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This tutorial includes: 16.1.Tutorial Features 16.2. Overview of the Problem to Solve 16.3. Before You Begin 16.4. Setting Up the Project 16.5. Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 16.6. Exporting the Results to ANSYS 16.7. Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Component Feature Details Conduction Through a Thin Wall Boundary Conditions Inlet (Subsonic) Outlet (Subsonic) Opening Wall: No-Slip Wall: Adiabatic CEL (CFX Expression Language) Timestep CFD-Post Plots Physical Time Scale Contour Cylindrical Locator Isosurface Temperature Profile Chart Other Changing the Color Range Expression Details View Lighting Adjustment Variable Details View Exporting Results to ANSYS
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Setting Up the Project Thermal Conductivity = 3.85[W m^-1 K^-1] The second model will maintain the original annular fluid domain, and turn the solid domain into a second fluid domain. Settings will be adjusted so that these two fluid domains can have separate physics. The domain interface will be 2 mm of copper. The pipe will contain dry steam at an initial temperature of 600 K and an initial velocity of 0.25 m/s. The steam outlet will have a relative pressure of 0 psi. All material properties for the dry steam will be set using the IAPWS Library option and using all default table values.
This tutorial also includes an optional step that demonstrates the use of the CFX to ANSYS Data Transfer tool to export thermal and mechanical stress data for use with ANSYS Multi-field solver. A results file is provided in case you want to skip the model creation and solution steps within ANSYS CFX.
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil 2. Set the working directory and start CFX-Pre. For details, see Setting the Working Directory and Starting ANSYS CFX in Stand-alone Mode (p. 3).
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 8. Right-click a blank area in the viewer and select Predefined Camera > Isometric View (Z up) from the shortcut menu.
Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity > Electrical Conductivity
Footnote
1. Expand a section by clicking Roll Down .
3.
Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Material Group Thermodynamic State Thermodynamic State > Thermodynamic State Material Properties Thermodynamic Properties > Equation of State > Molar Mass Thermodynamic Properties > Equation of State > Density Value User Solid 100.087 [kg kmol^-1] 2.71 [g cm^-3]
[2] [1]
(Selected)
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Thermodynamic Properties > Specific Heat Capacity Thermodynamic Properties > Specific Heat Capacity > Specific Heat Capacity Transport Properties > Thermal Conductivity Transport Properties > Thermal Conductivity > Thermal Conductivity Value (Selected) 0.9 [J g^-1 K^1]
[2]
(Selected)
[3]
Footnotes
1. The material properties for Calcium Carbonate defined in this table came directly from the Overview of the Problem to Solve (p. 292) section at the beginning of this tutorial. 2. Make sure that you change the units to those indicated. 3. You may need to first expand the Transport Properties frame by clicking Roll Down .
3.
2. 3.
Configure the following setting(s) of WaterZone: Tab Basic Settings Setting Location and Type > Location Fluid and Particle Definitions Fluid and Particle Definitions > Fluid 1 > Material Value Annulus
[1]
Fluid 1 Water
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Domain Models > Pressure > Reference Pressure Fluid Models Initialization Heat Transfer > Option Domain Initialization Value 1 [atm] Thermal Energy (Selected)
Footnote
1. This region name may be different depending on how the mesh was created. You should pick the region that forms the exterior surface of the volume surrounding the coil.
4.
Solid Domain Solid 1 Copper Thermal Energy (Selected) Electric Potential Automatic with Value
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Domain Initialization > Initial Conditions > Temperature > Temperature Value 550 [K]
Footnote
1. This region name may be different depending on how the mesh was created. You should pick the region that forms the coil.
3.
Name this new boundary Ground and click OK. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Electric Field > Option Electric Field > Voltage Value Wall Coil End 1[1] Voltage 0 [V]
Footnote
1. You will need to click Multi-select from extended list to see a list of all regions.
4. 5.
Click OK to apply these settings. Create a similar boundary named Hot at the other end of the coil, Coil End 2, and apply a voltage of 4.4[V].
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 1. 2. Create a new boundary in the WaterZone domain named inflow. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Mass and Momentum > Option Mass and Momentum > Normal Speed Heat Transfer > Option Heat Transfer > Static Temperature 3. Click OK to apply these settings. Value Inlet inflow Normal Speed 0.4 [m s^-1] Static Temperature 300 [K]
Name this new expression OutletTemperature and press the Enter key to continue. In the Definition entry box, type the formula areaAve(T)@outflow Click Apply. Close the Expressions view by clicking Close at the top of the tree view.
Create a new boundary in the WaterZone domain named outflow. Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Boundary Details Setting Boundary Type Location Mass and Momentum > Option Mass and Momentum > Relative Pressure Heat Transfer > Option Value Opening outflow Opening Pres. and Dirn 0 [Pa] Static Temperature
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Heat Transfer > Static Temperature Value OutletTemperature
[1]
Footnote
1. In order to enter an expression, you need to click Enter Expression .
8.
A default no slip, adiabatic wall boundary named WaterZone Default will be applied automatically to the remaining unspecified external boundaries of the WaterZone domain. Two more boundary conditions are generated automatically when a domain interface is created to connect the fluid and solid domains. The domain interface is discussed in the next section.
Set the name to Domain Interface and click OK to accept it. Configure the following setting(s) of Domain Interface: Tab Basic Settings Setting Interface Type Interface Side 1 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 1 > Region List Interface Side 2 > Domain (Filter) Interface Side 2 > Region List Additional Interface Models Heat Transfer Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Option Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Material Value Fluid Solid WaterZone coil surface SolidZone F22.33, F30.33, F31.33, F32.33, F34.33, F35.33 (Selected) Thin Material Calcium Carbonate
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Heat Transfer > Interface Model > Thickness Value 1 [mm]
[1]
Footnote
1. Make sure that you change the units to those indicated.
4.
Configure the following setting(s): Tab Basic Settings Setting Convergence Control > Fluid Timescale Control > Timescale Control Convergence Control >Fluid Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value Physical Timescale
2 [s]
For the Convergence Criteria, an RMS value of at least 1e-05 is usually required for adequate convergence, but the default value is sufficient for demonstration purposes. 3. Click OK to apply these settings.
3.
Click Save. CFX-Solver Manager automatically starts and, on the Define Run dialog box, the Solver Input File is set.
4.
If using stand-alone mode, quit CFX-Pre, saving the simulation (.cfx) file at your discretion.
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Temperature
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit Tab Setting Boundary Data > Hybrid Value (Selected)
Footnote
1. This is the deposit side that is in contact with the water.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Take note of the temperature range displayed below the Range drop-down box. The temperature on the outer surface of the deposit should range from around 380 [K] to 740 [K]. Change the contour location to Domain Interface Side 2 (The deposit side that is in contact with the coil) and click Apply. Notice how the temperature ranges from around 420 [K] to 815 [K] on the inner surface of the deposit.
16.5.3.2.1. Expression
1. 2. 3. Create a new expression by clicking Expression .
Set the name of this new expression to expradius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Definition Value (x^2 + y^2)^0.5
4.
Click Apply.
16.5.3.2.2. Variable
1. 2. 3. Create a new variable by clicking Variable .
Set the name of this new variable to radius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Expression Value expradius
4.
Click Apply.
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>Isosurface.
Footnotes
1. The maximum radius is 1 m, so a cylinder locator at a radius of 0.8 m is suitable. 2. The full temperature range is much larger due to temperature extremes on a small fraction of the isosurface. By neglecting those extreme temperatures, more colors are used over the range of interest.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Turn off the visibility of Contour 1 so that you have an unobstructed view of Isosurface 1.
Note
The default range legend now displayed is that of the isosurface and not the contour. The default legend is set according to what is being edited in the details view.
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Simulating the Copper Coil with a Calcium Carbonate Deposit 3. Configure the following setting(s) of Line 1 Tab Geometry Setting Definition > Point 1 Definition > Point 2 Line Type > Sample Line Type > Samples 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Apply. Create a new chart by clicking Chart . Value -0.75, 0, 0 -0.75, 0, 2.25 (Selected) 200
Name this chart Temperature Profile and press the Enter key to continue. Click the Data Series tab. Set Data Source > Location to Line 1. Click the Y Axis tab.
10. Set Data Selection > Variable to Temperature. 11. Click Apply. You can see from the chart that the temperature spikes upward when entering the deposit region and is at its maximum at the center of the coil turns.
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Tip
If using the stand-alone version, you can move the light source by positioning the mouse pointer in the viewer, holding down the Ctrl key, and dragging using the right mouse button.
In this case, you will be using CFX-Solver Manager to export data. Since the heat transfer in the solid domain was calculated in ANSYS CFX, the 3D thermal data will be exported using element type 3D Thermal (70). The mechanical stresses are calculated on the liquid side of the liquid-solid interface. These values will be exported using element type 2D Stress (154).
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Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Setting Value
[1]
3D Thermal (70)
Footnote
1. Leave Boundary empty since the entire volume is exported for 3D data.
4.
Click Export. When the export is complete, click OK to acknowledge the message and continue with the next steps to export data for Mechanical Stresses (p. 307).
You now have two exported files that can be used with ANSYS Multi-field solver. When you are finished, close CFX-Solver Manager and CFD-Post.
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16.7.1.1. Allowing for Fluid Domains with Separate Physics and Enabling Beta Features
In this section, you will disable Constant Domain Physics for this case. This will enable you to create two fluid domains with separate physical settings. Since this capability is a Beta feature, you must first enable the use of Beta features. 1. 2. 3. 4. Edit Case Options > General in the Outline tree view. Select the Physics > Enable Beta Features check box. Clear the Physics > Constant Domain Physics check box. Click OK to apply this change.
Note
Make sure to make the changes via Case Options > General in the Outline tree instead of via the Edit menu (Edit > Options > CFX-Pre > General).
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Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Tab Setting Electromagnetic Properties > Electrical Conductivity Value (Cleared)
Footnote
1. Expand a section by clicking Roll Down .
3.
273.15 [K]
(Selected)
1000.0 [K]
(Selected)
1000.0 [Pa]
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Absolute Pressure > Min. Absolute Pres. Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Absolute Pressure Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Absolute Pressure > Max. Absolute Pres. Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Points Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Maximum Points > Maximum Points Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Temp. Extrapolation Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Temp. Extrapolation > Activate Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Pressure Extrapolation Thermodynamic Properties > Table Generation > Pressure Extrapolation > Activate 4. Click OK to apply these settings. (Selected) Value
1.0E6 [Pa]
(Selected)
100
(Selected)
(Selected)
(Selected)
(Selected)
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Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam Tab Setting Fluid and Particle Definitions > Fluid 1 > Material Domain Models > Pressure > Reference Pressure Fluid Models Solver Control Heat Transfer > Option Domain Solver Control Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Timescale Control Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value Dry Steam 1 [atm] Thermal Energy (Selected) Physical Timescale 5.09 [s]
[1]
Footnote
1. The physical timescale is derived from the approximate copper pipe length (10.7 [m]) and the average rate at which the steam flows through the pipe (0.21 [m s^-1]).
5.
Note
Note that you will see several physics errors appear in the window below the 3D viewer. These are normal because you have just defined a second fluid at the interface, and now need to modify the domain interface from type Fluid Solid to type Fluid Fluid.
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Setting Domain Solver Control > Timescale Control > Physical Timescale Value 0.56 [s]
[1]
Footnote
1. The physical timescale is derived from the annular pipe length (2.25 [m]) and the rate at which the water flows through the pipe (0.4 [m s^-1]).
3.
Footnote
1. Click Multi-select from extended list of the listed regions and hold down the Ctrl key while selecting each
2. This thickness is based on the Nominal Pipe Size for a pipe with a 100 mm diameter.
3.
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Note
The values in this table come directly from the overview of the problem at the beginning of this tutorial.
5.
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil Tab Boundary Details 5. Setting Mass and Momentum > Relative Pressure Value 0 [Pa]
3.
Click Save. This tutorial makes use of a Beta feature: domain-specific solver control. A dialog box asks if you want to write the case even though it uses a Beta feature.
4.
In the Beta Physics Model Warning dialog box, click Yes. CFX-Solver Manager automatically starts and, on the Define Run dialog box, the Solver Input File is set.
Note
If you have used the global options instead of the case options to enable the beta features, make sure to turn it off because it will cause instability in future sessions.
5.
If using stand-alone mode, quit CFX-Pre, saving the simulation (.cfx) file at your discretion.
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Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam 4. 5. If using stand-alone mode, select Shut down CFX-Solver Manager. Click OK.
Temperature
Footnote
1. This is the deposit side that is in contact with the water.
4. 5.
Click Apply. Take note of the temperature range displayed below the Range drop-down box. The temperature on the outer surface of the deposit should range from around 370 [K] to 540 [K]. Change the contour location to Domain Interface Side 2 (The coil inner coil surface that is in direct contact with the steam) and click Apply. Notice how the temperature ranges from around 370 [K] to 600 [K] on the inner surface of the coil.
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16.7.3.2.1. Expression
1. 2. 3. Create a new expression by clicking Expression .
Set the name of this new expression to expradius and press Enter to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Definition Value (x^2 + y^2)^0.5
4.
Click Apply.
16.7.3.2.2. Variable
1. 2. 3. Create a new variable by clicking Variable .
Set the name of this new variable to radius and press the Enter key to continue. Configure the following setting(s): Setting Expression Value expradius
4.
Click Apply.
>Isosurface.
Footnote
1. The maximum radius is 1 [m], so a cylinder locator at a radius of 0.8 [m] is suitable.
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Simulating the Thin-Walled Copper Coil with Dry Steam 4. 5. Click Apply. Turn off the visibility of Contour 1 so that you have an unobstructed view of Isosurface 1.
You can see how the temperature along the steam coil gradually decreases along the length of the coil (as some of the heat in the steam is lost via heat transfer through the thin copper wall and to the cooler water on the other side). Now, you will adjust the temperature range along this isosurface to get a better understanding of the heat transfer from the steam coil to the surrounding water. Tab Color Adjust the settings of Isosurface 1 as follows: Setting Range Min Max Value User Specified 299 [K] 309 [K]
Note
The default range legend now displayed is that of the isosurface and not the contour. The default legend is set according to what is being edited in the details view. You can see how the cool water is heated as it passes directly past the steam coil (the cool water maintains a steady temperature until it reaches the first loop in the coil).
Accept the default name Line 1 by clicking OK. Configure the following setting(s) of Line 1: Tab Geometry Setting Definition > Point 1 Definition > Point 2 Line Type > Sample Line Type > Samples Value -0.75, 0, 0 -0.75, 0, 2.25 (Selected) 200
4. 5.
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Heat Transfer from a Heating Coil 6. 7. 8. 9. Name this chart Temperature Profile and press the Enter key to continue. Click the Data Series tab. Set Data Source > Location to Line 1. Click the Y Axis tab.
10. Set Data Selection > Variable to Temperature. 11. Click Apply. You can see from the chart that the temperature spikes upward when entering the coil region and remains relatively steady across the cross-section of the coil.
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