras Tanura and Juaymah on the Arabian Gulf coast. Another five ports are located at Jiddah, Rabigh, Jizan, Yanbu, and Duba on the Red Sea coast. Saudi Aramco has a major commitment to safety in everything related to shipping oil. This means that its marine facilities must have the highest standards of maintenance. In addition, the loading procedures at all Saudi ports are based on clear safety regulations. Saudi Aramco finds these especially helpful in protecting its employees from injury when the tankers are being loaded.
260 words
Figure 5.2 A huge tanker, the Esso Cambria, is taking on a cargo of oil at Ras Tanura.
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
1. Saudi Arabia has more ports on the Red Sea coast than on the Arabian Gulf coast. 2. Oil tankers were more important in shipping oil during the 1930s than later. 3. According to the passage, many problems in international trade are caused by Saudi Aramcos tankers. 4. The D. G. Scofield transported more than 70,000 barrels of crude oil. 5. The D. G. Scofield carried almost 30 times less oil than the Alphard Star.
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. Saudi Aramco shows that it is committed to safety by __________. a. having very high standards of maintenance b. following very quick loading procedures c. building terminals on two of Saudi Arabias coasts d. operating in all parts of the world
2. The underlined word commitment in paragraph 4 means __________. a. failure b. lack c. promise d. mistake
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3. This passage mainly __________. a. talks about the early years of Saudi Aramcos tanker fleet b. describes an important part of Saudi Aramcos business c. compares the Alphard Star and the D. G. Scofield d. explains the importance of the Red Sea ports 4. You can guess that loading oil tankers at a terminal __________. a. began in 1995 b. cant be done in hot weather c. is never done at the Arabian Gulf ports d. could be dangerous
5. The underlined word these in paragraph 4 refers to __________. a. loading procedures b. safety regulations c. standards of maintenance d. Saudi ports
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Exercise 6
Study the chart carefully and complete the exercise that follows. The Worlds Busiest Ports
This is a list of the worlds busiest seaports. It is based on the kilograms of cargo that were transported through the port annually.
Two Years Ago (millions of (millions of kilograms) kilograms)
974 931 828 599 531 506 477 411 423 422 352 303 833 865 775 496 473 485 483 401 447 403 335 304
Last Year
Rank
Port
Country
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Shanghai Singapore Rotterdam Ningbo Guangzhou Hong Kong Busan Nagoya South Louisiana Houston Antwerp New York/New Jersey
Peoples Republic of China Singapore Netherlands Peoples Republic of China Peoples Republic of China Peoples Republic of China South Korea Japan United States United States Belgium United States
1. Last year, the port of Singapore transported twice as much cargo as Rotterdam. 2. Japan has the busiest cargo port in the world, except for the ports in China.
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3. All the U.S. ports had a decrease in the amount of cargo over the past two years. 4. The smallest increase in cargo transported was in the port of Nagoya. 5. Most of the ports on the list are in Asia.
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
Exercise 7
Vela International Marine Limited Saudi Aramco has its own ships to deliver its crude oil to buyers around the world. The tankers that transport the oil belong to Vela International Marine Limited, a tanker company owned by Saudi Aramco. In 1984, when Saudi Aramco bought control of Vela, the company had only four tankers. Soon after, Vela bought four more tankers. From 1993 to 1995, the company bought fifteen new tankers, making a fleet of 23 tankers. These new ships were built in Japan, Korea, and Denmark. Four tankers in the fleet are ultralarge crude carriers (ULCCs). These huge ships are about twice the size of other Vela ships, which are called very large crude carriers (VLCCs). This makes Vela one of the largest and most modern shippers of crude oil in the world with more than 1,100 people operating its 23 tankers. A busy fleet that sails all over the world can be a real challenge because of its international business. So, it requires careful management. To accomplish this, Vela opened new headquarters in Dubai in 1995. This office oversees all the things that are related to the transport of Saudi oil in Saudi tankers to purchasers all over the world. Vela has been very successful and is known around the world for the quality of its management, its employees, and its tankers.
Figure 5.3 One of Vela Marines huge tankers that transport Saudi oil around the world 220 words
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Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. Vela International Marine Limited is a company that __________. a. purchases oil from other countries b. sells oil tankers to other companies c. searches for new oil wells d. is owned by Saudi Aramco
2. Vela __________. a. uses mostly ULCCs b. purchases its ships from different countries c. was started in 1995 d. has its headquarters in Dhahran
3. You can guess from the passage that __________. a. there is no difference between ULCCs and VLCCs b. the first Saudi Arabian direct export of oil was to Japan c. Vela increased its oil shipments in the 1990s d. Vela has reduced its international operations
4. The underlined word this in paragraph 3 refers to __________. a. a large fleet b. careful management c. a real challenge d. international business
5. The underlined word oversees in paragraph 3 means __________. a. sells b. ships c. controls d. carries
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Lesson 5
Shipping Oil
6. According to the passage, Vela is well known for its __________. a. good management b. the cost of its tankers c. international operations d. offices in Dubai
7. The passage is mainly about __________. a. the company that ships Saudi oil b. the growth of Velas fleet of ULCCs and VLCCs c. the countries that buy oil from Saudi Arabia d. how Vela manages its international operations
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Lesson 6
Saudi Aramco at Sea
Figure 6.2 Ship laying out boom during oil-spill exercise
Figure 6.1 Saudi Aramco tugboat guiding tanker
Saudi Aramco has many important operations at sea. These operations include producing oil from offshore oil fields, safely loading oil into tankers, and then delivering it to buyers overseas. The company is also prepared to control any pollution that is produced at sea. In this lesson, we will look at some of Saudi Aramcos sea operations. In particular, well consider the work of those in charge of Saudi Aramco harbors and those responsible for fighting oil spills. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. In which seas does Saudi Aramco have exploration or production operations? 2. Why is the sea so important for the export of oil? 3. What kinds of problems could be caused by an oil spill in the Red Sea or the Arabian Gulf?
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Part A Vocabulary
cooperation (noun) working together with a shared purpose The cooperation of the employees resulted in the quick completion of the project.
current (noun) movement of water or air in a particular direction Over many years, the constant force of the ocean current has worn the rocky cliff.
evaporate (verb) change from a liquid or a solid into a gas A river used to run through Queshm Island, Iran. The water evaporated long ago, and now only salt remains in the river bed.
involve (verb) include or concern Rescue efforts after powerful storms often involve national defense forces and the police.
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meanwhile (adverb) at the same time; time between one event or period and another Fahad cut the piece of wood with an electric saw. Meanwhile, he made sure to keep his fingers away from the blade. The train wasnt going to arrive for another 20 minutes. Meanwhile, Ali read a newspaper. monitor (verb) watch or check continually, usually for a special purpose The doctor told the patient that she needed to take medicine and monitor her blood pressure.
moreover (adverb) in addition Many people like to visit Asia for its natural beauty. Moreover, they appreciate its wonderful food.
navigation (noun) science of guiding a ship, aircraft, etc. from one place to another This yacht has computerized equipment for navigation at sea.
response (noun) reaction, or acting in answer to The rapid response of the fire department to calls for help saves lives and property.
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threat (noun) something that is a source of danger Its a threat when a cobra raises its head and spreads its neck.
tide (noun) regular rise and fall of the sea These boats cant go out to sea until the tide rises again.
wildlife (noun) all animals and plants living in natural, rather than man-made, conditions A tiger is an example of wildlife. This tiger lives in the forests of India.
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Exercise 1
1. While the students took their test, they monitored the teacher. 2. Sailboats can be moved by both air and water currents. 3. The man reached his hand out to shake mine. I could see he was a threat to me. 4. The groups lack of cooperation contributed to their success. 5. Damage to the natural environment can hurt wildlife. 6. Faisal was having a conversation on the phone with his friend. Meanwhile, he was also trying to help his son with his homework. 7. The workers response to the late payment of their salaries was not to work until they were paid. 8. Badr couldnt take his boat out to sea until the tide went out. 9. To write clearly, careful navigation of a pen or pencil is necessary. 10. Energy from the sun evaporates water on the earth. 11. Its raining, and I dont have a coat. Moreover, I dont have an umbrella either. 12. The Gulf Cup of Nations is held every two years and involves Arab countries from around the Gulf.
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Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. The companys fast __________ to the oil spill prevented a lot of damage to the coastal area. a. cooperation b. tide c. response d. threat
2. If there is a low __________ at the beach, you have to walk out farther to reach the sea. a. navigation b. response c. wildlife d. tide
3. Organizing the Olympic Games every four years __________ tens of thousands of people. a. monitors b. involves c. emits d. evaporates
4. Ziad left work early to keep an appointment. __________, his partner continued working on their project. a. Moreover b. Consequently c. Meanwhile d. As a result
5. Many people believe that nuclear energy is a __________ to human health and life. a. threat b. current c. tide d. response
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6. Water companies in most modern cities __________ the public water supply for impurities. a. involve b. recover c. evaporate d. monitor
7. If water is heated, it will __________ faster. a. involve b. evaporate c. monitor d. irritate
8. Some countries reserve areas of their land for __________ that is in danger of becoming extinct. a. wildlife b. navigation c. current d. response
9. __________ of the boat was made difficult by a terrible storm. a. Threat b. Navigation c. Wildlife d. Cooperation
10. The Gulf States have many workers from South and Southeast Asia. __________, there are large numbers from other Middle East countries. a. Moreover b. Consequently c. Meanwhile d. As a result
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11. There was no wind and no sea __________. The boat remained motionless in the middle of the sea. a. navigation b. current c. response d. threat
12. Like other neighboring countries, the Gulf States practice economic __________ with each other. a. currents b. threats c. navigation d. cooperation
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Exercise 3
1. Air traffic controllers play an important part in the navigation of airplanes. ______________
current 2. The sea ______________ made it difficult for the swimmer to return to land. monitor 3. Supervisors often ______________ the progress of their workers.
4. Serious oil spills cause harm to fish and other wildlife ______________.
evaporated the water on the road. 5. The heat of the sun ______________ response 6. Thanks to the quick ______________ of the ambulance team, neither of the drivers died in the accident. Moreover 7. Zaki is an excellent football player. ______________, he is a top student at the university. Cooperation Council (GCC) was created 8. The Gulf ______________ to help Arab Gulf countries achieve many social and economic goals. threat 9. The ______________ of air pollution forced the government to apply strict regulations on factory emissions.
10. The new stadium will take over a year to build. Meanwhile ______________, the team will continue to play in the old one.
tide 11. The ______________ came in and raised the boats off the beach. involves 12. A construction project ______________ workers in many different fields. Teachers Guide 99
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
cooperation
cooperate
cooperative
cooperatively
evaporation
evaporate
involvement
involve
involved
monitor
monitor
navigation navigator
navigate
navigable navigational
response
respond
responsive
responsively
threat
threaten
threatening
threateningly
tide
tidal
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Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
Read the passage carefully and complete the activity that follows.
Saudi Aramco Marine Operations Saudi Aramcos operations on the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea are immense. Located on the Arabian Gulf are the offshore oil fields of Safaniya, Zuluf, Qatif, Marjan, and many others, as well as onshore processing facilities. The nearby harbor, or port, of Ras Tanura is the worlds largest oil shipping terminal. It serves tankers carrying away more than half of all the crude that goes through the Gulf. On the Red Sea, terminals and refineries are located in Rabigh, Yanbu, and Jiddah. Of course, Saudi Aramco wants to ensure the safe loading and movement of the tankers that come to its terminals and to prevent any oil spills. The environmental effects of an oil spill could be serious and long-lasting. Moreover, an oil spill could easily close down onshore industrial plants that use seawater to produce drinking water. Saudi Aramcos Terminal Department has the responsibility of minimizing the threat of oiltanker spills. It does this in a number of ways. It ensures the effective management of shipping traffic by strictly following international port practices and regulations. It also has an advanced traffic management system that monitors ship movement and speed. In addition, it carries out tanker inspections to prevent unsafe ships from entering its ports. Another major task of the Terminal Department is to be fully prepared if an oil spill occurs. To do this, it works together with other organizations in the area on oil-spill readiness and response. In addition, it trains employees, performs regular spill response exercises, and ensures the availability of resources to fight oil spills.
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Figure 6.3 Drilling rig, Abu Safah field
Figure 6.4 Ras Tanura Sea Island terminal
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1. The underlined word immense in paragraph 1 means huge. 2. It is probably true that the Red Sea has more tanker traffic than the Arabian Gulf. 3. Saudi Aramco has terminals and refineries on the Red Sea. 4. The underlined word ensure in paragraph 2 means prevent. 5. In addition to the harmful effects an oil spill may have on the environment, it could also reduce the supply of drinking water. 6. The Terminal Department manages tanker traffic in Saudi Aramco ports. 7. Before allowing an unsafe tanker to enter its port, the Terminal Department will perform repairs on it. 8. When an oil spill occurs, the Terminal Department operates independently of other organizations.
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Exercise 6
Saudi Aramcos Harbor Pilots A harbor pilot is a person who guides ships when they are in a harbor. Saudi Aramcos harbor pilots are an important link in the companys energy supply operations. Every day, about 7 million barrels of oil are loaded onto ships at Saudi Aramco terminals. The loading of this oil cannot take place unless each tanker is safely berthed, or guided into the terminal. This is the responsibility of a harbor pilot. When a tanker is near the terminal and ready for berthing, the harbor pilot boards it and takes over the steering from the tanker pilot. During berthing, he has to consider many factors: the tide, current, wind, weather, time of day, cargo, ship condition, and so on. At the same time, he must rely on the tankers navigation devices and his own experience. He may use one or two tugboats to get the tanker slowly into alignment with the terminal, and then he allows only the force of the current to bring the ship softly into its berth. There are 47 harbor pilots in Saudi Aramco, 30 of whom work at Ras Tanura port and 17 at the companys Red Sea ports and terminals. A harbor pilots training takes 7-10 years. In addition to his duties of piloting ships into and out of ports and terminals, he is responsible for the safety of the loading facilities and for the ships during their visits. A harbor pilot also performs safety inspections of tankers in the port and looks into any other safety-related matters.
254 words Figure 6.6 Tankers berthed and being loaded
Figure 6.5 Tugboat helping to berth tanker
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Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. One of the major tasks of a harbor pilot is to __________. a. repair unsafe tankers b. build tanker terminals c. berth tankers safely d. make Saudi Arabia a large oil producer
2. The underlined word This in paragraph 1 refers to __________. a. loading of oil b. guiding the tanker c. tanker terminal d. each huge tanker
3. The underlined word boards in paragraph 2 means __________. a. gets on b. sees c. controls d. steers
4. When berthing a tanker, a harbor pilot does not usually need to use __________. a. his own experience b. navigation devices c. more than two tugboats d. the force of the current
5. The underlined word factors in paragraph 2 means __________. a. people working on the same job b. similar experiences c. standards and regulations d. things that could influence an event
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6. A harbor pilots main purpose in using a tugboat is to __________. a. pull the tanker away from the terminal b. make use of its navigation devices c. control the force of the current d. align the tanker with the terminal
7. Another suitable title for the passage might be __________. a. The Everyday Life of a Harbor Pilot b. The Importance of Harbor Pilots c. The Long Training of a Harbor Pilot d. The Harbor Pilot and His Ship
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Exercise 7
Oil Spill Prevention and Response The Gulf War oil spill of 1991 is considered the worst oil spill in history. Over several months, an estimated 6-8 million barrels of Kuwaiti oil flowed into the Arabian Gulf. The spill threatened wildlife and industrial plants. With the close cooperation of many government offices and foreign and international organizations, Saudi Aramcos Oil Spill Response Team (OSRT) managed to greatly minimize the damage of the spill. In six months, more than 1.7 million barrels of oil-contaminated water were removed from the Gulfs surface. From this, over a million barrels of oil were recovered. Half of the spilled oil evaporated, and another 2-3 million barrels came ashore. Damage to the environment and marine life was much less than expected, as a study done years after the spill concluded. Moreover, the rescue effort managed to protect the industrial facilities on the coast. Saudi Aramcos oil-spill prevention and response program proved its worth, or importance, during the Gulf oil spill. Since then, the program has advanced and now involves hundreds of people from many company departments. Oil-spill response procedures are regularly practiced and reviewed. In addition, plenty of pollution-control equipment is available, including boats, planes, booms, and other containment materials. With the benefit of much experience and many resources, Saudi Aramcos oil-spill prevention and response program maintains its readiness. Meanwhile, it is sure of its ability to respond quickly to any oil spill, small or large.
234 words
Figure 6.7 Oil-spill exercise, Jiddah
Figure 6.8 Cleaning rocks from oil spill, Safaniya
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threatened wildlife and 1. The Gulf War oil spill ______________ industrial operations. estimated 2. An ______________ 6-8 million barrels of oil flowed into the Gulf. Cooperation among many different groups and 3. ______________ organizations helped to minimize damage from the spill. million 4. More than a ______________ barrels of oil were recovered from the spill. managed 5. The response to the oil spill ______________ to protect the industrial facilities on the coast from any damage. involves 6. The program now ______________ hundreds of people from many company departments.
7. Because Saudi Aramco is prepared and has many resources available, it is sure of its ability to respond ______________ to any future oil spills.
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Lesson 7
The Master Gas System
Figure 7.1 Part of East-West Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) Pipeline
In the 1970s, the Saudi government wanted to make the kingdom less dependent on oil exports by developing other industries in Saudi Arabia. It recognized that gas from oil wells could be used to meet the kingdoms energy demands. Therefore, the government decided to build two industrial cities, one at Yanbu and one at Jubail. These would be linked to create the Master Gas System, which would supply fuel throughout the kingdom. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. Have you ever been to Jubail or Yanbu? What do you know about these two places? 2. Name some products that are made from petrochemicals. 3. How does Saudi Arabia get its electricity?
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Lesson 7
Part A Vocabulary
capacity (noun) maximum amount that can be received, contained, produced, etc. The coffee cup is filled to capacity and ready to spill over.
desalinate (verb) remove salt, especially from seawater This plant desalinates seawater so that people have water to drink.
double (adjective) consisting of two similar things together In many countries, double lines in the middle of the road mean that a car may not overtake, or pass, another in either direction.
expand (verb) increase the size, volume, or amount of As the girl blows air into the balloon, it expands.
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fertilizer (noun) substance that is put on or in the ground to help plants grow Farmers usually put fertilizer on their land in the spring.
fractionate (verb) separate different parts of a mixture, such as oil Crude oil can be fractionated to get products such as gasoline and kerosene. network (noun) system whose parts are connected with each other, such as power or communications lines; group of people connected by a shared interest A network of towers and electrical lines extends throughout the country. Saudis who go to work or study in another country often benefit from a network of Saudis already living there who help them adjust to their new life abroad. potential (noun) possibility of successful development; possibility of occurring This land was once forest. People realized it had the potential to become farmland, so they developed it. Compared to other jobs, the potential for on-the-job injury or death is high among firemen.
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Lesson 7
reserve (noun) amount of a mineral, fossil fuel, or other resources known to exist and be available After Russia and Iran, Qatar has the worlds largest gas reserves.
self-sufficient (adjective) able to provide for or support oneself without the help of others Saudi Arabia, Brazil, and Russia are self-sufficient in energy. They dont need to import any fuel.
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Exercise 1
T F
1. Some football stadiums have a capacity of over 100,000. 2. Fakri depends on his parents for most things. He is selfsufficient. 3. Factories desalinate crude oil to produce gasoline and kerosene. 4. The company owners paid the young man a high salary because they thought he had a lot of potential. 5. The network of roads in the kingdom keeps growing. 6. When you breathe out, your chest and lungs expand. 7. Some traditional Saudi homes have double doors. 8. If you fractionate crude oil, you wont be able to produce kerosene. 9. Gasoline is an excellent fertilizer for vegetables. 10. Saudi Arabias oil reserves are likely to last for a long time.
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Lesson 7
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Many farmers use animal waste as a __________. a. capacity b. network c. fertilizer d. potential
2. The gasoline tank of a Toyota Camry has a __________ of about 70 liters. a. capacity b. reserve c. potential d. network
3. Water that is __________ tastes just like regular water. a. fractionated b. investigated c. expanded d. desalinated
4. MBC, the Saudi-owned satellite TV company, has a __________ of TV stations that includes MBC 1, 2, 3, 4, Action, +, Persia, Al Arabiya, and MAX. a. fertilizer b. capacity c. network d. potential
5. Many countries dont have sufficient __________ of minerals or fuel. They must, therefore, depend on imports. a. networks b. reserves c. capacities d. fertilizers
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6. Khalids company in Saudi Arabia is doing well. In fact, he has plans to __________ his business to other Gulf countries. a. navigate b. desalinate c. fractionate d. expand
7. My son has a good job, rents an apartment, and owns his own car. Therefore, he says he is __________. a. vertical b. double c. self-sufficient d. irritated
8. Crude oil has to be __________ in order to produce gasoline. a. fertilized b. desalinated c. fractionated d. expanded
9. Meshal has the __________ to be an excellent student, but he needs to take more interest in his studies. a. network b. potential c. reserve d. fertilizer
10. There was a __________ murder in the city center last night. Two businessmen were killed in the Hyatt Hotel. a. self-sufficient b. marine c. porous d. double
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Lesson 7
Exercise 3
1. Sri Lanka doesnt have to import tea. It grows its own self-sufficient in this product. and is ______________ 2. Most of the drinking water in Saudi Arabia is desalinated ______________.
potential 3. There is the ______________ for a quick economic recovery if the experts can agree on what actions to take. fertilizer 4. Farmers need to use more ______________ where the soil is not very good. fractionate water, you will get oxygen and 5. If you ______________ hydrogen. capacity 6. Our classroom has the ______________ for only 20 people.
7. The married couple reserved a hotel room with a double ______________ bed. 8. The government must import fuel because the countrys reserves energy ______________ are low. 9. If you eat a lot and dont exercise, your stomach may expand ______________. 10. While living in Jiddah over the last ten years, Tahir has network developed a large ______________ of friends.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
desalination
desalinate
desalinated
double
double
double
expansion expanse fertilizer fertilization
expand
expanded expansive fertile fertilized
expansively
fertilize
fractionation
fractionate
network networking potential potentiality reserve reservation
network
potential
potentially
reserve
self-sufficiency
self-sufficient
self-sufficiently
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Lesson 7
Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
Read the passage carefully and complete the activity that follows. The Industrial Centers of Jubail and Yanbu Before the 1970s, it was too expensive for Aramco to collect and process gas produced with crude oil. This meant that most gas had to be flared, or burned, at a GasOil Separation Plant (GOSP). As a result, a lot of useful fuel was lost. However, the Saudi government was aware of the kingdoms gas potential. When the world price for high-pressure gas rose, it asked Aramco to build two modern industrial cities: one in Jubail on the Gulf and one in Yanbu on the Red Sea. It also requested that Aramco create a huge energy network, the Master Gas System (MGS). The purpose of the MGS was to collect, process, and distribute the gas produced with crude oil throughout the kingdom. This gas would, in turn, be used to supply power to petrochemical industries in the two industrial cities and for export ventures. The effort and cost of developing Jubail, Yanbu, and the whole MGS was immense. For example, the Jubail project took over ten years to complete, employed up to 50,000 workers, and cost over $40 billion. Today, there are huge petrochemical industries in Jubail and Yanbu which provide 10 percent of the worlds petrochemicals. These industries manufacture steel, plastics, fertilizers, and many other products. Jubail has the worlds largest petrochemical facility, and over 160 companies have operations there. Jubail and Yanbu are also important centers for Saudi Arabian exports. Both cities have NGL (natural gas liquid) plants, and Jubail has one refinery while Yanbu has two. Jubail also has a steel factory. Both cities use natural gas to generate electricity and to desalinate seawater. In fact, Jubail has one of the worlds largest desalination plants, which produces 50 percent of Saudi Arabias drinking water.
287 words
Figure 7.2 Jubail, 1979
Figure 7.3 Yanbu port, 1983
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Lesson 7
1. Before the 1970s, most gas had to be flared because it was too dangerous to process. 2. For many years, the Saudi government did not know that flared gas could be used to provide energy. 3. Gas from the MGS is used by petrochemical industries and for export. 4. The MGS includes only the industrial cities of Jubail and Yanbu. 5. Desalination is an important part of the Jubail and Yanbu operations. 6. Although Yanbu has petrochemical industries, it does not have an NGL plant. 7. Yanbu has only one refinery. 8. Jubail and Yanbu are both important centers of Saudi Arabias petrochemical industry. 9. You can guess that Jubail is larger than Yanbu. 10. Its likely that Jubail and Yanbu were developed as industrial cities because both have ports.
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Exercise 6
The Master Gas System While Jubail and Yanbu were being built, the rest of the Master Gas System (MGS) was also under construction. A major part of the MGS was the construction of double pipelines, the East-West NGL and Crude Pipelines. These ran 1,170 km from Shedgum to Yanbu, and they were built to supply oil and gas from the eastern oil fields to many industrial projects in Yanbu. They would also make possible the export of energy products from Red Sea ports. Other components of the MGS included GOSPs in Berri, Ghawar, and Abqaiq, and gas processing centers in Berri, Shedgum, and Uthmaniyah. In addition, there were plants to fractionate the gas, built in Juaymah, Ras Tanura, and Yanbu. The remaining components were storage facilities and export terminals.
Figure 7.4 Pipelines at Uthmaniyah
By 1982, more than 2,400 km of pipeline linked the different parts of the MGS. The MGS was fueling major power-generating stations which, in turn, produced almost all of the electricity in the Eastern Province. The system also powered desalination plants and many factories. The MGS made Saudi Arabia self-sufficient in gas for industry and fuel for electricity. It also made Saudi Aramco the worlds biggest exporter of NGL. A few years later, a fall in oil prices led to a decrease in the amount of gas produced from oil wells. It became clear that Saudi Arabia had to explore for and develop gas fields, separate from oil fields, in order to ensure a reliable supply of gas. Fortunately, the kingdoms gas resources were plentiful. In the past 20 years, Saudi Arabia has doubled its proven gas reserves. It now has the worlds fourth largest, after Russia, Iran, and Qatar.
275 words
Figure 7.5 Cooling system at Juaymah Fractionating Plant
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Lesson 7
double 1. The East-West Pipelines are ______________ pipelines, one carrying oil and the other gas.
2. Oil and gas are delivered by pipeline from the eastern industrial oil fields to Yanbu for use in many ______________ projects. 3. The MGS includes pipelines, GOSPs, gas processing storage centers, fractionating plants, ______________ facilities, and export terminals. 4. The MGS fues power generating stations, desalination plants, and many factories. ______________ 5. Juaymah, Ras Tanura, and Yanbu have plants to fractionate gas. ______________ 6. Because of the MGS, Saudi Arabia became self-sufficient in gas. ________________ 7. The Saudi government knew it was necessary to explore for and develop gas fields in order to have a reliable ______________ supply of gas. 8. Saudi Arabia has doubled its gas reserves in the past 20 plentiful years. Its gas resources are ______________.
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Exercise 7
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Gas Now and into the Future Today, Saudi Arabia uses more gas per person than the U.K., Germany, or Japan. Its large, gas-based export industry is the major reason for this high rate of consumption. Because of the heavy use of air conditioning in its desert climate, the kingdom also has high electricity consumption. In addition, water consumption in the home is very high. This consumption is directly related to energy use because a large part of the kingdoms water supply is desalinated water. The Master Gas System makes it possible for the kingdom to maintain this large consumption of water, electricity, and gas. The MGS uses nearly all the gas related to oil production and the gas produced from deep reservoirs. Gas, rather than oil, provides the fuel needed by the kingdoms powergenerating stations, desalination plants, petrochemical facilities, and factories. By taking the place of oil in producing all this energy, gas makes it possible for Saudi Arabia to export a greater amount of oil in fact, over a million barrels more each day. As Saudi Arabias industrial base expands, demand for gas is expected to grow at 5 percent per year over the next 20 years. Thirty-five percent of this consumption will be for electricity, 25 percent for petrochemicals, 20 percent for desalination, and 20 percent for the oil industry. Saudi Aramco has recently begun or completed a number of multi-billion dollar energy projects. It is anticipated that these will increase gas capacity in the kingdom by 25 percent over the next ten years. These include a processing facility, an NGL recovery plant, the expansion of three gas plants, and the construction of Jubail Industrial City II. Certainly, the kingdoms future energy needs are being well planned for.
284 words
Figure 7.6 Natural gas at home
Figure 7.7 Natural gas is transported by pipeline, tankers at sea, and tanker trucks on land.
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Lesson 7
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. Saudi Arabia has a high rate of gas consumption mostly because of its __________. a. high electricity consumption b. hot desert climate c. high water consumption d. gas-based export industry
2. Water consumption in the kingdom is expensive mostly because __________. a. of the heavy use of desalinated water b. air conditioning is heavily used c. of the needs of the gas industry d. of the hot desert climate
3. The Master Gas System makes use of nearly all of the gas __________. a. produced at its desalination plants b. exported from Saudi Arabias ports c. produced by its petrochemical plants d. related both to oil and gas production
4. Over the next 20 years, most of Saudi Arabias gas will be used to produce __________. a. electricity b. petrochemicals c. desalinated water d. oil
5. The underlined word anticipated in paragraph 4 means __________. a. demanded b. hoped c. expected d. requested
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Figure 8.1 Hidden dangers
Your home should be a safe place where you and your family can live together happily and safely. However, more accidents happen in the home than at the work site. Electricity, fire, and gas cause many of these accidents, but poisons are also very dangerous. People very often dont realize that many of the products they use every day in their homes are poisonous. These products are especially dangerous for young children and for old or sick people. Its very important, therefore, to know how to keep your family safe from poisons. You also need to know what to do if someone is accidentally poisoned. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. Why do you think there are more accidents at home than at work? 2. What products do you have at home which you think might be poisonous? 3. What can you do to keep your family safe from poisons?
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Part A Vocabulary
bleach (noun) powerful chemical that makes materials whiter If white clothes are very dirty, bleach is often added to the washing machine to make them white again.
contact (noun) touching There is a lot of body contact in American football.
corrosive (adjective) damaging or destroying by chemical action Acids are very corrosive substances which can seriously burn a person and even destroy metal.
detergent (noun) chemical product which removes dirt from materials and substances very effectively Some detergents are specially made to be used in modern washing machines.
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dilute (verb) make a liquid thinner or weaker by adding another liquid, often water In summer, people often dilute fruit juices with water.
drop (noun) very small amount of liquid After rain, there are drops of water on a car.
fumes (noun) unpleasant or harmful gases produced by solids or liquids when they burn or their temperature increases A car exhaust produces toxic fumes.
identify (verb) recognize, know, or say who or what someone or something is The number on a sports shirt identifies the player.
in case of (preposition) if a particular thing happens There is a warning notice in elevators telling you what to do in case of fire.
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Poisons in the Home
pesticide (noun) toxic chemical used to kill harmful insects and other pests which damage flowers, plants, and trees Because pesticides are toxic, you should keep them away from children and animals. swallow (verb) take through the mouth into the stomach People often take water with medicine to help them swallow it.
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Exercise 1
1. If you cook brown rice with plenty of bleach, it will become white and delicious. 2. If there is water on an electrical appliance, you should avoid contact with it. 3. You should be careful when making tea. Boiling water is very corrosive. 4. Using detergents is a natural way to wash things. 5. We can make soup thicker by diluting it with hot water. 6. A bottle which seems to be empty may still contain a few drops of water. 7. In a closed room, the fumes from a gas heater can kill people. 8. At the airport, Salim had to show his passport to identify himself. 9. If there are a lot of black clouds in the sky, its a good idea to take an umbrella with you in case of rain. 10. Pesticides should be kept in the refrigerator next to your food. 11. Very young children sometimes swallow things which are harmful to them.
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Poisons in the Home
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. To avoid injury, you should wear safety gloves when working with __________ substances. a. diluted b. corrosive c. dirty d. identified
2. Farmers use __________ to protect their fruits and vegetables from damage and disease caused by insects. a. pesticides b. detergents c. currents d. threats
3. On a hot day, you can smell the __________ from gasoline before you reach the gas station. a. bleach b. pesticides c. detergents d. fumes
4. If you wash colored shirts with __________, they will probably lose their color. a. bleach b. pesticide c. fumes d. poison
5. A special engine oil which cleans the parts inside an engine while it is running is a kind of __________. a. bleach b. detergent c. contact d. pesticide
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6. If someone says theres only a __________ of tea left, he means there isnt enough for you to have a cup of tea. a. contact b. detergent c. bleach d. drop
7. Electrical wires can be covered with plastic to prevent __________ between them. a. bleach b. contact c. detergent d. pesticide
8. After an injury to his throat, the boy was not able to __________ solid food for several days. a. swallow b. identify c. lock d. confirm
9. There are small books on all airplanes which tell passengers what to do __________ emergency. a. because of b. in place of c. in case of d. next to
10. The coffee was too strong, so I added water to __________ it. a. dilute b. identify c. sweeten d. market
11. The criminal wore sunglasses and covered his face with a ghutra so that nobody could __________ him later. a. dilute b. lock c. swallow d. identify
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Poisons in the Home
Exercise 3
detergent 1. Soap is more suitable than ______________ for washing your hands.
2. Cars become very rusty if they are often driven on the corrosive beach. This is because sea water is very ______________.
fumes 3. When plastic burns, it produces toxic ______________ which can make breathing difficult. swallow 4. If you ______________ a piece of glass when youre eating, it can be very dangerous. bleach 5. Because ______________ is very powerful, it can damage clothes if you put too much in the washing machine.
6. I didnt need an umbrella because there were only a few drops ______________ of rain.
contact 7. If there is very heavy rain, a tire can lose ______________ with the road. This can cause an accident.
8. When Mansour went to the U.S., he bought a bright identify yellow suitcase so he could ______________ it easily at the airport. 9. Some cleaning liquids are very strong, and you must dilute ______________ them before using them. 10. We couldnt stay in our new house last night. There were many insects in it, and we didnt have any pesticide ______________.
In case of 11. ______________ a serious accident, many ambulances are needed to take injured people to the hospital.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
bleach
bleach
bleached bleaching
contact
contact
corrosion
corrode
corroded corrosive dilute diluted
dilutant dilution fumes fumigation identification identity
dilute
fume fumigate
fuming
identify
identified identifying
pesticide
pesticidal
swallow
swallow
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Part B Reading
134
Exercise 5
Dangers in the Home Every year, thousands of poisonings happen in peoples homes. According to U.S. government records, 7 percent of all accidental deaths in the U.S. are caused by poisons. In addition, 30 percent of all people who die in home accidents die from contact with poisons. This shows that it is very important to understand the dangers of poisons and how to avoid them. Cleaning products cause most home poisonings. Cleaning fluids, pesticides, bleaches, and detergents are all dangerous if people swallow them. Some cleaning products emit dangerous gases if they mix with other fluids. Others can give off fumes which are harmful to the eyes and lungs. Medicines are another source of danger. Children can pick up and swallow medicines that are left around. Simple safety checks can help prevent poisonings in the home. First, carefully read the information on the side of each products package or container. Figure 8.3 Medicine danger This will help you identify dangerous products and tell you what to do in case of emergency. Cleaning products and medicines should also have childproof tops to protect children in the house. Next, store all cleaning products and medicines in cupboards and lock them. If there is an accident with any product, read the information on the label again and contact your doctor or a hospital immediately.
214 words
Figure 8.2 Pesticide danger
Figure 8.4 Secure cupboards
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. The underlined word Others in paragraph 2 means __________. a. detergents b. cleaning products c. gases d. fluids
2. It is important to know how to protect your family from __________. a. products b. drops c. packages d. poisons
3. The underlined word childproof in paragraph 3 means __________ a child. a. cannot be found by b. not suitable for c. cannot be opened by d. dangerous for
4. People can sometimes be harmed by cleaning fluids without __________ them. a. poisoning b. protecting c. causing d. swallowing
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5. When you buy cleaning products, you should read all the __________ and follow them. a. instructions b. products c. dangers d. safety checks
6. A __________ of fluids can sometimes be very dangerous. a. mixture b. source c. contact d. check
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Exercise 6
Corrosive Poisons Corrosive poisons can cause a burning feeling in people who accidentally drink or touch them. Bleaches, furniture cleaners, and bathroom cleaners are all corrosive poisons. They can be very dangerous if people swallow them or get even a small drop in their eyes. If someone accidentally drinks a corrosive substance, do not make the person vomit. Vomiting can cause the substance to burn the mouth or throat. First, give the person a cup of water, but nothing else. This will help to dilute the poison. Then, lay the person on his or her side, and cover the person with something warm. Next, call your doctor or the hospital and explain what has happened. Also, give the name of the poison so that a doctor knows what instructions to give you. If you are not able to speak to a doctor or a hospital by phone, you must take the person to get medical help as quickly as possible. You should take the poison container with you. This will help make sure that the person receives the correct treatment.
Figure 8.5 Lying on his side
Figure 8.6 Poison container
Finally, make sure that all poisons are stored in a safe place at all times and that they are out of reach of children.
202 words
Figure 8.7 Out of reach
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F F
1. Corrosive poisons can harm you only if you drink them. 2. If someone drinks a corrosive substance, you should give him or her a cup of tea. 3. If you spill bleach on your skin, it can be very painful. 4. Vomiting, after swallowing a corrosive substance, can make a persons condition worse. 5. Water can reduce the strength of a poison. 6. If someone has swallowed some poison, wait a few hours before calling a doctor. 7. Without the name of the poison, a doctor cannot be sure of the best treatment. 8. If you have small children, its better to store poisons in a low cupboard.
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Exercise 7
Medicines Always keep medicines in their correct containers. If you dont, someone could easily be poisoned by accidentally taking the wrong medicine. Also, if there are no instructions for the medicine, someone could take too much of it. Even worse, if several medicines are mixed together, a person could become extremely ill, or even die.
Figure 8.8 Close to death
Although accidents can happen to anyone, old people and children are most at risk from careless storage of medicines. Old peoples eyesight, or vision, is often not very good, and they can easily forget things. They may take the wrong medicine or take too much of the right medicine because they have forgotten that they have already taken it.
Figure 8.9 Which one?
However, the biggest risk from careless storage is to children. Many medicines have bright, pretty colors. They look like candy, or something sweet, so children may be attracted to them and eat them. If someone is poisoned Figure 8.10 Attractive to children and you are sure that the cause is medicine, you must act quickly. First, give the person a cup of water to dilute the poison. If the person begins to vomit, keep his or her head down until the vomiting stops. Next, take the person immediately to a hospital. Take along all the medicines that you have to help the doctors identify the poison.
Figure 8.11 Medicine containers 214 words
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1. If you store medicines carelessly, somebody could be poisoned ______________.

Vomiting 2. ______________ helps reduce the amount of poison in your stomach.
3. Careless storage of medicines is especially dangerous for children ______________ and old people. 4. Its easy for old people to take the wrong medicine see because they often cant ______________ clearly or remember things well.
instructions before 5. Its very important to read the ______________ taking medicine.
6. If a person has been poisoned, you must take him or her hospital very quickly to a ______________.
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Lesson 8
Poisons in the Home
Notes
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Figure 9.1 Ras Tanura Refinery
At the refinery, sweet crude oil has to go through a number of processes to become commercial products like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. The first process is the fractionation, or separation, of the different substances in the oil. This is done in a fractionating tower. Because the oil reservoirs around the kingdom provide different kinds of crude oil, there are several kinds of fractionating towers. In addition, the different kinds of crude oil require different processes to make commercial products. After fractionation, products go for additional processing at the refinery before they are stored in tanks. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. How are some crude oils different from other crude oils? 2. What kind of crude oil is Saudi Arabia most famous for? 3. Where do products go when they leave the storage tanks?
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Part A Vocabulary
Study the words, definitions, and example sentences. Then, complete the exercises that follow. condense (verb) change from a gas to a liquid; reduce in volume When warm air meets a cold surface, water condenses from the air. The two-year plan was condensed into a nine-month plan to save money. efficient (adjective) productive without waste Modern light bulbs are more efficient because they use less electricity and last longer.
insulate (verb) protect against loss or gain of heat, sound, or energy Special material can be placed between the outside and inside walls to insulate a house.
level (noun) horizontal line or surface at a certain height People working at a high level on a building must take safety precautions.
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remove (verb) take away If you park your car in the wrong place, the police may remove it.
settle (verb) slowly stop moving A ship keeps sinking until it settles on the bottom.
shape (noun) description of the form of a person or thing Squares, triangles, and circles are basic shapes.
steam (noun) water that is changed into a gas by boiling When the air is cold, you can see the steam coming from the cooling towers
vacuum (noun) space in which the pressure is much less than atmospheric pressure There is no air on the moon. People have to wear special suits with an air supply to stay alive in the vacuum.
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
vapor (noun) gas produced as a substance reaches or exceeds its boiling point Hydrocarbon vapors burn strongly and are very dangerous. volatile (adjective) changes easily into a vapor; changes rapidly and unexpectedly Very light fuels are volatile. They become vapors and burn at lower temperatures than other fuels. Sami is a volatile person. He can suddenly change from being very quiet to being very excited.
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Exercise 1
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1. If the air temperature increases, ice will condense. 2. Sameer doesnt spend much money on electricity because his air conditioners are very efficient. 3. If you insulate your house, it will be very cold inside during the winter. 4. If airplanes fly towards each other at the same level, they will hit each other. 5. People who wear glasses mustnt remove them before jumping into the swimming pool. 6. The car hit a camel at high speed and then settled on the road. 7. A banana has a different shape from an apple. 8. Steam can injure you because its very hot. 9. If there is a vacuum in a container, the air pressure outside the container will be less than the pressure inside it. 10. Fuels produce vapors only when they are very cold. 11. Some fuels are less volatile than others.
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F T
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. Hamed got out of the elevator at the wrong __________ and then had to walk up the stairs to his office. a. shape b. level c. vacuum d. steam
2. There is often fog in the morning after a cold night. This is because water in the air has __________ during the night. a. condensed b. insulated c. removed d. settled
3. You can see from the __________ of Khalils muscles that he goes to the gym a lot. a. level b. vacuum c. steam d. shape
4. Suhail is a very __________ worker. He never wastes any time. a. efficient b. volatile c. porous d. smooth
5. In Saudi Arabia, people should __________ their shoes as they enter a house. a. settle b. remove c. insulate d. condense
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6. We can create a __________ by pumping all the air out of a closed container. a. shape b. level c. contact d. vacuum
7. In very cold weather, thick clothes help __________ the body and keep us warm. a. remove b. insulate c. settle d. condense
8. In some cooking utensils, boiling water doesnt touch the food. The food is cooked by __________. a. steam b. shape c. vacuum d. level
9. When gasoline gets hot, it begins to produce __________. a. steam b. levels c. vapor d. shapes
10. __________ substances evaporate easily. a. Efficient b. Super c. Heavy d. Volatile
11. After making fresh coffee, it is better to wait for a short time before drinking it so that solids can __________ at the bottom. a. condense b. insulate c. expand d. settle
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The Refinery
Exercise 3
1. Diesel doesnt burn as easily as gasoline because it is less volatile ______________.

vapors 2. Fuel ______________ can rise through the air, but liquids cant.
3. If you take a very hot shower, the bathroom can become steam full of ______________. 4. Before you pick up something very hot, you should put insulate on thick gloves to ______________ your hands from the heat.
vacuum 5. A gasoline engine cant work in a ______________ because it needs air to burn the fuel. remove 6. Its dangerous to ______________ the cover from a machine while it is running.
7. Modern cars use less fuel than old cars because they are efficient more ______________. 8. Salman liked the color of my new car, but he didnt like shape the ______________. He said it was ugly.
condenses 9. In the summer, hot and humid air ______________ inside an air conditioner, and water sometimes leaks into the room. level 10. The moon causes the ______________ of the sea to rise and fall twice a day.
11. All the sand in the air made driving difficult. I stopped settle the car and waited for the sand to ______________.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb Adjective Adverb
condensation condenser
condense
condensed
efficiency
efficient
efficiently
insulation insulator level leveler remover removal settlement settler
insulate
insulated
level
leveled
remove
settle
settled settling shaped shaping steamed steaming
shape
shape
steam steamer vapor vaporizer
steam
vaporize
vaporized
volatility
volatile
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Part B Reading
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Exercise 5
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Fractionating Towers All the petroleum products that we use every day result from the refining of crude oil. The sweet crude that arrives at the refinery contains many different substances. These substances have to be separated before they can be used. Separation is done in fractionating towers at the refinery. A typical fractionating tower consists of three basic parts: the boiler, the trays, and the outlet pipes through which substances leave the Figure 9.2 Fractionating tower. Before the crude oil enters tower the tower, it is heated in the boiler to a temperature of about 600C. This is usually done using high pressure, superheated steam. When the boiling oil enters the tower, most of the substances have already become vapors, which rise inside the tower. The remaining heavy substances settle at the bottom. There are horizontal trays with holes in them at different levels in the tower. As the vapors rise through the holes, they become cooler and start to condense. The vapors condense at different temperatures and at different levels. When they condense, they become liquids which collect in the trays. The liquids flow from their trays out of the tower through outlet pipes to various installations. Of course, the heaviest substances, like asphalt, which do not vaporize, leave through outlet pipes at the bottom of the tower. The lightest Figure 9.3 Fraction removal substance, petroleum gas, which does not become a liquid during this process, leaves from the top of the tower. Finally, the various products are sent for further processing and then to storage tanks.
249 words
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the correct option. 1. The underlined word they in paragraph 3 refers to __________. a. holes b. vapors c. trays d. levels
2. You can guess that fractionation is a very __________ process. a. heavy b. simple c. limited d. complicated
3. The crude oil has to boil to release the __________. a. trays b. towers c. vapors d. pipes
4. Different vapors condense in different __________. a. tanks b. installations c. pipes d. trays
5. The underlined word superheated in paragraph 2 means __________. a. at an extremely high temperature b. in an extremely big boiler c. at an extremely high pressure d. in an extremely high tower
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Exercise 6
Crude Fractionation Process The crude fractionation process is complicated. It involves a number of stages and different types of equipment. The different fractions, or substances, in the oil can be separated because each one melts or boils at a different temperature. However, the melting and boiling points of substances are not constants. They change according to atmospheric pressure. Water, for example, boils at 100C at sea level. At 35,000 feet on Mount Everest, however, where atmospheric pressure is reduced by 70 percent, the boiling point is only about 80C. This relationship between pressure and temperature is why the boiling point of gasoline, for example, can be between 40C at very low pressure and 205C at very high pressure. The ability to lower the boiling point of a substance by reducing the pressure is very useful in the crude fractionation process. It can make the process much more efficient and help remove the maximum amount of each product from the oil. At the Ras Tanura Refinery, for example, the crude oil goes to an atmospheric fractionation tower for the first stage of separation. The pressure in this tower is slightly above Figure 9.5 Ras Tanura atmospheric pressure. After removal fractionating towers of the more volatile substances, such as gasoline and kerosene, the reduced crude goes to a vacuum fractionation tower where the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. This improves the separation of the different types of oils. After that, there may be more processing before the products finally go to the storage tanks.
239 words
Figure 9.4 Mount Everest
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
F F
1. Reduced crude doesnt contain any oil. 2. Air pressure is greater on top of a mountain than at sea level. 3. When air pressure increases, boiling points increase too. 4. The products which vaporize easily are mostly removed in the atmospheric fractionation tower. 5. Reducing the pressure improves the efficiency of the fractionation process. 6. A substance always boils at exactly the same temperature. 7. Its possible to fractionate crude oil because different substances vaporize at different temperatures. 8. The maximum amount of each product is removed in the atmospheric fractionation tower.
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Exercise 7
Read the passage carefully and complete the exercise that follows. Storage Tanks Oil products from the refinery and sweet crude oil from the GOSP are stored in storage tanks. Saudi Aramco uses three basic types of tanks to store different types of products. There are three types of storage tanks with roofs of different shapes for products with different levels of volatility. One type of tank has a roof like a cone. A cone-roof tank is used for products like diesel fuel and asphalt. These are not very volatile, so they dont evaporate easily.
Figure 9.6 Cone-roof tank
Another type of tank is the floating-roof tank. This is used for liquids like gasoline and kerosene, which are quite volatile and evaporate easily. The roof is flat and floats on the liquid inside the tank. As a result, it greatly reduces the amount of evaporation. In addition, there is a cone-roof above the floating-roof to protect it from the sun.
Figure 9.7 Floating-roof tank
A third type of tank has a roof like a dome. This dome-roof tank is used for liquid petroleum gases (LPG) like butane and propane, which are very volatile. Constant regulation of temperature and pressure are needed to minimize evaporation. Consequently, the roof and walls of the dome-roof tank Figure 9.8 Dome-roof tank are insulated, and the tank is pressurized. Pressurization reduces the amount of refrigeration which may be needed. For example, without pressurization, propane will evaporate if the temperature rises above -42C. At a gauge pressure of 100 psi (100 psig), however, the gas will remain liquid at a temperature of +15C.
242 words
Figure 9.9 Ras Tanura tank farm
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 9
The Refinery
Now, use the information from the reading passage to complete the sentences below.
volatile 1. Products which are not very ______________ dont need to be pressurized. floating-roof tank, the roof is in contact with the 2. In a ______________ liquid. pressure 3. Temperature and ______________ work together to prevent evaporation of gases. evaporate 4. Asphalt doesnt ______________ very easily.
5. You can guess that dome-roof tanks have to be insulated _______________ to protect them from high temperatures.
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Lesson 10
Saudi Aramco: Not Just An Oil Company
Figure 10.1 Thousands of Saudi Aramco employees have learned important skills in company training programs.
In order to be an effective business, Saudi Aramco has had to develop in many areas. One of the companys goals has been to employ as many Saudis as possible. When hired, many of these lack the necessary skills. So, the company offers its employees the necessary training in those areas where it needs skilled workers. Consider the following questions and discuss them with your classmates and teacher. 1. What kinds of classes and skills do they teach at your training location? 2. Why do you think its important for you to learn English at Saudi Aramco? 3. What would happen if Saudi Aramco stopped offering training programs? 159
Teachers Guide
Lesson 10
Part A Vocabulary
instead of (preposition) in place of Instead of eating a lot of meat, its healthier to eat more vegetables.
objective (noun) something you make an effort to achieve His objective is to reach the top of the mountain.
operation (noun) organized use of processes, for example in business and industry Running an oil refinery is an operation that requires a lot of skilled workers.
participate (verb) take part in, join Every player on the team wants to participate in the game.
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permanent (adjective) lasting for a long time Although I travel a lot, my permanent address is in London.
possess (verb) have, own The science teacher possesses the knowledge and skills he needs to help his students.
professional (noun) person who has a job that needs special skills, training, or knowledge, and for which he or she is well paid Medical professionals have a lot of responsibility.
set up, set up, set up (verb phrase) create The Saudi government set up King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in 1963.
supposed (adjective) expected, meant, intended Youre supposed to have a ticket before you can take the flight.
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Lesson 10
various (adjective) a number of, different I bought various things at the supermarket.
162
Exercise 1
1. Teachers want all their students to participate in class discussions. 2. You have to be very skilled if you want to play as a professional in any sport. 3. Instead of flying from Jiddah to Dammam, you could save time by driving. 4. Youre supposed to arrive at work on time. 5. Shipping oil from Saudi Arabia to other countries is a huge operation. 6. Most schools set up football teams for all the students who dont want to play. 7. The objective of any sport is to play well but lose the game. 8. A permanent injury received during a game can prevent a football player from playing the sport again. 9. You need to learn various grammar rules when you study a new language. 10. You dont need to possess a passport if you want to travel to Europe.
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Lesson 10
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. I have never __________ in any sports, but I enjoy watching them on television. a. spread b. evaluated c. participated d. possessed
2. __________ eating at home, we will have dinner at a restaurant. a. In spite of b. Because of c. Instead of d. Thanks to
3. Pilots are __________ who have had a lot of training before they fly a plane. a. objectives b. professionals c. inhabitants d. operations
4. When youre leaving on a flight, youre __________ to be at the airport two or three hours before your departure. a. supposed b. permanent c. various d. possessed
5. Building the Suez Canal was a huge __________ that took many years to finish. a. professional b. drawback c. standard d. operation
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6. France __________ more nuclear power plants than any other country in Europe. a. records b. possesses c. conserves d. varies
7. The training center will __________ a special class for everyone who needs more time learning grammar. a. spread b. avoid c. set up d. participate
8. My __________ in learning the Chinese language is to do business in China. a. profession b. operation c. objective d. event
9. Khalid is looking for a __________ job, not one that will end soon. a. permanent b. related c. ivarious d. supposed
10. There are __________ menu options at the restaurant which change every day. a. possessive b. various c. supposed d. permanent
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Lesson 10
Exercise 3
1. Sami is taking an extra class in English because his objective ______________ is to improve his speaking skills.
possess 2. Although I enjoy football, I dont ______________ the abilities needed to become a great player. instead of 3. We decided to visit Jizan, ______________ going to Taif for the weekend. professional when it 4. I prefer taking my car to a ______________ needs maintenance.
5. The visitors to the oil refinery watched the operation ______________ that changes oil into other products.
supposed 6. Im ______________ to see the dentist at least twice a year, but I dont.
7. If you spend too much time in the sun, you can do permanent damage to your skin. ______________
various 8. I gave my teacher ______________ reasons why I was late for class, but he didnt believe any of them. set up 9. In 1940, Aramco ______________ a special training program for employees in Dhahran. participated in the football World Cup for 10. England ______________ the first time in 1950.
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Exercise 4
Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
objective object operation operator participant participation
operate
operational
operationally
participate
permanence
permanent
permanently
possession possessor professional profession
possess
possessive
possessively
professional
professionally
supposition
suppose
supposed
supposedly
variety
vary
various
variously
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Lesson 10
Part B Reading
168
Exercise 5
The History of Training Training has been a permanent part of Saudi Aramcos operations since the 1930s. When the company began drilling for oil, most Saudis worked in farming or fishing. At that time, the local people lacked the necessary skills needed to run an oil company. Aramco realized this and recognized the need for a program to train Saudis as professionals in the oil industry.
Figure 10.2 Training of professionals at Saudi Aramco began in the 1930s.
At first, training programs were very basic. Instead of professional teachers, the people who already possessed the skills taught the new workers who needed to learn them. Soon, additional training was necessary. By 1940, 22 Saudi employees were receiving special training in Dhahran, and another 26 had been sent to Bahrain for training. After the Second World War, Aramcos operational needs for training increased. By 1950, 4,000 employees, about 40 percent of the company workforce, were receiving some kind of training from 250 full-time or part-time teachers and trainers. After that, training continued to expand, especially in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, Saudi Aramco continues to have a vital need for many trained people with suitable skills. It offers English language programs and other studies like math and science. The company has also set up a job-skills program, a college preparation program, and a career development program. Training and Career Development (T&CD) employs over 2,000 people. T&CD recently provided management training programs for more than 9,700 trainees, including 1,200 in Operational Excellence programs. Saudi Aramco now has one of the largest training programs in the world.
251 words
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Lesson 10
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. At first, __________ trained new employees. a. teachers in Bahrain b. workers on the job c. Training and Career Development d. 250 full-time teachers
2. Some early training __________. a. was given in farming studies b. was taught by new workers c. took place outside Saudi Arabia d. helped employees improve fishing skills
3. By 1950, about __________ employees were in some kind of training. a. 4,000 b. 40 c. 10,000 d. 250
4. According to the passage, __________. a. all teachers and trainers are full-time b. the Training and Career Development Organization started in the early 1990s c. in 1940, only 22 employees were being trained d. the 1970s and 1980s were years of training expansion 5. The underlined word them in paragraph 2 refers to __________. a. workers b. skills c. people d. teachers
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6. The underlined word vital in paragraph 3 means __________. a. slight b. former c. limited d. essential
7. The main idea of the passage is that __________. a. training at Aramco increased after the Second World War b. over 10,000 people have received training at Saudi Aramco c. Saudi Aramco considers education to be a big part of its operation d. as training has increased, the number of teachers has also increased
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 10
Exercise 6
Study the table carefully and complete the exercise that follows.
Saudi Aramco Employee Development Programs

Total Number of Employees Involved Until Today 14,000
Program
Description of Program 2-year in-house* program Trains plant operators and maintenance specialists Both in-kingdom and abroad North America, Europe, Australasia, China, Korea, and Japan In-house training for specific jobs in the company Teaches new skills Introduces new technologies 2-year in-house programs Trains to meet operational requirements In-house program for college graduates Helps young Saudis enter the workforce Both in-kingdom and abroad Advanced specialty medical programs Includes doctors and dentists In-house program for professional engineers Teaches business management skills Strengthens leadership abilities
Apprentice Training University Scholarships
5,500
Academic and Job Skills
25,000
Operations
8,500
Professional Development
11,000
Healthcare Development Engineering Development Management and Leadership Development
370
11,000 18,000
Figure 10.3 Saudi Aramco Strategies to Develop Saudi Employees
*In-house:
given to employees at Saudi Aramco training centers.
172
1. The largest number of employees have taken the Apprentice Training Program. 2. From the chart, you can guess that Saudi Aramco trains more doctors than dentists. 3. At least two of these programs provide training outside Saudi Arabia. 4. Engineering Development is given to people who are professionals, which means they are not yet engineers. 5. Most of the programs are given at Saudi Aramco facilities. 6. From the chart, you can guess that most Saudi Aramco students who go abroad study in North America. 7. The introduction of new technologies is part of the university scholarship program. 8. You can improve your ability to supervise other employees by taking a course in Management and Leadership. 9. At least two of the programs last longer than one year. 10. Only one program is called professional.
T T
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 10
Exercise 7
Education for Children Saudi Aramco participates in various projects that are unusual for an oil company. These include medical research and public health programs. However, none has had a more important effect on the country than its participation in educating Saudi children. People may say that an oil company is not supposed to be in the business of education. However, an important objective of Saudi Aramco has been to provide education for Saudi children. Aramcos school building program started in 1953 when schools were built for boys in grades one to six. In 1959, this was expanded to include schools for grades seven through nine. In 1961, when the government started public education for girls, Aramco began to build schools for girls in grades one to nine. In 1984, the company started to build high schools, which include grades ten to twelve, for boys and girls. After the schools are built, they are given to the government. The government manages the daily operations, the instruction programs, and the teachers in these schools. Saudi Aramco, however, continues to be responsible for their maintenance. For over half a century, Saudi Aramco has been making an important contribution to the spread of educational facilities for young Saudis. An important result of this commitment to the education of children has been the construction of at least 139 new schools. Of these, 74 are for boys and 65 are for girls. Saudi Aramcos contribution to education has been a real asset in the social and economic development of Saudi Arabia.
253 words
Figure 10.4 Young Saudis benefit from Saudi Aramcos commitment to education.
174
1. The first schools that Aramco built were for boys in grades one to six. 2. In 1953, schools included grades seven to nine. 3. The first schools for girls were built in 1959. 4. The social development of Saudi Arabia is important to Saudi Aramco. 5. Aramco stopped building schools for Saudi children in 1984.
F F T
Now, complete the sentences. Circle the letter of the best option. 1. The underlined word their in paragraph 3 refers to __________. a. schools b. operations c. teachers d. programs
2. You can guess that the government __________. a. doesnt manage the high schools b. needs more money to build new schools c. is responsible for training new schoolteachers d. has difficulty finding people to maintain schools
Teachers Guide
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Lesson 10
3. Saudi Arabias contribution to education in Saudi Arabia __________. a. lasted until the 1950s b. can be seen in many new schools c. has had little effect on young people d. didnt include high schools for girls
4. The underlined word asset in paragraph 4 means __________. a. advantage b. procedure c. drawback d. surprise
5. This passage is mainly about __________. a. teacher training programs at Saudi Aramco b. how the government helps build Saudi Aramco schools c. the building and maintaining of schools d. Saudi Aramcos part in educating children
176
Vocabulary and Reading Target Words Vocabulary acid although assume aware bleach capacity cargo challenge component conclude condense contact cooperation corrosive current cylinder deal with, dealt with, dealt with desalinate detergent dilute double drawback drop efficient emit evaluate evaporate event exhaust expand fatal fertilizer Classification n conj v adj n n n n n v v n n adj n n v ph v n v adj n n adj v v v n n v adj n Lesson 4 1 4 1 8 7 5 2 1 1 9 8 6 8 6 3 1 7 8 8 7 5 8 9 4 5 6 1 4 7 1 7
Teachers Guide
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Target Words
Vocabulary and Reading Target Words continued Vocabulary fleet force former fractionate fumes headquarters horizontal hydrogen sulfide identify impurity in case of indicate instead of insulate involve irritate latter lay, laid, laid level limit link marine maximum meanwhile modify monitor moreover navigation network objective obvious operation participate 178
Classification n v pron v n n adj n v n prep v prep v v v pron v n v v adj n adv v v adv n n n adj n v
Lesson 5 3 4 7 8 5 3 3 8 3 8 1 10 9 6 4 4 2 9 4 2 5 3 6 4 6 6 6 7 10 1 10 10
Vocabulary and Reading Target Words continued Vocabulary particle period permanent pesticide porous possess potential professional recover regulation related reliable remove reserve reservoir response route sail section self-sufficient set up, set up, set up settle shape shortcut sink, sank, sunk stabilize standard steam supposed swallow threat tide tray Classification n n adj n adj v n n v n adj adj v n n n n v n adj v ph v n n v v n n adj v n n n Lesson 4 2 10 8 3 10 7 10 2 5 5 1 9 7 3 6 2 5 2 7 10 9 9 2 3 3 5 9 10 8 6 6 3
Teachers Guide
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Target Words
Vocabulary and Reading Target Words continued Vocabulary vacuum vapor various vertical volatile voyage weld wildlife Classification n n adj adj adj n v n Lesson 9 9 10 3 9 2 2 6
180
Target Words by Lesson Vocabulary Lesson 1 although aware component conclude deal with, dealt with, dealt with event fatal indicate obvious reliable Lesson 2 challenge lay, link period recover route section shortcut voyage weld Lesson 3 cylinder force horizontal hydrogen sulfide impurity maximum porous conj adj n v v ph n adj v adj adj Classification Vocabulary Classification n v v n adj
Lesson 3 continued reservoir sink, sank, sunk stabilize tray vertical Lesson 4 acid assume emit exhaust former irritate latter limit modify particle Lesson 5 cargo drawback evaluate fleet headquarters marine regulation related sail standard
n v v n pron v pron v v n
n v v n v n n n n v
n v adj n n n adj
n n v n n adj n adj v n
Teachers Guide
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Target Words
Target Words by Lesson continued Vocabulary Lesson 6 cooperation current evaporate involve meanwhile monitor moreover navigation response threat tide wildlife Lesson 7 capacity desalinate double expand fertilizer fractionate network potential reserve self-sufficient Lesson 8 bleach contact corrosive detergent dilute drop 182
Classification n n v v adv v adv n n n n n
Vocabulary
Classification n v prep n v
Lesson 8 continued fumes identify in case of pesticide swallow Lesson 9 condense efficient insulate level remove settle shape steam vacuum vapor volatile Lesson 10 instead of objective operation participate permanent possess professional set up, set up, set up supposed various
n v adj v n v n n n adj
v adj v n v v n n n n adj
n n adj n v n
prep n n v adj v n v ph adj adj
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