FROG CIRCULATORY Frog circulatory system SYSTEM

Function: TRANSPORT gases, nutritive materials, hormones, blood proteins, metabolic wastes to and from different parts of the body
Blood circulation in vertebrates are similar in principle but different in details depending on complexity of the heart and respiratory organs used.

Cardiovascular system a. Heart b. Blood vessels ( arteries , veins, capillaries) c. Blood Lymphatic system a. Heart b. Lymph c. Lymph vessels

A. FROGs HEART

- pear shaped muscular organ -location: anterior part of the coelom ventral to the liver - Lying within 2-layered perichondrium -3 -chambered 2 atria (thin walls) 1 ventricle (thick walls) - right side : receives deoxygenated blood from the body - left side : receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

DORSAL VIEW

VENTRAL VIEW

sinus venosus (triangular) -recieves blood from 3 caval veins

conus arteriosus continues to trunchus arteriosus (l and r)

Sinus venosus (common termination of all veins Conus arteriolus Ventricle

going to the heart)

Right auricle

Truncus arteriosus (common origin of all arteries leaving the heart) Pulmonar artery Pulmo-cutaneous artery

Capillaries of the lungs Conus arteriolus

Pulmonary vein Ventricle Left auricle Trunchus arteriosus Carotid artery

Pulmonary circulation -circulation inside the heart -flow of blood to and from the lungs - RIGHT : UNOXYGENATED - LEFT : OXYGENATED

B. Blood vessels
1. Veins- return blood from the capillary network of the organs to the heart 2. Arteries convey blood from the heart into the minute capillaries of the organ 3. Capillaries- smallest of the blood vessels - bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and other waste products

THE VENOUS SYSTEM

Veins are grouped into the ff: A. Systemic non-oxygenated blood
flows directly to the heart

B. Portal

- non- oxygenated blood passes first through the capillaries of certain organs flows from lungs to heart

C.Pulmonary oxygenated blood

TONGUE

LOWER JAW HYOID

SHOULDER
v v

BRAIN,HEAD SPINAL CORD

LINGUAL

MAXILLARY SUBSCAPULAR

INTERNAL JUGULAR

External Jugular INNOMINATE

SUBCLAVIAN PRACHIAL

PRECAVA

(anterior +forelimbs)

SINUS VENOSUS(HEART)

FORELIMBS

all orange are the 3 tributaries

PORTAL SYSTEM - does not return blood directly to the heart but to the capillary system through the liver or kidneys
A. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN - conveys blood to capillaries of LIVER B. RENAL PORTAL VEIN - paired - conveys blood to capillaries of KIDNEYS - not found in man

HINDLIMBS

STOMACH PANCREAS
GASTRIC PANCREATIC

SPLEEN
SPLEENIC

SCIATIC FEMORAL

RENAL PORTAL ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL

PELVIC

INTESTINE
INTESTINAL

KIDNEY

LIVER
HEPATIC LUMBAR

HEPATIC PORTAL
DORSAL BODY WALL GONADS
UROGENITAL

RENAL
POSTCAVA

SINUS VENOSUS

THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

A pair of big arteries , the TRUNCHUS ARTERIOLUS, leave the heart each dividing into 3 branches A. Common carotid to the head region B. Systemic- to the appendages, internal organs &parts posterior to the heart C. Pulmo-cutaneous- non-oxygenated blood to the organs where blood may undergo oxygenation

TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS COMMON CAROTID SYSTEMIC PULMOCUTANEOUS INTERNAL EXTERNAL (non-oxygenated) TONGUE
PALATINE EPHTHALMIC CEREBRAL
ROOF OF MOUTH EYE BRAIN PULMONARY CUTANEOUS

LUNGS

SKIN TYMPANUM

ESOPHAGEAL ESOPHAGUS

SYSTEMIC OCCIPITO-VERTEBRAL SPINAL CORD

SUBCLAVIAN brachial FORELIMB DORSAL AORTA (unite w/each other)

COMMON ILIAC

EPIGASTRICO-VESICAL EPIGASTRIC

SCIATIC

FEMORAL HINDLIMB

RECTO-VESICAL

VENTRAL ABDOMINAL

RECTUM,URINARY BLADDER

Dorsal aorta
Coeliacomesenteric artery
c

DORSAL AORTA COELIACO-MESENTERIC

COELIC

ANTERIOR MESENTERIC

LEFT RIGHT HEPATIC SPLEENIC INTESTINAL GASTRIC SPLEEN SMALL INTESTINE STOMACH LIVER ANTERIOR HEMORRHOIDAL STOMACH, PANCREAS LARGE INTESTINE

DORSAL AORTA
RENAL UROGENITAL LUMBAR POSTERIOR MESENTERIC
RECTUM, UTERUS

KIDNEYS

GONADS

DORSAL BODY WALL

Histology of the artery

Histology of the vein

- in progressing towards caliber gradually decreases as they recede the heart, increase in caliber and thickness of from the heart the wall - always greater in caliber Arterial wall elements than the corresponding (muscles, connective artery tissue, fibers) decrease progressively in passing from larger arteries originating from the heart to capillaries

Wall of the veins: - thinner, softer and less elastic than arterial wall

Artery
Inner lining is the same as found in other blood vessels because it is formed by a continuous layer of endothelial cells Most of the arteries in the body : medium sized and muscular type

Vein
The veins if empty are collapsed and the lumen is irregular and slit-like

Tunica intima innercoat

Artery Vein

- made of inner endothelium, longitudinally directed collagenous and elastic fibers and an elastic membrane -serves as boundary between intima and media -thrown into folds -corrugated inner surface noticeable in medium sized artery

-made of endothelial cells, beneath which is a layer of fine, collagenous and elastic fibers -internal elastic membrane: poorly developed -Larger veins: intima is bounded by network of elastic fibers

Tunica media intermediate coat

smooth muscle arranged in layers that encircle the artery No. of muscle layers depends on caliber of artery Thin reticular fiber : sheaths of individual muscle cell Thin elastic fiber :course circularly in the media and continue to the external and internal elastic membrane
Artery Vein

Relatively thin and consists of layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers separated by collagenous and elastic tissues - Best developed in veins of the viscera and head - Larger veins media is sometimes absent

Tunica adventitia/externa
Artery Vein

outer coat - Loose connective tissue - Collagenous and elastic fibers mostly run parallel to the long axis of the vessel - These elements merge with surrounding connective tissue that accompanies every blood vessel

- Considerably thicker than the media -Consists of loose connective tissue with longitudinal collagenous fibers and elastic networks -occasionally, longitudinal smooth muscle fibers may be present adjacent to the media

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM MAN FROG

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- Begins with small vessels called lymphatic capillaries which are in direct contact with the extra-cellular fluid surrounding tissues - A network of vessels that collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system

MAN
- Collect and drain fluid that seeps from the bloodstream and accumulates in the extracellular fluid - Return small am. of protein that have left the cells - Transport lipids that was absorbed in the small intestine - Transport foreign particles to lymph nodes

FROG
- Drainage of fluid from the tissues and its return to the circulatory system

MAN
- normal rate of lymph production and circulation

FROG
-unique among all vertebrates because of its high rate of lymph production and circulation

-possesses lymph nodes

house the WBCs

To accommodate rapid exchange of fluid bet. the circulatory and lymphatic systems, frogs have 2 distinct features 1. large, interconnecting lymph spaces into which lymph vessels drain 2. Presence of lymph heart

 Lymph hearts (LH) - small organs usually located at the dorsal side of the animals body ( at the entry points of lymph into the veins). - - posterior LH are found 1 of each pair on each side lying lateral to end of each urostyle - 1 pair in common toad and 2 or more in certain frogs - main function: maintain the directionality of lymphatic flow and regulate the entry of lymph fluid into the circulation

Lymphatic system of man

Lymph = extracellular fluid that accumulates in lymph vessels Lymph nodes = house the WBCs Lymphatics = carry lymph from lymphatic capillaries to veins in the neck, where lymph returns to the bloodstream Spleen = filters foreign substances from blood =manufacture lymphocytes; stores RBC ; releases blood to the body when blood is lost

TRIVIA

 How does temperature affect frogs heart rate? The cooler the frog the slower the heart rate, the warmer the faster

Lymph heart trivia:

- for a short time may stop beating all together for no apparent reason - has irregular rhythm

 The lymphatic system as we know it today was first described independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin.

LASTLY,

If you ever visit Japan, do not forget to try their Frog sashimi and the fresh, still beating heart of a frog. Flushed down with a refreshing glass of lizard sake.

Quiz
1. How many chambers do frogs heart have? And what are those? 2. Describe the pulmonary circulation. right side: left side: 3. Differentiate arteries, veins and capillaries. 4. Lymphatic system: what do frogs have that we humans dont?

 5. Histology of artery or vein? Caliber gradually decreases as they recede from the heart 6. Amphibian lymphatic system = unique among all vertebrates because of its high rate of ? production and circulation 7-10. Give any 1 of the 3 layers or coat of the artery and vein Bonus: Where will I go if I want to eat live frog heart?