PLC BASED CAR PARKING GUIDANCE SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take the opportunity to thank one and all who have helped us in making this project successful. We are extremely happy to present this project under the esteemed guidance of Prof. P. Sri Hari, Head of department, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

We are grateful to Prof. P.Sri Hari, H.O.D., Electronics and Communication Engineering, V.N.R.V.J.I.E.T. for his encouragement for carrying out this project.

We would also like to thank all the staff members of ECE department for their help and kind support in times of need.

Finally our humble thanks to the almighty but for whom we did none.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We owe our profound acknowledgement to all those people who made this project successful. We present the names of those people to whom we are very much grateful. We would like to express our most sincere thanks to all those people who are involved in our project work. Any omissions are regretted. We express our deep sense of gratitude to Automation Solutions, KPHB, Hyderabad for permitting us to work in their organization.

We express our special gratitude and thanks to Mr.Manohar, C.E.O, Automation Solutions, Hyderabad for his kind co-operation without whom the project training would not have been completed.

We would like to express our humble and sincere thanks to Ms.Neelima, Automation Solutions, Hyderabad for her encouragement and constant support throughout the training.

We take the opportunity to thank our Head of Department Prof. P.Sri Hari for his timely advice and guidance while pursuing this project as well as throughout the B.Tech course. Our sincere thanks to our beloved professor and internal guide for his guidance and contribution in developing the project.

ABSTRACT

In this fast developing science revolutionary era, automation of an industry has become a necessity. A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a programmable system used for automation. The Programmable Logic Controller may be defined as A PLC is a microprocessor based specialized computer that carries out the control functions of many types and levels of complexity.

A PLC has many "input" terminals, through which it interprets "high" and "low" logical states from sensors and switches. It also has many output terminals, through which it outputs "high" and "low" signals to power lights, solenoids, contactors, small motors, and other devices lending themselves to on/off control.

We have designed a kit for automating a car parking guidance system. For this a PLC (Siemens S7-200) has been used. The PLC has been pre-programmed and is the brain of the system. It reads the inputs from the various sensors and makes logical decisions. These logical decisions are given to the PLC by using a suitable programming language. Accordingly the necessary operation is carried out. Our project illustrates only a simple application of the PLC, while the PLC is a powerful tool the applications of which are innumerable and complex.

PLATFORM PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE SOFTWARE KEYWORDS

: S7-200 PLC : LADDER DIAGRAMS : S7 MICROWIN : SENSORS, BUZZERS, LED'S, AUTOMATION, LADDER LOGIC, MEMORY

1. INTRODUCTION

A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging and semiconductor machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed or non-volatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a bounded time, otherwise unintended operation will result.

A PLC has many "input" terminals, through which it interprets "high" and "low" logical states from sensors and switches. It also has many output terminals, through which it outputs "high" and "low" signals to power lights, solenoids, contactors, small motors, and other devices lending themselves to on/off control. In an effort to make PLCs easy to program, their programming language was designed to resemble ladder logic diagrams. Thus, an industrial electrician or electrical engineer accustomed to reading ladder logic schematics would feel comfortable programming a PLC to perform the same control functions.

PLCs are industrial computers, and as such their input and output signals are typically 120 volts AC, just like the electromechanical control relays they were designed to replace. Although some PLCs have the ability to input and output low-level DC voltage signals of the magnitude used in logic gate circuits, this is the exception and not the rule.

The actual logic of the control system is established inside the PLC by means of a computer program. This program dictates which output gets energized under which input conditions. Although the program itself appears to be a ladder logic diagram, with switch and relay symbols, there are no actual switch contacts or relay coils operating inside the PLC to create the logical relationships between input and output. These are imaginary contacts and coils, if you will. The program is entered and viewed via a personal computer connected to the PLC's programming port.

The true power and versatility of a PLC is revealed when we want to alter the behavior of a control system. Since the PLC is a programmable device, we can alter its behavior by changing the commands we give it, without having to reconfigure the electrical components connected to it.

One of the advantages of implementing logical control in software rather than in hardware is that input signals can be re-used as many times in the program as is necessary. Another advantage of PLCs that simply cannot be duplicated by electromechanical relays is remote monitoring and control via digital computer networks. Because a PLC is nothing more than a special-purpose digital computer, it has the ability to communicate with other computers rather easily.

2. HISTORY

2.1 ORIGIN

The PLC was invented in response to the needs of the American automotive manufacturing industry. Programmable controllers were initially adopted by the automotive industry where software revision replaced the re-wiring of hard-wired control panels when production models changed. Before the PLC, control, sequencing, and safety interlock logic for manufacturing automobiles was accomplished using hundreds or thousands of relays, cam timers, and drum sequencers and dedicated closed-loop controllers. The process for updating such facilities for the yearly model change-over was very time consuming and expensive, as the relay systems needed to be rewired by skilled electricians. In 1968 GM Hydramatic (the automatic transmission division of General Motors) issued a request for proposal for an electronic replacement for hard-wired relay systems. The winning proposal came from Bedford Associates of Bedford, Massachusetts. The first PLC, designated the 084 because it was Bedford Associates' eighty-fourth project, was the result. Bedford Associates started a new company dedicated to developing, manufacturing, selling, and servicing this new product: MODICON, which stood for MOdular DIgital CONtroller. One of the people who worked on that project was Dick Morley, who is considered to be the "father" of the PLC. The MODICON brand was sold in 1977 to Gould Electronics, and later acquired by German Company AEG and then by French Schneider Electric, the current owner. One of the very first 084 models built is now on display at Modicon's headquarters in North Andover, Massachusetts. It was presented to Modicon by GM, when the unit was retired after nearly twenty years of uninterrupted service. Modicon used the 84 moniker at the end of its product range until the 984 made its appearance. The automotive industry is still one of the largest users of PLCs.

2.2 DEVELOPMENT

Early PLCs were designed to replace relay logic systems. These PLCs were programmed in "ladder logic", which strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. Modern PLCs can be programmed in a variety of ways, from ladder logic to more traditional programming languages such as BASIC and C. Another method is State Logic, a very high-level programming language designed to program PLCs based on state transition diagrams. Many of the earliest PLCs expressed all decision making logic in simple ladder logic which appeared similar to electrical schematic diagrams. This program notation was chosen to reduce training demands for the existing technicians. Other early PLCs used a form of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver.

2.3 PROGRAMMING

Early PLCs, up to the mid-1980s, were programmed using proprietary programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, which often had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements of PLC programs. Programs were stored on cassette tape cartridges. Facilities for printing and documentation were very minimal due to lack of memory capacity. The very oldest PLCs used non-volatile magnetic core memory.

2.4 FUNCTIONALITY

The functionality of the PLC has evolved over the years to include sequential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control systems and networking. The data handling, storage, processing power and communication capabilities of some modern PLCs are approximately equivalent to desktop computers. PLC-like programming combined with remote I/O hardware, allow a general-purpose desktop computer to overlap some PLCs in certain applications.

PLC ARCHITECTURE

CPU Power Supply Memory Input Blocks Output Blocks Communications Expansion Connections

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PLC

SENSORS

Memory Power supply Processor Input Module

Output Module

PLC COMPARED WITH OTHER CONTROL SYSTEMS

PLCs are well-adapted to a range of automation tasks. These are typically industrial processes in manufacturing where the cost of developing and maintaining the automation system is high relative to the total cost of the automation, and where changes to the system would be expected during its operational life. PLCs contain input and output devices compatible with industrial pilot devices and controls; little electrical design is required, and the design problem centers on expressing the desired sequence of operations in ladder logic (or function chart) notation. PLC applications are typically highly customized systems so the cost of a packaged PLC is low compared to the cost of a specific custom-built controller design. On the other hand, in the case of massproduced goods, customized control systems are economic due to the lower cost of the components, which can be optimally chosen instead of a "generic" solution, and where the non-recurring engineering charges are spread over thousands or millions of units. For high volume or very simple fixed automation tasks, different techniques are used. A microcontroller-based design would be appropriate where hundreds or thousands of units will be produced and so the development cost (design of power supplies and input/output hardware) can be spread over many sales, and where the end-user would not need to alter the control. Automotive applications are an example; millions of units are built each year, and very few end-users alter the programming of these controllers. However, some specialty vehicles such as transit busses economically use PLCs instead of custom-designed controls, because the volumes are low and the development cost would be uneconomic. Very complex process control, such as used in the chemical industry, may require algorithms and performance beyond the capability of even high-performance PLCs. Very high-speed or precision controls may also require customized solutions; for example, aircraft flight controls. Programmable controllers are widely used in motion control, positioning control and torque control. Some manufacturers produce motion control units to be integrated with PLC so that G-code (involving a CNC machine) can be used to instruct machine movements. PLCs may include logic for single-variable feedback analog control loop, a "proportional, integral, derivative" or "PID controller." A PID loop could be used to control the temperature of a manufacturing process, for example. Historically PLCs were usually configured with only a few analog control loops; where processes required hundreds or thousands of loops, a distributed control system (DCS) would instead be used. As PLCs have become more powerful, the boundary between DCS and PLC applications has become less distinct. PLCs have similar functionality as Remote Terminal Units. An RTU, however, usually does not support control algorithms or control loops. As hardware rapidly becomes more powerful and cheaper, RTUs, PLCs and DCSs are increasingly beginning to overlap in responsibilities. The industry has standardized on the IEC 61131-3 functional block language for creating programs to run on RTUs and PLCs, although nearly all vendors also offer proprietary alternatives and associated development environments.

DISADVANTAGES OF HARD WIRED LOGIC CONTROL

Bulky panels Complex wiring Longer project time Difficult maintenance and troubleshooting

ADVANTAGES OF PLCS

Reduced space Ease of maintenance Economical Greater life & reliability Tremendous flexibility Shorter project time Easier storage, archiving and documentation

WHAT CONSTITUTES A PLC?

The PLC is programmed interface between the Input field elements & output field elements.

PLC consist of

Hardware Input Module CPU (Central Process Unit) Program memory Output module Power Supply

Software

Application Software (Logic) Basic Software

Communication Accessories

Communication Adapter

INPUT-OUTPUT

Input and output (I/O) modules connect the PLC to sensors and actuators. Provide isolation for the low-voltage, low-current signals Wide range of I/O modules available including: Digital (logical) I/O modules and Analogue (continuous) I/O modules. Analogue input cards convert continuous signals via an A/D converter into discrete values for the PLC Analogue output cards convert digital values in then PLC to continuous signals via a D/A converter. Resolution can be important in choosing an applicable card Example, for a temperature input of 0 to 100 degrees C For 8 bit resolution the value in the PLC is 0 to 255 For 12 bit resolution the value in the PLC is 0 to 4095 For 16 bit resolution the value in the PLC is 0 to 32768

SPECIAL MODULES RF ID Modem modules Load Cell Stepper Modules Temperature Sensor High Speed Counters Position Control Cards Field Bus Cards o Device Net, Profibus, Ethernet etc

ELEMENTS OF INPUTS

Digital Inputs

push button limit switches Sensors o Proximity Sensors o Photo Sensors

Micro Switches Toggle Switches

Analog Inputs

Pressure Transmitters Flow Transmitter Level Transmitter Thermo Couples Load Cell

ELEMENTS OF OUTPUTS

Digital Outputs

Relays Contactors Indication Lamps Valves

Analog Outputs

Flow Control Valves Pressure Control Valves Drive Inputs

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAM

A program block is composed of executable code and comments. The executable codes consist of a main program and any subroutines or interrupt routines. The code is compiled and downloaded to the S7-200; the program comments are not. You can use the organizational elements (main program, subroutines, and interrupt routines) to structure your control program. Main Program The main body of the program contains the instructions that control your application. The S7-200 executes these instructions sequentially, once per scan cycle. The main program is also referred to as OB1. Subroutines These optional elements of your program are executed only when called: by the main program, by an interrupt routine, or by another subroutine. Subroutines are useful in cases where you want to execute a function repeatedly. Rather than rewriting the logic for each place in the main program where you want the function to occur, you can write the logic once in a subroutine and call the subroutine as many times as needed during the main program. Subroutines provide several benefits: Using subroutines reduces the overall size of your program. Using subroutines decreases your scan time because you have moved the code out of the main program. The S7-200 evaluates the code in the main program every scan cycle, whether the code is executed or not, but the S7-200 evaluates the code in the subroutine only when you call the subroutine, and does not evaluate the code during the scans in which the subroutine is not called. Using subroutines creates code that is portable. You can isolate the code for a function in a subroutine, and then copy that subroutine into other programs with . Interrupt Routines These optional elements of your program react to specific interrupt events. You design an interrupt routine to handle a pre-defined interrupt event. Whenever the specified event occurs, the S7-200 executes the interrupt routine. The interrupt routines are not called by your main program. You associate an interrupt routine with an interrupt event, and the S7-200 executes the instructions in the interrupt routine only on each occurrence of the interrupt event. Other Elements of the Program Other blocks contain information for the S7-200. You can choose to download these blocks when you download your program. System Block The system block allows you to configure different hardware options for the S7-200. Data Block The data block stores the values for different variables (V memory) used by your program. You can use the data block to enter initial values for the data.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES IN PLC

IL (Instruction List) mnemonic programming LD (Ladder Diagram) Relay logic ST (Structured Text) A C like programming

language

FDB (Functional Block Diagram) Graphical dataflow programming language SFC (Sequential Flow Chart) Graphical method for

structured programs

Basic PLC: Memory

Memory on a PLC is separated into 3 main areas:

LOAD Memory Can be RAM (dynamic) or EEPROM (retentive) Used to store user programs

WORK Memory Memory is RAM When PLC starts, Program is copied from LOAD memory to WORK memory. The program is then executed from Work memory.

SYSTEM Memory Memory is RAM Is used by micro-controller to implement counters, timers, interrupt stacks, etc... Contains a bit for each D I/0 Contains Marker Memory. Marker memory is a free area of RAM

that can be used by the programmer. Contains Process Input and Output Images. Periodically the PLC will store the states of the inputs to the Process Input Image and Process Output Image to the output.

SELECTION OF A PLC

Selection of PLC Based on No. of Inputs & Outputs Input Voltage Memory Scan Time Special I/O modules Expansion Capabilities Stand alone or Networked Communication Capabilities

HOW PLC WORKS

Step 1-CHECKING INPUT STATUS o PLC Scans each input o Records the data in work memory.

Step 2-EXECUTE PROGRAM o PLC goes through the program logic step by step o PLC executes the program depending on input status. o Write the output image in work memory

Step 3-UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS o Changes the statues of the output on/off. o Again starts the cycle from step one

CHECK INPUT STATUS

EXECUTE PROGRAM

UPDATE OUTPUT STATUS

FEATURES OF S7-200

Allows Your Program to Immediately Read or Write the I/O Allows Your Program to Interrupt the Scan Cycle Allows You to Allocate Processing Time for Communications
Tasks

Allows You to Set the States of Digital Outputs for Stop Mode Allows You to Define Memory to Be Retained on Loss of Power Allows You to Filter the Digital Inputs Allows You to Filter the Analog Inputs Allows You to Catch Pulses of Short Duration Provides Password Protection Provides Analog Adjustment Potentiometers Provides High-speed I/O

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF S7-200

Several models of CPUs o CPU 221, 6in/4out 2Kw program o CPU 222, 8in/6out 2Kw program o CPU 224, 14in/10out 4Kw program o CPU 226, 24in/16out 4Kw program

Up to 256 digital input-outputs Up to 32 analog channels 256 timers, 256 counters Built-in EEPROM memory Real-time clock/calendar Built-in communications Password protection Memory module Removable input-output connectors Wide range of expansion modules o 8 pt input and output o 4/4,8/8 &16/16 in/out combination o 4 channel analog in, 2 channel analog out o 4 ch/1ch analog in/out combination o 2 channel RTD in o 4 channel thermocouple in o PROFIBUS-DP Slave o AS Interface master

SELECTING THE OPERATING MODE FOR THE S7-200 CPU

The S7-200 has two modes of operation: STOP mode and RUN mode. The status LED on the front of the CPU indicates the current mode of operation. In STOP mode, the S7200 is not executing the program, and you can download a program or the CPU configuration. In RUN mode, the S7-200 is running the program. The S7-200 provides a mode switch for changing the mode of operation. You can use the mode switch (located under the front access door of the S7-200) to manually select the operating mode: setting the mode switch to STOP mode stops the execution of the program; setting the mode switch to RUN mode starts the execution of the program; and setting the mode switch to TERM (terminal) mode does not change the operating mode. If a power cycle occurs when the mode switch is set to either STOP or TERM, the S7-200 goes automatically to STOP mode when power is restored. If a power cycle occurs when the mode switch is set to RUN, the S7-200 goes to RUN mode when power is restored. STEP 7--Micro/WIN allows you to change the operating mode of the online S7-200. To enable the software to change the operating mode, you must manually set the mode switch on the S7-200 to either TERM or RUN. You can use the PLC > STOP or PLC > RUN menu commands or the associated buttons on the toolbar to change the operating mode. You can insert the STOP instruction in your program to change the S7-200 to STOP mode. This allows you to halt the execution of your program based on the program logic.

ERRORS IN S7-200

Non-Fatal Errors Non-fatal errors are those indicating problems with the construction of the user program, with the execution of an instruction in the user program, and with expansion I/O modules. You can use STEP 7--Micro/WIN to view the error codes that were generated by the non-fatal error. There are three basic categories of non-fatal errors Program-compile errors The S7-200 compiles the program as it downloads. If the S7-200 detects that the program violates a compilation rule, the download is aborted and an error code is generated. (A program that was already downloaded to the S7-200 would still exist in the EEPROM and would not be lost.) After you correct your program, you can download it again. I/O errors At startup, the S7-200 reads the I/O configuration from each module. During normal operation, the S7-200 periodically checks the status of each module and compares it against the configuration obtained during startup. If the S7-200 detects a difference, the S7-200 sets the configuration error bit in the module error register. The S7-200 does not read input data from or write output data to that module until the module configuration again matches the one obtained at startup. The module status information is stored in special memory (SM) bits. Your program can monitor and evaluate these bits. Refer to Appendix D for more information about the SM bits used for reporting I/O errors. SM5.0 is the global I/O error bit and remains set while an error condition exists on an expansion module. Program execution errors Your program can create error conditions while being executed. These errors can result from improper use of an instruction or from the processing of invalid data by an instruction. For example, an indirect-address pointer that was valid when the program compiled could be modified during the execution of the program to point to an out-ofrange address. This is an example of a run-time programming problem. SM4.3 is set upon the occurrence of a run-time programming problem and remains set while the S7200 is in RUN mode. Program execution error information is stored in special memory (SM) bits. Your program can monitor and evaluate these bits. The S7-200 does not change to STOP mode when it detects a non-fatal error. It only logs the event in SM memory and continues with the execution of your program. However, you can design your program to force the S7-200 to STOP mode when a nonfatal error is detected.

Fatal Errors

Fatal errors cause the S7-200 to stop the execution of your program. Depending upon the severity of the fatal error, it can render the S7-200 incapable of performing any or all functions. The objective for handling fatal errors is to bring the S7-200 to a safe state from which the S7-200 can respond to interrogations about the existing error conditions. When a fatal error is detected, the S7-200 changes to STOP mode, turns on the System Fault LED and the STOP LED, overrides the output table, and turns off the outputs. The S7-200 remains in this condition until the fatal error condition is corrected. Once you have made the changes to correct the fatal error condition, use one of the following methods to restart the S7-200: Turn the power off and then on. Change the mode switch from RUN or TERM to STOP. Select the PLC > Power-Up Reset menu command from STEP 7--Micro/WIN to restart the S7-200.This forces the S7-200 to restart and clear any fatal errors. Restarting the S7-200 clears the fatal error condition and performs power-up diagnostic testing to verify that the fatal error has been corrected. If another fatal error condition is found, the S7-200 again sets the fault LED, indicating that an error still exists. Otherwise, the S7-200 begins normal operation. Some error conditions can render the S7-200 incapable of communication. In these cases, you cannot view the error code from the S7-200. These types of errors indicate hardware failures that require the S7-200 to be repaired; they cannot be fixed by changes to the program or clearing the memory of the S7-200.

APPLICATIONS OF S7-200

Conveyer Systems Elevators Test Stations Placement Systems Woodworking Machinery Packaging Equipment Car Wash Automation Remote Monitoring And Controlling For Water/ Wastewater

FEATURES OF LADDER DIAGRAMS

The LAD editor displays the program as a graphical representation similar to electrical wiring diagrams. Ladder programs allow the program to emulate the flow of electric current from a power source through a series of logical input conditions that in turn enable logical output conditions. A LAD program includes a left power rail that is energized. Contacts that are closed allow energy to flow through them to the next element, and contacts that are open block that energy flow. The logic is separated into networks. The program is executed one network at a time, from left to right and then top to bottom as dictated by the program. Figure shows an example of a LAD program.

The various instructions are represented by graphic symbols and include three basic forms. Contacts represent logic input conditions such as switches, buttons, or internal conditions. Coils usually represent logic output results such as lamps, motor starters, interposing relays, or internal output conditions. Boxes represent additional instructions, such as timers, counters, or math instructions. Figure Sample LAD Program Consider these main points when you select the LAD editor: Ladder logic is easy for beginning programmers to use. Graphical representation is easy to understand and is popular around the world. The LAD editor can be used with both the SIMATIC and IEC 1131--3 Instruction sets. You can always use the STL editor to display a program created with the SIMATIC LAD editor.

COMPONENTS LIST:

Cardboard of 40*50 sq.cm PLC S7-200 Sensors LEDS Buzzers Motor Contactors Power supply 12v D.C battery Connecting wires PPI Cable

SENSORS

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic or electrostatic field, or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor requires a metal target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. IEC 60947-5-2 defines the technical details of proximity sensors. A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.

Applications

Car bumpers that sense distance to nearby cars for parking Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety Vibration / Position measurements of rotating shafts in machinery Sheet break sensing in paper machine. Anti-aircraft artillery

LEDS

Example:

Circuit symbol:

Function LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.

Testing an LED

Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!

LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct way round!

Sizes, Shapes and Viewing angles of LEDs

LEDs are available in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. The 'standard' LED has a round cross-section of 5mm diameter and this is probably the best type for general use, but 3mm round LEDs are also popular. Round cross-section LEDs are frequently used and they are very easy to install on boxes by drilling a hole of the LED diameter, adding a spot of glue will help to hold the LED if necessary. LED clips are also available to secure LEDs in holes. Other crosssection shapes include square, rectangular and triangular. As well as a variety of colours, sizes and shapes, LEDs also vary in their viewing angle. This tells you how much the beam of light spreads out. Standard LEDs have a viewing angle of 60 but others have a narrow beam of 30 or less.

Calculating an LED resistor value

An LED must have a resistor connected in series to limit the current through the LED, otherwise it will burn out almost instantly. The resistor value, R is given by: R = (VS - VL) / I

VS = supply voltage VL = LED voltage (usually 2V, but 4V for blue and white LEDs) I = LED current (e.g. 20mA), this must be less than the maximum permitted If the calculated value is not available choose the nearest standard resistor value which is greater, so that the current will be a little less than you chose. In fact you may wish to choose a greater resistor value to reduce the current (to increase battery life for example) but this will make the LED less bright. Working out the LED resistor formula using Ohm's law

Ohm's law says that the resistance of the resistor, R = V/I, where: V = voltage across the resistor (= VS - VL in this case) I = the current through the resistor So R = (VS - VL) / I

BUZZERS

A buzzer or beeper (BUZZERS) is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise). Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep.

MOTORS

An electric motor is a device using electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, nearly always by the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks.

Electric motors are found in myriad uses such as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and computer disk drives, among many other applications. Electric motors may be operated by direct current from a battery in a portable device or motor vehicle, or from alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the thousands of kilowatts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, and by application. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.

CONNECTORS

A DC connector is an electrical connector for supplying direct current (DC) power. DC connectors are poorly standardized, compared to domestic AC power plugs and sockets. DC plug is a common name used for one common type of cylindrical two-conductor plug available in a range of sizes and used to power small pieces of electronic equipment. It is also used to describe some older multi-pin plugs.

Several competing standards exist for DC plugs, and in some cases incompatible plugs will fit together, to avoid damaging equipment these conditions must be true:

Voltage must match. Polarity is correct. Current ratings are sufficient. Power supply filtering and stability is adequate for the equipment being powered

Non-matching connectors are forced together.

12V DC BATTERY

Features:

Less than a 1/2 volt self discharge per 6 months 4 ea 12Vdc outputs 20 Amp/Hours Built-charger Digital Voltmeter

Description: This unit supplies a full 12Vdc at 20 Amp/Hours. Designed for the officer that needs a power source that can be charged from 115Ac source or on the way to a incident from the car. The battery source has a very low self discharge rate which makes it perfect for law enforcement use. The battery can set on the shelf for more than 6 months without recharging. Everyone knows, when you grab a battery operated device, the internal battery always requires several hours of charging before using. The new voltage indicator reads out voltage to one hundredth of a volt for accurate operation. The four outputs are: 2.1mm plug, Quick terminals, and Cigarette lighter jack & PT02. (Mil. Spec.) This model also allows powering 12Vdc sources while plugged in to 115Vac. Its a UPS

SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS USED

PLC S7-200:
INPUT POWER INPUTS OUTPUTS PROGRAM MEMORY DATA MEMORY EXPANSION MODULES DIGITAL I/O IMAGE SIZE EXECUTION SPEED : 230V A.C, 50 Hz : 24 D.C INPUTS : 16 D.C OUTPUTS : 24 : 10KB :7 : 256(128 in, 128 out) : 0.22microseconds/instruction

COMMUNICATION PORTS : 2 RS 485

SENSORS
SENSING RANGE HOUSING MATERIAL OPERATING VOLTAGE OPERATING CURRENT CONNECTION TYPE : 3mm : Brass, Nickel Plated : 10-30V : <200mA : Cable

LEDS
DIAMETER: 5mm MAXIMUM VOLTAGE: 1V MAXIMUM CURRENT: 10mA INTENSITY:

BUZZERS:
OPERATING VOLTAGE:30Vp-p RATED FREQUENCY:2000Hz 500Hz OPERATING TEMP. RANGE: -20 to 60 degree

SOUND OUTPUT:70 dB min/10 cm

MOTOR:
TOTAL LENGTH: 46mm MOTOR DIAMETER: 36mm MOTOR LENGTH: 25mm DC SUPPLY: 4 to 12V RPM: 100 BRUSH TYPE: Precious metal GEAR HEAD DIAMETER: 37mm GEAR HEAD LENGTH: 21mm OUTPUT SHAFT: Centered SHAFT DIAMETER: 4mm and 6mm SHAFT LENGTH: 22mm