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Basic Parameters

Boiler Operators Training


Programme

D D Ananda Namal
MEng.(Energy Technology), BSc(Hon)Eng,, CEng, MIE(SL)

DG - NERDC
President- SLEMA

tilla@sltnet.lk

0112236434(O), 0115854302 (R)

Pressure , Temperature, Heat , Volume, Capacity


Boiling Point

1 bar
1 bar
1 psi

= 100
= 14.7
= 2.31

1 kg

= 2.2 lb

kPa
psi
Water feet

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Steam Basic

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What is Steam

What is steam
Change of state with Heat
Steam properties

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Properties of Steam

Properties of Steam
Temperature of Steam
200

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

Tem perature o C

k J /k g

Heat Content of Steam


150
100

Latent Heat

Sinsible Heat

10

50
0
0

Pressure -Barg
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Pressure Barg

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Properties of Steam

Basic Boiler Operation


Specific Volume of Steam

2.0

m /k g

1.5
3

1.0
0.5
0.0
0

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Pressure - Barg
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BOILER CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION BY DESIGN
FIRE TUBE
WATER TUBE
COMBINATION
TUBELESS

BOILERS ARE CLASSIFIED BY,


THE DESIGN

CLASSIFICATION BY NO. OF PASSES


SINGLE PASS
TWO PASS
THREE PASS
FOUR PASS

NO. OF PASSES OF THE FLUE GAS


TYPES OF FUEL USED
LOCATION AND WAY OF FABRICATION
CONDITION OF STEAM
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CLASSIFICATION BY FUEL
LIQUID FUEL
NUCLEAR
GAS
WASTE HEAT
SOLID
ELECTRIC
MULTI FUEL
FLUIDISED BED

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CLASSIFICATION BY CONDITION OF STEAM


SATURATED STEAM
SUPER HEATED STEAM
HOT WATER

CLASSIFICATION BY LOCATION & METHOD OF


FABRICATION
PACKAGE
IN SITE
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
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CONVENTIONAL 3 PASS BOILER- FRONT VIEW

CONVENTIONAL THREE PASS BOILER

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REVERSE FLAME 3 PASS BOILER

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REVERSE FLAME 3 PASS BOILER-FRONT VIEW

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Two Pass Boiler

Packaged Boiler

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Wet back and Dry back Boilers


Three Pass Boiler

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Boiler Task

Reverse Flame Boiler

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Boiler Control
Safety trouble free operation
Excessive Pressure
Low water level
Gas Explosion
Pressure control
Water level control
Back Fire

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Pressure Control

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To provide steam
High quality
Correct amount
Correct Pressure
Safely
Efficiently

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Pressure Switch
To control Burner
High pressure cut off
High pressure alarm

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Water Level Control

Sequence of operation

Float Switch
High Water level Feed pump Stop
Low level Feed pump start
Low water alarm
Low water burner cut off

Back Fire, Gas Explosion

check water level and operate water pump


Operate fuel heater
Operate burner blower (Purging)
Operate fuel supply, spark and flame
Burner cut of at high pressure setting
Repeat the cycle at low pressure setting

Photo electric cell


Purge cycle
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Level Gauge

BOILER ACCESSORIES
BLOW DOWN VALVE
WATER LEVEL CONTROL
WATER LEVEL GAUGE GLASSES
FEED WATER PUMP
PRESSURE CONTROLS
PRESSURE GAUGES
VALVES
MAIN STOP VALVES
CONTROL PANEL
WATER SOFTENER
BURNER
AM
ECONOMISER
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Connect between steam and water space


50 mm above the tube
new glass is required when erosion/corrosion
detect
When cleaning - Temporally shut off valves
Testing steam connection Shut WC
Testing water connection Shut SC
Choked SC indicate high water level
Choked WC - low or high water level

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Level Gauge - Testing

Safety Valve

Close the WC, open the DC


Close the WC, open the DC (WC Choke)
Close the SC, open the DC
Close the DC, open the SC (SC choke)

Capacity
Minimum Bore 20 mm
Discharge Pipe Un obstructed, Drained
hole at the base

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Pressure Gauge

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Feed water Pump

Dial > 150 mm


Marking- WP, Max P
Siphon tube or U tube

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High Pressure
NRV Spring equivalent to Elevation of
FWT
Cavitations

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Main Valve

Boiler Water

Opening
Size

Blow Down Valve

Make up Water
Feed Water
Boiler Water

Purpose
Method
Outlet

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Impurities in Water

Mud and sand


Ca and Mg Ions
Floating Oil and Dust
Acid
DO

Hard Water Ca and Mg So4 - Scaling


Soft Water Ca and Mg Co3

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Effect of Impurities
in Water

Hard Water - Scaling


Acidic Water - Corrosion
Oxygen - Corrosion
Chorine - Corrosion

Impurities in Water

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Boiler Operator

Boiler Carry Over

Priming
High water level
Operating the boiler below designed pressure
Higher Steam Demand
Foaming
Impurities
High TDS
Effect of forming

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Class 1 Less than 2000 lb/hr


Class 2 2000 to 6000 lb/hr
Class 3 greater than 6000 lb/hr

Boiler Attendant Certificate

Experience
Class III - one year +
Class II - three years +
Class I - six years +
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Boiler Operator

Boiler Attendant Certificate

Experience
Class III - one year +
Class II - three years +
Class I - six years +
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&``&

Class 1 Less than 2000 lb/hr


Class 2 2000 to 6000 lb/hr
Class 3 greater than 6000 lb/hr

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< $<

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