Appendix A Basic Transformational Grammar for English A SET OF PHRASE. STRUCTURE RULES FOR ENGLISH = (f{2 ' . i ae T ) + (not) ++ NP + AUX + VP + (ADVM) +(ADVP) + (ADVT) + (ADVR)... ‘ fo (NP) + (PP) + 7 vP> be + Ch »» ADVM , |ADVP = (Pe } ADvT [~~ LaDy. ADVR iv ADJP> ADJ+ (PP) v PP—> P+NP (DET) + N vi NP {NP+S ie +S vil. AUX > TNS + (M) + (PERF) + (PROG) vii TNS > {pe} : -pst ix M-— {can, may, will, shall, should, must, . ..} x PERF have-en : 243A SET OF TRANSFORMATIONS FOR ENGLISH 244 xi PROG - be-ing xii V > {build, work, write, ...} a apo feathusiascally there, then, deliberately, . . | how, where, when, why, ... xiv ADJ — {diligent, fond, happy, . . .} xv P— {with, at, in, for, .. .} xvi DET — {a, the, this, that, ...} xvii No froman, leader, car, William, play, . -who(m), what } A SET OF TRANSFORMATIONS FOR ENGLISH 1 INDIRECT OBJECT MOVEMENT (OPT) SD: X" Eye V" NP [pp " [p tolp " NP]op " Y]ve " Z sc: 1 2.3 4 5 6 7> 1 253 0 6 7 COND: Sometimes must apply; sometimes cannot 2 PASSIVE (OPT) SD: X"NP"[aux¥"Jaux [veV"NP"Z" ]yp Ww sc: 1 2 3 456 7> TS 3leassbe-en]pass 4 6 [epleby]e 2Jep 7 COND: Sometimes blocked 3 NOMINALIZATION (OBL) SD: X" [yp it Is" ¥ ]s Ine" Z SC: 1 20 3 4> 1 2 that 3 4 COND: Cannot apply if 3 begins with Q or question word 4 EXTRAPOSITION (OPT) SD: X" [yp it" S Jy" ¥ 3 sc: 1 2 4> 1 2 43 COND: None 5 IT DELETION (OBL) SD: X" [xp it" S ]yp " Y Sc: 1 2.3 4> 1 oe 4 COND: None10 APPENDIX: A BASIC TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR FOR ENGLISH 245 RELATIVE PRONOUN INSERTION (OBL) SD: X" [yp NP" [,¥"NP"Z]s le" W eee 2 Stee ee: 6 1 eee » 5 6 which, COND: 2 must be the same as 4 RELATIVE CLAUSE REDUCTION (OPT) SD: X" [ye NP" [s fre be TNS " Z]s yp" W [which sc: 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 0 4 5 COND: 4 cannot be an NP MODIFIER SHIFT (OBL) SD: X" [yp (DET) "N" fas de "¥ Vin, sc: 1 Ze 4 52> 1 ee) 5 COND: 3 cannot be someone or something NOT PLACEMENT (OBL) SD: X"nor"¥"(TNS+M ]"Z TINS + have TNS + be ‘TNS SG 2 3 4 5 > 1 3 4 25 COND: None CONTRACTION (OPT) sD: X"{TNS+M )" not" ¥ "TNS + have TNS + be ‘TNS sc: 1 2 3 42> 1 2a't 4 COND: Blocked with certain modals (for example, may) IMPERATIVE (OBL) SD: IMP" you" TNS " will" X sc: 1 2 3 ELE ee 0 0 3 o 5 COND: A verb in 5 cannot be a state