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Presentation
of engineer Roberto Handwerker, DELTA Ingegneria a consulting professional in advanced electrotechnics, thermodynamics & energetics, also technical advisor to italian Judges
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Disclaimer : Disclaimer:
The following experiments make use of electrical energy: please dont try to replicate them unless You are trained trained and and wellwellexperienced in electrotechnics: the presence of high voltages and currents could cause You serious injuring and may even be fatal ! Replication of presented experiments or circuits at Your own risk ! However, the the shown experiments are are verifiable verifiable and and replicable replicable by by someone someone who who has has the the right right means means and and know-how know-how.. The The term Cold electricity is is arbitrary, arbitrary, meaning meaning only only that that the the here here presented presented current current effects effects are are different different from from usual usual AC AC current current ones. ones.
Warning !
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Experiments were realised by use of low-budget equipment, small power laboratory apparatus, partially using scrap parts. Electric field: field this term includes both dielectric () and [5]. magnetic () fields[5] All construction and particular design of presented Tesla. experiments apparatus by DELTA Ingegneria
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: can an electrical device work by only one wire Question Question: or even without wires as stated by Nikola Tesla more than a century ago ?
el. wire
neon
motor
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v
ELMD LMD
v(t) propagation v(t) propagation oscillation perpendicular oscillation parallel to propagation to propagation
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v1 1 P
earth (slice) S P
where where k: k: elast. elast. norm.modulus, norm.modulus, : : elast. elast. tang.mod, tang.mod, : : density density of of means means
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In solids: VL = (E/) L
VT = (G/) T
longitudinal waves
[8] by longitudinal Test made on electric conductors fragmentation[8] electrodynamic forces: wires showed peculiar stress/break patterns (parallel (parallel stripes) stripes) rather rather than than heat/fusion heat/fusion patterns.
In physics HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY between physics exists exists the the HYDRODYNAMIC ANALOGY electrotechnics and . and hydraulics hydraulics.
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v = R. i
Ohms law
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by a heavy copper bar: current evidently doesnt follow the bar path (smaller ) as normal, preferring the lamp filament (greater ). Lamps rated for different voltages work at full brightness at the same time (*)
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v2 0
v1 1
v2 2
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water
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bulb
lamp emits light and repels the human hand, but attracts a suspended metal strip: The hand feels a kind of pressure coming from the lamp.
GND
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Generator
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The original Tesla 1900 patent n.649621 for Trasmitting electrical Trasmitting energy . energy. Tesla pancake coil
Dielectric longitudinal waves, devoid of magnetic component, emitted [10]. from from a a spherical antenna have have been yet observed in past[10]
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WIRELESS.
lamps
motors
[1] are lit and electric motors run lamps[1]
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Quantitative voltage voltage and and current current measures ( mV, mA) with (mV, with photomultiplier photomultiplier and and iron iron cored coil : coil: around the T.C. dielectric field E is E prevailing over magnetic field B, which is B, practically practically nil. nil. Qualitative : LED resonance Qualitative measures measures: resonance detector indicates presence of dielectric field whereas compass indicator stands still . still.
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Original Teslas 1901 patent n.685957 for receiving ENERGY from a metal plate
Tesla stout bars circuit
Teslas Teslas lecture lecture before before AIEE AIEE - 1891 1891
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GND
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Variant of apparatus for utilizing WIRELESS energy by a spherical antenna sferica and an electric motor grounded (only one wire): receives POWER plate
motor
GND
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rectifier
i +
motor
0 motor current
vacuum tube
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WIRELESS:
transmission of ENERGY, not only signal
MAGNETODIELECTRIC: is the dual of ELECTROMAGNETIC
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f1 = f0 . / 2
( = 3,141)
Frequencies relationship expressed by wave lenghts : proportional proportional as as circle circle radius radius to arc
/2
1
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lamp
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generator
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q = a+bi+cj+dk v = ai+bj+ck
instance: - Quaternions have anti-commutative property: i.j= - j.i - Vectors however have commutative property: i.j i.j= = j.i j.i - The The sum sum of of quaternions quaternions q1=a+b =a+bii+c +cjj+d +dk k and and q2 q2=a-b =a-bii-c -cjj-d -dk k gives gives q q= =q1 q1+ +q2 q2=2a =2a which which is but a scalar scalar not not equal equal to to zero zero - The The sum sum of of vectors vectors v1 v1=a =aii+b +bjj+c +ck k and and v2 v2=-a =-aii-b -bjj-c -ck k gives gives v v= =v1 v1+ +v2 v2=0 =0 that that is zero; zero; in in other other words words q1 q1+ +q2 q2=2a =2a but but v1 v1+ +v2 v2=0 =0 as an example, so: -> results are not the same and so the involved equations
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Calculation rules are not the same in the two systems, for
2 c2
Dielectric flux theorem Magnetic flux theorem Faradays law Ampres law
E = dielectric field; B = magnetic field; = charge density; 0 = dielectric constant in vacuum; 0 /t = time partial derivative; j = current density. 2. /t = 0 and Lorenz gauge would then arbitrarily .. A + 1/c2 arbitrarily fixed fixed as: as:
So So the the equations equations of of scalar scalar potential potential and and vectorial vectorial potential potential A are: are:
2 2 2/ t2 21/c2 2 2 2A/ t2 21/c2 2 2 = / 0 0 2 2A = J 0 0
where:
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It is observed that, by the so-called gauge freedom in in choosing choosing vectorial potential A e scalar , by introducing a scalar gauge function function (x,t) (x,t) and the following potentials potentials A Ae e A=A+ and = - /t it descends that E and B vectorial fields are unvaried; it is therefore possible to choose, instead of former Lorenz gauge gauge,, the the Coulomb Coulomb gauge gauge (in (in vacuum) vacuum) that that is: is: .. A A= =0 0 And And so so to to obtain obtain for for the the scalar scalar potential: potential:
2 2
= - /0 0
Poissons equation
whose solution, the instantaneous Coulomb potential associated to [11] as the variation of charge density, would but violate the causality [11] such potential would imply everywhere an instantaneous charge variation. variation. The results results obtained obtained by by two two gauges are therefore different.
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calculation and allow up to 55% memory space saving, for example in:
q
- aerospace navigation
q = a+bi+cj+dk
Use of quaternions could be made in Maxwells equations Moreover, two well known expressions of Maxwells equations (where B and E are respectively magnetic and dielectric vectorial fields) are: B= xA and E= - /t A
dielectric scalar potential and dielectric vector potential A curiously were often considered to be only mere mathematical abstractions rather than having physical meaning.
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= ( i /c , A )
where: where:
2 2
= 0 J 0
J = ( ic , J )
by by respect respect of of Lorenz Lorenz gauge gauge it it descends descends an an extension extension of of Maxwells Maxwells equations: equations: this this implies implies the the existence, existence, besides besides transverse transverse electromagnetic electromagnetic waves waves (T.E.M.), (T.E.M.), also also of of longitudinal longitudinal dielectric dielectric waves waves (L.M.D.), (L.M.D.), whose whose scalar scalar potential potential is is related related to to its its own own dielectric dielectric field field E E by by the the following following equation: equation:
E=
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By employ employ of of quaternions quaternions and and adoption adoption of Lorenz gauge, Maxwells equations can therefore be reduced to the only two following:
2 2 2 2 2E/t2 22E = -1/ ( 2 J/t ) 1/c2 + 1/c 0 0 2 2 2 2B/t2 22B = ( 1/c2 xJ) 0 0
J=
be it noted that scalar satisfies following wave equation which [11]: propagates with speed c in ether[11]
2 2 2 /t2 21/c2 2 2
= -(
.J + /t )
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This implies that distribution of a scalar wave induces a charge density and current intensity J (having speed c):
2 /t and = - 1/c2
J=
E
capacitor
even if charge and current J are not present in a particular zone; this would also explain the working principle of the electric electric capacitor capacitor by by also keeping in mind the theories of [5], according to J.P.Steinmetz[5] whom dielectric field between two conductors wouldnt only be confined to its surfaces, but it is distributed in the space between them, such as in the case of opposed capacitors plates.
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visit website: www.deltaavalon.com Videos on YouTube: Wireless power 1 & 2 etc. user: HorizonDelta
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LONGITUDINAL DIELECTRIC WAVES IN A TESLA COIL LONGITUDINAL AND QUATERNIONIC MAXWELL S EQUATIONS MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
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