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( - E \L 2 &
- Arrossi, S. et al. Funding Community Initiatives. London:
Earthscan, 1994. = # & 2 ) U6 ’
- Blomstrom, M. and Hettne, B. Development Theory in
Transition, The Dependency Debate and Beyond: Third World
# , + 2 & 7$rT 8* n LT&
Responses. London: Zed Books, 1984. . J2 & . si& ’ ) ( 4
- Brown, Thomas F. Theoretical Perspectives on Social Capital.
Lamar University, 2004. )6P . Ts &4 W= 6F
- Coleman, James S. “Social Capital in the Creation of \L 2 & A1& $
[ ? 6 D 2 &
Human Capital”, American Journal of Sociology. 94: S-
95S120, 1998. ( . # 6/
- Sakiko, Fukuda-Parr; Lopes, Carlos and Malik, Khalid. . J . G s NO " # & ’ =
Capacity for Development, New Solutions to Old Problems.
London and Virginia, UNDP: Earthscan, 2002. < 2 & ’ h sK & P K ’
- Gendzier, Irene. Managing Development Change: Social : ` G ’ &2 r
Scientists and Third World Boulder. Colo.: Westview Press
1994. K & P K ’ " . si& ( W
- Gibbons. T. and Patrrick. A. Structuration Approach to the
P K ’ (. = ID K ’ ) WX
Resource and Capability Based View of the Firm. Dublin,
2001. # W h W C; Ž K &8 0 M ’
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" g # 7 g 31; 2s
Sakiko, Lopes, Carlos, Malik, Khalid (eds). Capacity for
Development. UNDP: EarthScan, 2002. ( . q 2
- Morgan, P. and Qulman, A. Institutional and Capacity
Development: Results Based Management and Organizational
I - 4 M # r . ." Q
Performance. Canadian International Development Agency, (. 2 ’2 & # = = 6T
1996.
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# r Q ) t 6s 2 + 1& x & /$+ HD 0
Review of Literature and Preliminary Conclusions. Paris, 2001. W s7/6" 2r1 2 & = 8r
- Olate, Rene. Local Institutions, Social Capital and Capabilites,
Challenges for Development and Social Intervention in Latin D m X X B < 4. =

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American. St Louis Washington University, October, 2003.

- Salomon, Jean Jacques; Sagati, Francisco R. and Celine
Sachs-Jeantet. Science, Technology, and Development. Tokyo,
New York, Paris: United Nation University Press, 1994.
- Shabbir. Cheema, G. Capacity Assessment and Development
Management, Development and Governance Division
Bureau for Development Policy, 1998.
- UNESCO. Plan a Moyen Terme (1977, 1982). Document 19
c4, 1977.
- United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Multinational Corporations in World Development. annex II.
- World Commission on Environment and Development. (WCED).
Our Common Future, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1987.

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- Mac Intyr. Whose Justice? Which Rationality? University of
Notre Dame Press, 1988. _E j >2 D ./ j D ./ 2 ID r (
- Nozick, R. Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic
Books, 1974.
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- Rawls, J. A Theory of Justice. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pa /6" 0 m a- 4 2 ID
1972.
- Raz. The Morality of Freedom. Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.
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- Brossea, M. “The City in Textual Form: Manhattan m b] @s + 2 = 6@0
Tranfer’s New York”, Ecumene. Vol. 2(1), 1995.
- Ellin, N. Postmodern Urbanism. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. 8 > # =. 4. 2 *2 .- ˜=
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London: Routledge, 2005.
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2 fI . 8r 2MW@ # 2s
- Theories of Moderenity and Postmodernity. Turner, S. (ed).
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B /8/ J2 . 2s 8
University Press, 1999.
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2% 2 - / 4. 2 h% 2- / Theory, Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity. Oxford and

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’ M* 1 TJ (. G h . 4‹ 6
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Space”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
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- Brookfield, H. Interdependent Development. London:
Methuen & Co., 1975.
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- Hirschman, A. O. The Strategy of Economic Development. 2s. s œ ) X 6g a 2 H & &) . .
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961.
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- Anderson & Dunkelberg. Entrepreneurship Starting a New #G =. 6 . s ] @ W s HWs
Business. Harper & Row, 1990
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Protable MBA in Entrepreneurship. New York: John Wiley & j & G Is 6& 2s D * G 2
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Behaviors and Structure on Corporate Entrepreneurial ` J8 O / -+ &9 / - $ T& 1 •
Success”, Journal of Managerial Psychology. Vol. 13, No. 1,
1998. 4. ! i& $
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# s t G s^ ) (
York: West Publishing Company, 1993.
- Hodgetts, Richard and Kuratko, Donald, F. Effective Small G s . P/ & h ;a
Business Management. Philadelphia Harcourt College, 2001.
. ." 7 . 7v Ea 2 =) (. s s
- Holt, David. Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation. New
Delhi: Prentice-Hall, 2002. 2 2 G s? ] 3 + 2 G .
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Contemporary Approach. Philadelphia: Harcourt College
(. ’
Publishers, 2001.
- Prokopenko, Joseph and Pavlin, Igor. Entrepreneurship
Development in Public Entreprises. International Labor K
Organization, 1991.
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Potential”, Management Decision. Vol. 38, No. 5, 2000. D /6" 5 2 TJ G =$$1

- Thompson, John. “The World of the Social Entrepreneur”,
The International Journal of Public Sector Management. Vol. . s . 4 h]* [ - 2 .
15, No. 5, 2002.
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- Echols and Neck Christopher. “The Impact of Behaviors
2 & H 1 G s2 & and Structure on Corporate Entrepreneurial Success”,
2 I 1 2 1W 2s ] G Journal of Managerial psychology. Vol. 13, N. 1, 1998.
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( &H ;a 6s contemporary Approach. Philadelphia: Harcourt College
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<. ." s HW s ] # G s Organization, 1991.
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(. G s . ." 2T . 3 a& 6 2 s * leasership, 1998.
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… \J - Parbhu Ganesh. “Social Entrepreneurial Leadership”, Career
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_. . X G s? 2 & (. s 6* Entrepreneurship: A New Look at the People and the

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- Khanka, S.S. Entrepreneurial Development. New Dilhi: Chand
and Company Itd., 2003.
2 J 6W0 ) . ." @w 0 P
- Stathopoulou, Sophia; Psaltopoulos, Demetrios & Skuras, . 4. G s 2 Ea q 4.
Dimitris. “Rural Entrepreneurship in Europe: A Research
Framework and Agenda”, International Journal of # Ts s `$& 2 J 810 6W0 Š 2s D *
Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research. Vol. 10, No. 6, ) J \L ) # G s( : "
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004.
- Kuratko, Donald and Hodgetts, Richard. Entrepreneurship: A G 7v Ea 7 M& 8> . W 2 Ea -
Contemporary Approach. Philadelphia: Harcourt College 2s &v Ea * + 7v Ea
Publishers, 2001.
- Prokopenko, Joseph and Pavlin, Igor (eds). Entrepreneurship ) 2s . # T Is 6& ) (. Is 6& T `
Development in Public Enterprises. Management 2 & @w 4. . .E 0 # G s
Development Series. No. 29, International Labour
Organization. 1991. (. T
- Keeble, D. and Tyler, P. “Enterprising behaviour and the K @L G” a 8 / 2s ) G s 2 Ž)
Urban-Rural shift”, Urban Studies. Vol. 32, No. 2, 1995.
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- Whittick, A. (ed). Ecyclopedia of Urban Planning. McGraw
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- Bellows, Anne C. et al. “Urban Livestock Agriculture in
State of New Jersey”, Urban Agriculture Magazine. No. 2, 8r T 4 # I 4 2 2" &
Leusden (The Netherlands), 2000. . D & B 8 v 2 H@c 2 M&
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Livestock and the
Environment : Meeting the Challenge. Rome, 1997. D - (. B] 2 bc
- Freeman, D.B. A City of Farmers, Informal Urban Agriculture . r 2s •.a 7v € "
in the Open Spaces of Nairobi (Kenya). Toronto, 1991.
- Iaquinta, D.L. & Drescher, A.W. “Defining, Periurban:
8 D 6DG # " 2 3@ ` = š
Understanding Rural-Urban Linkages and Their
Connection to Institution Contextes”, Tenth World Congress
of the International Rural Sociology Association. (August 1,
2000), Rio de Janeiro, 2000.
- Lynch, Kenneth. Rural-Urban Interaction in the Developing
World. London: Routledge, (2005).
- Misra, H. N. “Rae Bareli Sultanpur and Pratapgarh
Districts, Uttar Pradesh (North India)”, Small and
Intermediate Urban Centres; Their Role in Regional and
National Development in the Third World. Hardoy, J. E. and
Satterthwaite, D. (eds.). USA, 1986.
- Rabinovitch, J. Placing Rural-Urban Linkages in the
Developing Abate. UNDP, 2001.
- Satterthwaite, D. “Seeking an Understanding of Poverty that
Recognizes Rural- Urban Differences and Rural- Urban
Linkages’, The World Bank's Forum on Urban Poverty
Reduction in the 21st Century. April 2000.
- Schiere, Hans & Gera den Dikken. Urban farming and animal
Production, a Synthesis. IAC, Wageningen (the Netherlands),
2002.
- Tacoli, C. Rural-Uraban Linkages and Pro-Poor Agricultural
Growth. IIED, Hesinki Workshop, 2004.
- Van Veenhuizen. The Rural Urban Interface. Leusden (The
Netherlands), 2003.

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4 a 2 •• Y ) U6 (. # 6 H E&:" e : "9 + @ EM& 9 +
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8c T 4 * , j@ ,w . •
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=2 e * +2 U X
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. ( ] # s 7 .
* + " * #.
l aD2 #G # # & 6 =
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(.
t 2 # & 6 = I
- Caves, R. (ed). Encyclopedia of the City. London: Routledge,
2005.
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# & 2 ) L & NG s .s
s G . = 4 #G
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(. s /W ” ^ Ts
F # h s mGh s 3+ T )X E
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16s # Ts 7$rT r mG : 4 M NO # ^ 4 $/
/ .* ) =. s J 8 / ) & h ( mG W & M@ L mG 4 M #G
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=. s J , 6 * &. 6& .0 2 &tT 2 * ( G " 2 Gj & *Y ) 4 M
mG 6s ( T I # g 7 E & 4. H" # mG : .a
7 0 . 4 # r6 . B F 7 -2 ¤ & , + #G 4
" ( s Hc &#/ # #G : &I I s 2 ( = B ] 4. m W* A gm X X
) s * GB F . T0 H& 2@W@ t # mG 4 BF L
h 8 / r mG # 16D Y. / 2 ( 0 s .* " ( /6" L &
2/ 6] 2s W H]/ ) # / 2s = 26TX 0 ) I •2 € /
_ / ^ G 2s G2 e ) 0 T s : 1 ) &m 6s 2 * Š t I" mG
A K ® . 1/ Y. / 2 (. 4. G " 2 ( Ts
mG & *j 1"# G 2@oW 2 " ! G 8rT& ¤ & K- )
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0# / L W A a& 2 / C; S & & .0 # T L E/
Y " 2 B 6& " ) ( = ) (. B] Ts / E G)W s
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# . 2@oW ) ( & W 6 2s. G ) X 2 M= #
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s ) mG€ . D & 2 ]J8 /) 2 r@ 4.T B ] D 8 , J B .0 )
Ts 6 @0 1+ A •b Q 2s g D . 8 #G ] qL
A I ^6" =8r B ve •4 M . m T I 7 r 2@ 2
( 6T # w" 6 @0 ( s b= #G # 2 8W

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4 $/( 2 " & hs * / 6 " B F * ) 2s. h v + [ 1W 2@- mG :
H . D &^ G F q E 2 mG 2@oW b D . 6 W mG ,
G^ g # 2 ;0 2 ;0 ” !" ) 4 G " 2 E0 Y.6/ 7 P0 & Ts
4 2 k& :0 g 2s +2 e 1& \ L Y. s . a 8 / r 2 #G 2 s
4 M 2U " T 2 +2 G # & 6 E 0 3; ( 4 s 8 .1& Ts
. D &j 2s #G 4. s . D &
G4 K@ L 7v Ea Ts ) U6 ( s
8 /2 . 6 4 M >s .* 8 / ) &m 6s
(. s Z
2 s . n E L& # X m 6s 8 / #G e 1&
2 =) G mG 4 BF 4
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7 ;0 =. s J rX s 8 D 2 4
, ) i& 2 / 0 2
8 2r1 W + B ID
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W 8 /H . 7 &1 # = G# . . 2 L1& d M 3 +
( 4. s (. \ s 6TX a 2
a; h / mG : 2 b= mG 2T / 1 3 1+ # 16D 4. / 2
0 m r g / 2 HW * 3 * #G ] & s` . # & 6
.0 0 ’ 7$ rT& ( = 0 4 •q€ 1 J 1 ( ` 8 0 #G 4 M
, 6/ mG 4 : & A g ./ 0 2 mG # . & 6 4 X 7 0 26TX # 1* -
(. s 7 F 4 " # . . & 6 Ws . 2@= # W
.* G mG 4 BF B > .* (. G_ E 2 #G @10
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< .k . hW &) *W 1 7 02 e # 0 . # 0 A & mG
:1 G # I HW* mG : & ' := • 7 0Y . # 0 . 8E 8* `†Ž‰‡
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. * HW* mG T `9 . & = + / := • • g 7 *$- ←€ g 7 *$- !J 4
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( 4 s 0 Ts G
KU ! 9 &L. #
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mGh = h , 1 2 I G G (•2 € =
2 t I G 4 8 rT& mGh s e 4‹ 2 / s .* )
) .r t6s 2 s# J & 4 s^ :1 ( 5 Ts 0 26 s2 * Is
2s # / .& )L 2 (. s G / 6" ) s3 / s .* )
G . W 2 * / Š• mG ` = (. 4. U J / 6 " 7 1
. W I 0$ 3 & .r t I . * 8 10 ) 2 & 6 # T ‹J
& . = t6s mGh 4 = G :0 …. 8D Š2 #
(. s G g . >s . * Y M = s. 2s GBF •
. F 8 / mGh = 8 rT& mG . 7 0 . M* 4‹ 2 mG :
2 s, Ea ^ mG ` = . , , E mG < 4 C;
mG # I 2s# + ( bJ Ni& I 4. F 2 / .* 8 10 ) 4 H c # rD •
mGh = 0#/ T 3 T& / &# G, s ”$ 4
mGh s 3+ 2s D* . 6s B ]W (. s
A hs * T / 6 " B F 2s M= # & 2N * a- m " # 2 ,
T s 2 s 3+ ( mG h 4 = S P/ \ T/ W s 3+ m " *
mGh = , . T 2 W & M- r6 Z + 3+ r # s
B 6& , Ea # & 4. 8 rT& 8E (• = J ←€ . 4. =J , J s ,]J Z "
2 (. s .J2 8E rT Ghs 8rT #. / m BF Ni mG .2 @s +2
0$ 3 & .r 2 g # t I 4 $/ (. G 6T ) . 2 BF Ni #G :1& 2
. X ( NO 4 = 8 rT& ) = . 2 `†Ž•‰ †Ž•‰ 2 g ) 0 "
mGh = 8 rT & 2s ) 0 " . = mGh = 2 8 .1& mG
( / m # 4. 0 mG 2 B F . b= # 2 mG ) 8 /ŠH& &2 g
7 -2 2s . 8 6& T mG j & 1/2 8 / ) # H & &) 2
2s 7 M& ) 2 1D . . 4 = 8 rT& mGh = ) (. . = . D & # " hs * $
[ 6/ . D &
7 - tD 2 G m L mG 2 0 * / 6 " H& 2@W@ g ) 0 "
m L ) mG h = 2s D * = / s.* F # 2s 7 .0 7 1
2 <. B ] 2 mGh 4 = S P/ S G (. = = = w& X "
. * ! V mGh 4 = S P/ # 2s ) ) Ts2/ 0 g #. M g ) 0 "
SP/ # G ) & v[ 6 (. s mL mG 2 # mG h W & A . ¨ W [1 &
3 + g ) = 0 )VJ 4 = (. 0 mGh =
H & &) 2 = 7 - •tTJ€ Ts2/ 0
. r t 6s !k ) & G 6K ! #9V KU ! 9
4. mG 2s g G2 G 8 W& F 2 # HD c
mGh 4 = S P/ . & 2s (. J g 2s# . & mG _$ & = @"

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8 _ + , Ea T/ T Ts @- 4 = # / = T M •
7 - mGh 4 =# 2s D 4 2 mGh 4 = SP/ 8 rT&
( = (. 7 1 G r6 2 .r
) #I #/ 8 v[ 6 mGh 4 =SP/ 2s . Z M& I =
(. h mG _ E& a& t g 07 -2 2 * 6W0
( = 7 - 6"2 =4 2 G . 0 mGh 4 = P/ G
ªD M Š‰ 2 mGh 4 = t S P/ . & 4 J 4 M 4 $/ . mG ` = œ /
M †‰ 2 Š2 M Š‰ 4 = [P ( = !J I 4. 4 œ 0 mG mG 2 6
) mG ` = . hW &#/ 2s 2 =2 S P/ # mG h W & 2s . 6 2 M=
M †‰ 4 = ( 2 * / Š• M Š‰ 4 = 4 H # G mGh 4 = t 2s
s / mG h / †Š 2s (. = mG .
:0 ( .r 2 8E 2 J 7 -2 h !J / s .* 2s & w& 7 2
) = 0# r # Ts P/ 1 # I shW & . G " 2 g 7 *$-
2s ") ) ( # G Ts ) 2 ( 4. = = X mGh =
( = 8 W& G / s .* D oW g 7 *$- 810 2s
2 #. #/ 2s )2 g 0mG 7 2 r 4. / mG 2
7 1 s ) 2 mG 2. 4 M .r hF ¢M* , oW ) ( Jb G
m 6s mG 2s &2 g 0mG (. s ( = 7 - G 2 GH& &
# # W mG 2s h 0 2r@ 2s / s .* mG ) = 8 a&
I g =. s J . X < 4. mGh = . 2 2 mG # 8 a& . G
( mG # œ 0 H1 s I " mG 4 M 7. ) # J !J
] #G " 4 C; r6 B ^ • 2 g mG # s \LJ ) 4 $/ ( G
# =. 6 ) ( C; G mG ) = @" 2 T J " ]
#G K ’ 8 rT & mGh = 2 @s 2 SP/ #G . . 7 s 2 =# s
6 & mGh =# mG h W & 2 # & G t6s M Š / s .* ( r6
v k6J & . ¢ M* v mG . G G r 2s " I
) i& , J G:6" 2 HT " s t 6s mG ) = @" 2/ I 2
m X & I6 J 4X & ( s r6 mG 2 g G s
( s4 ) @V W G4 mG . #I F # g 2 2" & g*,*
… . & 1/ = s2 ) 2s & . 6& … " 7 -Ž2 # & r6 / mG
2s ) 2 (mG ` = 2 e 7 # h († ) 2 mGh = S P/ # r6 , •
4 = G 2s M - 7v Ea Ts :0 t6s G .r 2 mGh 4 = #/ 2s
) 2 2" & mG ` = . G › & (. s G g . & . s
. # / 26 2s 2 =2 . w& G 2 *` . mGh 4 = # mG
/ 2s s ) (. s G 7v Ea F 2 4 = P/ 2 mG # b= mG 4 "

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2 I 2 * hW & 7 F . W* I # = = mG .] h F &
( 4 M 2 . 8 2s 0 . s2
/ 2s = 2] # & b= 2U G 2 2" & 4 s 1/ #G 2 mG 2s "
2 " D + mG = 4 <
2 # / 2s )2 < 4 s .J¥ 1b .- mG 6"2 \T L (Š
mGh 4 = (. 4 s 7 1 mG h = 8 rT& / . X n E L& .G \ J 2s 1
mG ` = 2s / .& 7 1/ < 6/ _ E mG
G2 e [s T . W 2 * / Š• 7 # h G ( T L mG (Ž
. .a& g D*) (. B] g 2 1 " mGh =# mG ` =2 e
#T 2 ;0 Š t 80 .* 2s / , G 2s ) 2 .s . J \TL
. T 1W h 0 .r 7 ] 2s T ` 2 #G 2 mG .X t
(. 8 rT& =) X . W6 . s b= . W 2 * .0 2Uc š
› & mGh = 8 rT& # v[ 6 mG 16s @ v 2 2s /
g # s 2X kr 2 g 7 ;0 2g (. 0 . 4.
7 ;0 . & . 7 1 3W 8
# 2s G ] (. s g KU ! 9 ! #/K 6 7
, # & 8 rT& mGh = / mG mGh = 2s # +
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. @" O : j U4' O (-4# ,1 (4 s W* M;E s x
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Ltd., 2005.
(. , - 1 z2 L&y # /2 - Whittick, A. (ed). Encyclopedia of Urban Planning. McGraw
7 Y. 6 2s . # W 1 2 b= Hill, Inc., 1974.

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- Faryadi, S. “Local Urban Design Guidelines for the Future s J # 2& c 8> 1+ - / •
Global Cities in Iran (with Emphasis in the sense of
< s &^ 7$a r@6/ 8r @ "
Place)”, Proceedings of 1st International Symposium and
Workshop “Sustainable Resource Utilization: Local Structures . G T0 )rW & M ^ 2 @a •
and Globalization. German Academic Service and the
Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and
2s # = = s^ K@ L
Development. Tehran-Iran. September 2003. ( 6T 2@a ^ & ] 8 /
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- Brundtland, G.H. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford 1 L& NG 2s . F 2 #W . ( 4. G
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Intern j. Environ. Stud. (IJES). 42, 1992. ( . "
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The Sciences. 35 (6), 1995. W A a , oW Q
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Management. 30 (1), 2002.
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( 1+ # W 2; 2D Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book CO., 1977.

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#G M@ L K & W A a 4• UNEP. 3 (3): 37, 1994.

K &t ( 2 w& : " , a& B 6 - Pimental, D. et al. Environmental and Economic Cost of
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Landscape Ecology. Vol. 17, 2002.
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Infrastructure, Toward Livable Cities. Washington, D.C.: The ] @a ) rD 2 +) 6

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) =

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- Auf Der Heide. Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation ) ( gŠ B % T D
and Coordination. St. Louis: Mosbe, 1989. W 2% K+R * # a .
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May 2002. Accessed at: http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/
downlo-ads BuildingDRCdoc.doc 2 _ + D &2 h
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Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable
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Joseph Henry Press, 2001. 2 2" & (. = 4. / D " TL
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Washington DC: International City Managers Association, 6T I G 2 " D D
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Responses. Boulder, CO.: Program on Environment and
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Growth Management - Drabek, Thomas E. Social Dimensions of Disaster, 2nd
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asp.
2 & W A a ’ M* 7 P ) J - Flynn, Stephen. The Edge of Disaster: Rebuilding A Resilient
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2 7$ W & 2 &# # & H & &) 6 2
- Godschalk, David R., Timothy Beatley, Philip Berke, David
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I 2 , 6 +2 . . ( /6"
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p * h * 7 F • . 4 * ←€
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( & D 7.0 s2 " h
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- Andand, Sudhir & Amartya K. Sen. Sustainable Human
( D 2; K ’ • Development (Concepts and Priorities). UN Development
Programme, Office of Development Studies, Discussion
Paper Series, 1996.
Z ( 3 T - Harris, J. M. Basic Principles of Sustainable Development.
Medford: Tufts Uni.
? 7 >" - United Nations. Indicators of Sustainable Development.
Is D # V ) A # /2 # rD f I Guidelines and Methodology. New York, 2001.
- United Nations. The Earth Is Our Habitat, 1996.
7 D 2 s H & & ) 2 (. s 86/ - UNEP. Small Island Environmental Management. UN System-
Wide Earthwatch Coordination, Geneva, 1998.
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Is D 6* #G TL # 0 Design. Plan Pacific Consultant;(USA), 2000.

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- Grumbine, R. “What Is Ecosystem Management?” 2 8V W ) 2 1 8V W 4. s J
Conservation Biology. Vol. 8(1).
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- Asgary, Ali. “Theorizing Disaster and Emergency … 8 OP X . •
Management”, Tsunami and Disaster Management. Roj
Kumar and Srivastava, D.K. (eds), Hong Kong: Thomson, <: 2 @L& (†
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- Davis Ian. “Problems with Principles of Emergency
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- Fred Cuny. Disaster and Development. New York: Oxford UN
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- American Planning Association, Planning and Urban Design
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# 6 vW # rM W F - Bernstein. Evolutionary Socialism. New York: Schocken,
1961.
vW 8r ) ( =. 6 vW
- Campble, A. and Right T. (eds). The New Social Democracy.
=. 6 ¬ #. • vW ←€ Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
- Caves, Roger (ed). Encyclopedia of the City. London & New
(. = 2 " # G & . I= York: Routledge, 2005.
=G m L 2r G ; - Clark (ed). Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought. London:
Routledge, 2001.
. *!D J 6" B] t I
- Huntington, S. The Third Wavee: Democratization in the later
2 !D J 6" #. . ( 8V 0 Twentieth Century. Oclahoma: Oclahoma University Press,

2 # /2 . ." ! D J . ) .* 1991.
- Pateman, C. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge:
# =. 6 \ I = t I G & Cambridge University Press, 1974.
>s W D J ) &G ! D J ( / - Schumpeter, J. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New
York: Harper, 1991.
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) i&: 4. sh 2 >2 # J 8 and Windus, 1973.
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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
… 9 2 # J xIs ,. =‹ - Saffell, D. State and Local Government. New York: McGraw-
2;@ 7 1 ^ # J xIs 2; • Hill, 1993.

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Perspectives in Economic Geography. London: Harper & Row
( A@W & ) : & #G L & q =‹
1990.
- Friedmann, J. Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of E 0 t , a& , P H & & h F
Venezuela. Cambridge, 1966.
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- CIRDAP. A Strategic framework for the millennium. Cirdap, D oW 2s #G 8s . ) #s 3 + •
2006.
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- American Planning Association (APA), Planning and Urban x / 6" 0 ,I & H" \ M
Design Standards. Wiley, 2006. 2 =) 5 . &2 . . Is E0
- Caves, Roger W. (ed). Encyclopedia of the City. London:
Routledge, 2005. 4 7 -2 ` W Is
- Gallion, Arthur; Eisern, Simon and Eisner, Stanley. The
th
Is 2 * 2 2 H & & ) . (. G
Urban Pattern. 6 ed. VNR, 1993.
- Watson, D. ; Plattus, A. and Shibley, R. Standards for Urban 4 2 . =.
Design. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
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 ) U6 # = = =7 " @/2 - Bobek, Hans. “Entstehung und Verbreitung der
Hauptflursysteme Irans, Grundzüge einer
( &4. U J )rW 8V W G 2 2 #. sozialgeographischen Theorie”, Mitteil. Der österreichischen
= 16s ^ g ") + 2 ) georgr. Gesellschaft, Bd. II u. III, 1976.
- English, P.W. City and Village in Iran. Wisconsin, 1966.
( a fI rW hs & )rW - Hudson, F.S. A Geography of Settlements. London, 1970.
.* . & 4 6 t )s 6" - Lienau, C. Ländlichen Siedlungen. Braunschweig, 1986.
- Niemeier, G. Siedlungsgeographie. Braunschweig, 1977.
\ H@c 2r@ W rW - Uhlig, H. U. C. Lienau: Die Siedlungen des ländlichen
Raumes. Giessen, 1972.
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# W . u. W Is * Is .0 Press, Limited, 2005.
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McGraw Hill Inc., 1974.
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- Chisholm, M. Rural Settlements and Land Use. London, 1962.
- Christaller, Walter. Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland. 9 ; Is # r 2 F ) WL 2s
Jena, 1933. <K @ L 9 ; 7v a& <•B†‡ŽŽ€ . =
- Galpin, Charles J. “The Social Anatomy of Agricultural
Community”, Agricultural Experiment Station, Reserarch 7 r Q #. = 2 &2 4‹ 2
Bulletin. 34, Madison, 1915. = 7 + 1& ` W = 8 8 6* "2 "
- Gradmann, Robert. “Das Landliche Siedlungswesen des
Konigsreichs Wurttemberg”, Forschungen zur Deutschen 2D 1 2 A .D &71 W : "
Landes- und Volkeskunde. 21. Bd., Heft. 1. 2. Auflage, g & w& 7 /$+
Stuttgart, 1925.
- Haggett, P. Locational Analysis in Human Geography. New
T = ` W= #G 4 6 ((( =
York, 1971. A = = Is 2 .
- Ibid. Allgemeine Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Munchen und Leipzig,
.O 2s 4. . .J r ) 71
1923.
- Isard, D.W. Methods of Regional Analysis. MIT Press, 1960. #r 2 F 2D + \ J , - 2s #G .
- Lienau, C. Laendliche Siedlungen. Braunschweig, 1977. " (. . G s 2 D 7 -2 . & 6 Is
- Loyd, P. & Dicken, P. Location in Space. London, 1972.
- Sombart, Werner. “Einige Anmerkungen zur Lehre von hF " e 1& #G 2 D # G 4. )
standort der Industrien”, Archive fur Sozialwissenschaften und + r ) 86r A P bJ#
Sozialpolitik. 30, 1910.
- Von Thunen; Johann Heinrich. Der Isolierte Staat in
# . 6T # s2 " & 7. )
Beziehung auf Landwirtschaft und Nationalokonomie. 4 P B F r p *1
Rostock, 1842.
- Weber, Max. “Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft”, Grundriss der
4 & D. 7 F #G 2 D ./ 0 =‹
Sozialokonomik. III, 2. Auflage, Tubingen, 1925. ,. 2 s *2r ) ( 4. 2V /
-Ullman, E.L. “A Theory of Location for Cities”, American
7v a& 2 Is # r 2 F 1
Journal of Sociology. 46, 1940-41.
-Weber, Adna Ferrin. The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth ./ 0 =‹ ) ( Z - h W
Century. New York and London, 1899. 2 J g . D. 2 F
-Weber, Alfred. “Industrielle Standortlehre (Allgemeine und
Kapitalistische Theorie des Standorts)”, Grundriss der 7 D ; 8 - * 5 ) &h ( 4
Sozialokonomik. 6. Abt. Tubingen, 1914. N . JA * 2s ) D W s F
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- Bonine, M. Yazd and Its Hinterland, 1975.
- Chisholm, M. Rural Settlements and Land Use. London, 1962.
, *) ( . a *
- Christaller, walter. Die zentralen Orte in Suddeutschland. Jena, 2 & r # = = b=n
1933.
- Galpin, charles J. The Social Anatomy of Agricultural
r@6/ x P .§ . §) . 1 . J
Community. Agricultural Experiment Station, Research / 6" ;a [ - 2 = 4.
Bulletin 34, Madison, 1915.
- Haggett, p. Geography, A Modern Synthesis. London, 1971.
x P A g ) (. = 0 F. E0
- Haggett, p. Locational Analysis in Human Geography. New … 2 2" & BI@ W r@6/
York, 1971.
- Isard, D.W. Methods of Regional Analysis. MIT Press, 1960.
s 2 2 D M G€ + 1& K@ L g •
- Loyd, P. & Dicken, P. Location in Space. London, 1990. < G2 #r •(((
- Mezer, I.R. & Huggett, R.J. Settlement. London, 1981.
- Ullman, E.L. “A Theory of Location for Cities”, American < & . K@ L 7 W i& •
Journal of Sociology. 46, 1940-41. h/ J r 2@ - •
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- Barnard, Chester. The Function of Executive. Cambridge:
t 2 ; = <. 2 W #G 8 W Harvard University Press, 1962.
- David, Miller (ed). “Interest”, Encyclopedia of Political
" x .* t 2 >2 ) P 2- / Thought. New York: Blackwell.
2- / 6 +2 2 ; # (. 4 G 6T - Hawkesworth, M. and Kogan, M. (eds), Encyclopedia of
Government and Politics. London: Routledge, 1992.
. X t )r6 F 2s P - Rowls, John. Political Libralism. New York: Clumbia
( =8 # .X 6W0 # University, 1996.

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M Š‰‰‰ 6" hs & : (. Streetwise Press, 2005.
2 * 2 ; =‹ # /2 I : @s - Johnston, R.J. et al. A Dictionary of Human Geography. Mass:
Blackwell Publishers Lid, 2000.
( 2 s2 T $s #$s - Clark, A.N. Longman Dictionary of Geography (Human &
W . & #$ s 2 ; Physical). UK: Harlow, Essex, 1985.

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- Mumford, L. The Cultures of Cities. London: Secker.Band
8 ^ E A a #G . " (. E Warburg.
q 1 H@c I #G c b= 2X s 2 - Fuchs, R. Brennan, E. et al. Mega-City Growth and the Future.
Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1999.
2 ] . & #G 8 / B./ 2s - Caves, Roger (ed). Encyclopedia of the City. London and New
2 $ 1 2s # U G = 4. 2 ) York: Routledge, 2005.

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- Hough, Micheal. City Form and Nutural Process. Routledge,
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1989.
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Applications, Wiley, 2005.
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 e ,- & !

Urban Migration”, Geographical Analysis. Vol. 2, No. 1, 7 " v C; 2 ` W= @

1970.
- Mangalam, J.J. & Schwarzweller, H.K. Some Theoretical v ¨ zmy B F 4 ( ¥ 2 #G
Guidelines Toward a Sociology of Migration, Working Paper. B F 4 ) ( " ) & "
USA. Virginia: University of West Virginia, 1968.
- Nikolinakos, Marios. “Notes Towards a Theory of 7 " z¥y B F 4 (. . T $s
Migration in Late Capitalism”, Race and Class. Vol. 16, No. " X s# X s# ^ Š @@6D )
1, 1975.
- Richmond, Anthony H. & Ravi P. Verma. “The Economic c# = s7 " [&.6/ #G X s # 2s
Adaptation of Immigrants: A New Theorical Perspective”, T X s# Ts) 2 26
International Migration Review. Vol. 12, No. 1, 1978.
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8 v ) 1& , 1 2 • ←€ 4 =. (}{“‘
- Amin, Samir. “Modern Migration in Western Africa”,
8v 2; (. W x 7 " . J Samir Amin (ed), Modern Migration in Western Africa.
B 6& 2s ) # Tg # G & " 2 =) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
- Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali. Migration and Urbanization. Shiraz:
2 G 2 "m X X # V /6" Zar Publication, 2002.
)r6 2s . 2 # V - Lee, Evertts. “A Theory of Migration”, Demography. Vol. 3,
No. 1, 1966.
n E 2 s ]G ( T 4 G - Mabogunje, Akin I. “System Approach to a Theory of Rural
 e ,- & !

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23
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- Amin, Samir. Modern Migration in Western Africa. Oxford:
. 0h " 2 810 2
Oxford University Press, 1974. T 2s 8 10 F 2 BF
- Bacon, Llyod. “Poverty Among Interregional Rural-to-
Urban Migrants”, Rural Soviology. Vol. 36, No. 2, 1971.
l aD . s T . W W
- Castles, S. and Kosack, Godula. “The Function of Labor F r (. s ?& G 2- / .D &
Immigration in Western European Capitalism”, New Left
Review. May-June, 1972.
1] r 6" . G " 2 2 8
- Castles, S. and Kosack, Godula. Immigrant Workers and Class ( 7 " 2
Structure in Western Europe. London: Oxford University
Press, 1973. Ts q j & / 2]
- Eisenstadt, S. N. The Absorption of Immigrants. Glenco, The
Free Press, 1954. & B. / l aD2 " J
- Lahsaeizadeh, Abdolali. Migration and Urbanization. Shiraz: TL " " "
Zar Publication, 2002.
- Lec, Everett S. “A Theory of Migration”, Demography. Vol. #6 \L TL ) r ( mb"
3, No. 1, 1966. ( c s 2 2s
- Mabogunje, Akin L. “System Approache to a Theory of
Rural-Urban Migration”, Geographical Analysis. Vol. 2, 7 -2 # " T E 0 6 c \L
No.1, 1970. 2 # " (. s 2 , wT 4 # = s
- Nikolinakos, Marios. “Notes Toward a General Theory of
Migration in Late Capitalism”, Race and Class. Vol. 16, No. 2 =Š) # r 2s. 2 T
1, 1975. ) 2 &, * Ts (. T G D
- Petersen, W. “A General Typology of Migration”, Reading
in the Sociology of Migration. C. J. Jansen (ed), New York: 2] <. W D ) X 8a @-
Pergamon Press, 1970.
) =‹ (. ) 2 # "
- Portes, Aleyandro. “Migration and Underdevelopment”,
Politics and Society. Vol. 8, No. 1, 1978. # " 8V W ) 2 2" & ( T2 * "

2B
 e ,- & !

- Richmond, A. H. and Verma, P. P. “The Economic

Adaptation of Immigrants: A New Theoretical
Perspective”, International Migration Review. Vol. 12, No. 1,
1978.
- Wallerstein, Immanuel. Urbanization and Migration in West
Africa. California, Berkely: University of California Press,
1965.

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- Bardhan and Klasen. “On UNDP’s Revisions to the gender-
«Š & @@6D ) C; ( &8rT H& 2
related Development Index”. Available on-line:
http://www.hdr. undp.org/docs/statistics/undprevisions- 4. ,w # A & @w . . s
gender-related. Pdf (accessed 20 December 2002), 2000.
" . # s T #I (
- Boutros-Boutros, Ghali. The United Nations and the
advancement of women 1945-1996. New York: United «†• «ŽŽ .*2 2 & Ts
Nations, 1996.
- Fried. Susana T. (ed). The Indivisibility of Women’s Human
# . & G.X ( «†Ž 2 0 2; G
Rights. New Jersey: Centre for Women’s Global ”. 2 0 2; G . WJ
Leadership, 1994.
- Klasen Stephen and White. Does Gender inequality reduce
2 \I Š 2 b= , Š‰ 2 1W
Grawth and development? Evidence from Cross-Country 4 " # hs P* G) " ) (
Regressions, Policy Research Report on Gender and
Development, Working paper servies, No. 7, The world Bank, ! Ms (. # T # " C; =h 6E&
1997. s. # = 2s . B$/ ) X # "
- Marcoux, A. “Sex differentials in under nutrition: a look at
survey evidence”, Population and Development Review. 28(2), 2 1& 2 &.T s. , +, •‰‰ . \J
2002. (. 2 " # ;6
- Norris, Pippa. “Breaking the Barriers: Positive
Discrimination Policies for Women”, Has Liberalism Failed #$c . &q E " 4
Women: Parity, Quotas and Political Representation. Klausen,
. # T ! " HW* J . WJ
Jytte and Maier, Charles (eds), New York: st Martin’s
press. # . 8s «Š•¡ . WJ # h 2s
- Parpart, J.L. “Who is the other. A postmodern feminist
# 0 # ( 6 & D \L
critique of women and development theory and practice”,
Development and Change. 24(3), 1993. 7$ Ea& . &v 4 . 8w 2
- Sass, Justine. “Women of Our World”. Washington, DC:
2 2s «ˆ‰ \ 2 6 (. 2 &v
Population Reference Bureau, available on-line:
http:www.prb. org., 2002. . 2 v 4 . HE
- Williamson. O. “The new institutional economics: Taking
Stock, looking ahead”, The Journal of Economic Literature.
h 0 ) 2s D * .4 ! WD &v ” .
38(3), 2000. 4 #T r T ‹J ( 4 «•• #
- World Bank. World Development Indicators. Washington, DC:
World Bank.
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T 2 # ) L &4 B M
York: Routledge, 1998.
- Clark, A.N. Longman Dictionary of Geography (Human & ) s p* 1 2* <
Physical). Longman, Essex, 1985.
[ 1W @- t 2s P 4 .a 8
- Cowan, Robert. The Dictionary of Urbanism. Wiltschire,
2005. .r 2s J ).X A tX s
- Johnston, R.J. et al. A Dictionary of Human Geography.
* /6" E0 r@6/ 8 &
Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
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2 * $
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2 & 2 4 & D $ m$ @s h h 2s 9 ; 26
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D " b=2 / 6 ( 4 r G 2 e 8V W H & & ) 2 (. 8 .1&
6" # 0 2s " 7 ]& #. I 2 X s T =. 6 vW
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: w& , * g*# D 2 # # = DG . 2@ W Aa
# V 7 E& 7 1/ 2 ( ) . G & ; : & 6" ]M .
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, % 8. & # ) ( 2 & M&
;a @W 2@ - /6"
( = = ) ) 21 " - Almond, G. and Coleman, J.(ed). The Politics of Developing
Areas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960
,w 2g / H@c 2% ) 0 - Apter, D. The Politics of Modernization. Chicago: University
C; T 7W i& " of Chicago Press, 1965.
- Apter, D. Rethinking Development: Modernization, Dependency
X k 1) ( I% 6 G J 4 * and Post-Modern Politics. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1987.
; œ ,w =.
- Brown, L. R. et al. State of World: A Wordwatch Institute
œ 8- ) 4 $/ Report on Progres Toward Sustanable Society. New York:
W.W. Norton and Co., 1990.
W . ." 2 - /( 0
- Chilcote, R. “Development”, Encyclopedia of Gevernment and
8 . 1& 2- /2 ;a Politics. M. Hawkesworth and M. Kogan (eds), London:
Routledge, 1992.
L & 2% . ) .%
- Foster-Carter, Aidan. “The Modes of Production
. ) @% +2 (. 0 .. & A1& Controversy”, New Left Review.Vol. 107, 1978.
- Frank, A. G. “The Development of Underdevelopment”,
… = nLT 8 T 21 "
Monthly Review. 18, 1966.
< / .D & .* I L@- * g ) # • - Rustow, W.W. The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-
Communist Mamfewto. Cambridge: Cambridge University
. D &\ L ,w - ) •
Press, 1960.
< : - T% - Wallerstein, I. The Modern World System. Vol. I, New York:
Academic Press, 1974.
. ) ) € . .J •
<•#G . 4 w 7 W i& WJ & 9Z4_ P '1

< @a 6 1 4 ) # •
<4 v
) ) € ;a W ^ & * \ %•
# = 1+ 26T X 6> # 2- /
(• @a # " & -
\J 2- / ) H & &) 2
Rural Renewal
2- / 2% = B 6& 2M ’ I X
# %. # ) 2 1D <. % =. , * E 0 . 1D % l aD &2
= I #I 2 =h 6E& G 2- / , a& 2 @ . W = =
2 * +3 + [&. / 0 2 & 6% 2 / +2 6% 2% "
@a % T 4• J3 + GH " 2/ 6] = = , a& ) ( 2 = 0 4. T

B3
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(. 6 ’ M* =. 1+ 4 D • 4 B v7 .0 2 ) . &
_. VI" \L 1) 2% G (. 6 = @" M . 2 =)
2 ; C; x / W @a =9 ; 2 . & 6
( 6T @ . 2r G
m X X 2 2 =) 2 % , . # 6DG <. G s B v 6" bJ ` bJ l aD •
mL . B] 2 D 2 < . J ;a W l aD •
7 @a g & <, E 0 l aD •
H & &) 2 (. 3 a& D T% H a2 P r@6/ 4 " l aD •
. B ] 2 . 2% (. bJ\
7 GY 4 T . 2 * +

2 & 8% Y A &B v !7 & *

• - E € 6/ TL h 1) jD .-. X. ¢ * W
2 U G ) 4 $/ ( = nLT 2 1T J B ] 3 ; 4 & 7 ID , *) / .
T L N 2% a2 = ) 1& . B ] 2 . 2% 6 I # /2 (. Z 1; #
=. A 1 7 .0 R 4. G . . J ? 6 2 &.
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< Aa 1 • 2% ) 4. / # W . (. G 6T T% )
( 21 "26 % T I 2 • @a #v oW # * + # %# % =
4. @6/ 3 a& G )% 6" ) U6
- Burchell, Robert W. Richland County Comprehensive Plan g & 6 " 7 .0 .
(Town & Country). Palmetto Foundation, 2000.
- Das Ministerium für den ländlichen Raum, Ernährung, ( 4. / T
Landwirtschaft und Verbrauchschutz, Dorferneuerung in =2% . 86/
Niedersachsen, 2003.
- Gaia Trust & The Global Eco-Village Network: The Earth Is . ( 8 i& 1 - BI@ W #G " Bv
Our Habitat (Proposal for Support Programme for Eco-
2 1 "2 6 2 &2 F 2
Habitats as Living Examples of Agenda 21 Planning),
June 1996. B F 3 M@& H % &
- Institut für Kommunalwissenschaften der Konrad
(. =
F g P
Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Für das Dorf, Gestaltung des
ländlichen Lebensraums durch Dorfentwicklung, Bonn, 1983. V "2 " - T % 4‹ 2 J
- United Nations, Indicators of Sustainable Development, h% & J % - 7 W i& .* P
Guidelines and Methodology, New York, 2001.
- United Nations, The Earth Is Our Habitat, 1996. . ] ;a 2
- Wahlen, J.P. Some Considerations for Developing Village ) ( 2 = 7. j 2%
Design, Plan Pacific Consultantm 2006.
2% & M 2 & 2@oW
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th
- E ]& : # & & # = W )
Geography. 4 ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
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2 = NG ( s 4 s /6" . &. J
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Modernism
2 N 2 a . 2 !r/
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(. J• € / 6" 4 =.
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8 >€ . = hW H "# =
( • =:0 € hW D V t1 MD L #G Y.6/ 2"
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h #G \ hs I NG 26 2s =B
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(. 4
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! `&R. 9& 3 + , ^ g 2s /6" 0 2s

2" & • = € W . 6 \L
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) 8v F_ - 0 2
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#. ( 2 b= . ) d - 0
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hW D V t1 . a .. s W .
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(. s
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< B†‡ Y. , j6 7v a& 2T =
. P0 W* 2@6" 4 +L J &
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( 2 L Gh #. T 2 ]& 2s
( G d M 2- / BŠ‰ Y. 8
h h 7 ]& ) \ 6 WDV
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hW D V t1 .a ( .a ’
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6" . < 2 s. D &. <J 2
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D ID X NG ( 4 ) 5 WDV
h P 7v a& h W +2 . &
WDV 7 " w& 2 T @ =
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 -- :/

F h 2 * 2 2 * t r fI )D ) ! J
& M @r 2 s s l aD h ( P •hW . € = 2;
(. = . .J r1 4‹ 2 2s 4. W .
2 % +#G 2 4I ) ) &h ( 4 6 2 = 7. 2 6
9 2 W s s . 9 ; [P # P* = . = #.
…. = 6 = ( 4 s _b* P
< I= )rW • 4 " /6" 2 4• J ]& 6
< D # s s• ( 2 6
<# e 1& # s 0 •
< = ` G•
- Berman, M. All That is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of
< c 7 0 # b= * • Modernity. London: Verso, 1989.

<8> . D & 6" =. • - Brosseau, M. “The City in Textual Form, Manhattan

Tranfers New York”, Ecumene. Vol I, 1993.
(. . G s *• - Caves, Roger (ed). Encyclopedia of The City. London:
t 2 L J 2s = r G H & &) 2 Routledg, 2005.
- Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity: an Equiry Into the
# = = s s ) 3 a& T Origin of Cultural Chang. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.

# . ) < E0 x /6" $
[ % 9Z4_ P '1
H D0 / 6" K @L D 6" W
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7 r BI@ W ) U6 P x r .§
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x D . ) 8-* P
# = = 4I 2 2" & 2s s s Basic Needs
# /2 x W K@ L =) G = = r bJ8 = = 8 /
G TL N 4 a 2s . D W
W =‹ 2 I X \
E 0 x / 6" % % ;a
. ) @- ” a W
2 s 4I 2 / 6]
7 - 2 L J
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W r 7 - E 8r
2 4I ) / Y a j]
2] bJ 3 a& ^ @r

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)L 2 ( bJ , a& x P BF # G\
2s G 6T s s /6" # & 4 r
Y a b J8r X 2 #G . J 2"
W s s ) 2 L J
( B& W P x# r W

( ,-& 1 : 4. $ N.) 4 - :E4 ( 1/ . x

(}{~„ UNDP $ m$ )rW …# &
6 7 T …# &( ,- & 0 ( 1/ . x
(}{~~ , • X
- Lienau, C. Laendliche Siedlungen. Braunschweig, 1977.

= (- H 0U

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( 2" ." Dependency Model
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3 . 2W •) @J € Is 3+ 2 2 * (2 W 2 71 A m X X
: s ¥ 2 I Is 3+ 2X = ( W 2 F 2 J ,. ) F
W ^ ) 2 1D ( W 2 * 3+ 2 & ) 1& 2 F ) M@ L
#G ¥ 4 G 6T 2 W 4 . 1 G B 6& Y D 4. 2V B # " Ts
( s œ )r6 W . J 2 & 2s 0 ) ’
2 & q E W ,. Ts2 Ts 3+ 2 =) E0
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0 .r 8 s sx 2- / #G # & 6 . 1 2" – 2 . ’ #.
r 4 j- / Y. U J 2- / …. E 0 x / 6 " 8 r& . 8* 2@*
pa1 ) h 21 " r :0 ( ( G 6T
( D D 2 1 . 2 .* & W 2 F
. B] .a P v[ 6 D . ) X( e -: "
•. P § . X € . Is 6 2; t # =. s. D & 4 I ` # " P x r l aD
, \ L H @c € D 2 rG , * 2W " D : 2 2W 2 * @a
8 6/ . . [ 1W P 2 • E0 ( r 1 " @ 2 ; Is 2
(. 2 .a P § )r6 / 6" E0 = = , a& . #W .
>a 9$; - Š W 2 F e 1&
\ JA & .* & 2 * *
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CB
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) @s \] t . 2 1> N Underdevelopment of Development. Sing, C. Ch. &

Denemark, R. A. (eds), London, 1996.
B F t ) 6 # X E0 F ( W - Friedmann, J. & Douglass, M. Agropolitan Development.
@- 2s " # " 2 .* Nagoya, 1972.
- Prebisch, R. “Commerical Policy in the Underdeveloped
2@oW (. s Is 2 . Countries”, American Economics Review. May 1959.
8 W . & " 2 B F 2s ) - Rondinelli, D. A. “Cities as Agricultural Markets”,
Geographical Review. 77, 4, Oct. 1987.
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H" 2s ) W . J r 0. #G 2W 8 s D t
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T . •) \ G ←€ ) j & W A j ) "
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T2 * 4 6 # W P : & K@ L 21 " 2 1D < 2 4 I P
6T # J Ts =‹ .a 7 D; ( . J .r # & W j F
w" @s 4. .J =‹ ) (. G r = # E0 WL W
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T $s . 2s g W # . ( 4 G 0 m " Gm "
I s 6& ) s hW 2 1 8V W t . = 4 .G # U6 Ws
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(. s W A 2 2" & 2 T #G 2s 4. s .a g W
NO =‹ ` W= ^ W ^ . 4 = E 0 2 Ts 6 E0
E 0 7.0 g 2 1D < W ( e T 2W - Ts
=8r ` W=) I . E 0 . B./ . H" )r6
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/ 6 " 7 1+ 6" "2 " 2 1 E 0 j & ) r6 W j;
(. @ h = * . 2 M 1> N 2 W Ts

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/ 8 W .* t 6" . D & .* 2§ E 0 =# D BI@ W
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DI E 0 7 1 2s s h W & t D !k ]& D . . )
^ Ts2 ) 2 ;0 . X t /6" 7 . D - Is #G .
mG . • s =€ hL (. J 4 @" J J[1 & 2 =2 2s .
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m Wa 2 § 2 D g8 Y / , Wr
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OG W& :456 / "# O 9 % ,W : j ( x
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Traditional Collective Production Unit(s)
Ts 7v Ea . D & /6" # t
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g ^ . & mG # I 4 2§ 2 =) " ) ( 4. Z " s =J
( e 1& hL 2@ .& Ts 8 0 4. 2 §B 2 T j/ 2 2" & H@c .*
2 v[ 6 6" . D & .* 2 3@ g (.

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(. B 6& 2 / , ^ 810 & t , + W & = M" t 2s .
= Ts s . 2 § 2s W r . ) mG hs g <. I hL / 8E
# / v[ 6 * / ) s.D &BF ( w r ˆ &•)
s 6"2 7 -2 / )s W # = ) = M" Š 2 s 2 § t g )
^6" .D & )L 2 (. s M" Š •. s s = • 2s ) G = Š €
) . 4 4 6 / s4 ) ) &t X s = M" 8 6/ (. 4 hL =
G4 q E 2 mG 2 & 6 @0 :g 2s Bv 6T 2 § 8 Ts .*
(. 4. # & G hL F Ts
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Ž‰ & †‰ .* 4 . (. = 8 rT& . › & 7 1/ . 2 § ( . 2§
/ s .* 8 shW &( # r F , Ts2/ 0 • 2 §€ /
Ts D & 2 ]& # / ( G: g ” c 2" ) =
) , Ea #/ h = 7 - . D & .* mG 4 M F 2
P/ H s & H@c (. J s hW & F / , Ts
←€ W6 . T 8 / Ni& a& 2 § (. s › & 8a _ / ) =
(•2 § †Š v[ 6 € mG ` = . 8a _ /
( nLT 4 Ts 8 0 • 1r 2 1
6 7 :>2 ] # / P* 6/ : 6] t 2D 26
Hs o A & 4 C; . D & .* . 2 § . &2 4 . m tTJ
←€ . .s . 0 2§ ¬ 2s 2 ]& # / 3@& G t 2 mG 2 1 t . hW &
( = B ] ` 4. 6 tD m • . .s ( =
S P / B 6& I V J / , , v[ 6 ^ ) mL ) 7 ;0 . & . 2 §
: &2 B v 7 6 6E & . . :6" h , > 4./ W # I = M" . & .& Ts
d L& • 2 §€ 6" . D & .* # ) 2s bJ # J . 2 § (. nLT #G
h mG h W & : &2 G (. s 4 =SP/ 6" / . D & .* ! V
. 4 6W 0 B .s . s nLT 6 2 h W c Gh m s mL
. 3W 2 Ts 2 v I 2 ) ( Ts ( s 1N #T
4 D oW 1 tD 4 C; ( _ • T s2 / 0€ tT J 3 + . 2 § hF/ 6W0
2 6". D & .* P/ ( 4. / .D & =m L ) 7 ;0 ) &… = 7 -
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( NO 2 § #/ # ” r;- \ s 4 W & 2s T 4. s) & .*

( B§ 2§ B 2 Š t 2§ . D &. * ¬ (. 2 4. / 4
s… / s .* # hr* § B :0 2§ v[ 6 2s = 0 2 ]& ^ t 6"
. D &.* G B] Ts 4. #G . 2N * v
4.6/ 6W0 :0 t I r6 2 ]& (. = m L tD 1 A & .
( B ] 6 G D m L B vA Ts 7
02 V J4 2s# = 2 1W # B§ .*) &( 6T 6" . D & .* ! V
œ / D . 4. / &4 s . : & Jb 7v Ea s 6" . D & .*
v[ 6 G (. T I Z * h 6E & 2 § 2 3@ ) 7 ;0 # mG
7 1c7 - . 4 =G / # B 6& . T s . D & .* g 6W0 B .s 2r
4. / 2 § D oW 2 @s B§ ) &4. G ( 6T 2 § 4.6/ K ’ Ts
( S & § B 2 2s " & = # /2 tD P M& 7 .0 2§
8 rT& = Ts . D & .* / s.* 7 .0 4. s, 6/ 4. =h 6E&
= 1’ 4‹ 2 2 § s D oW 4 tD _. 2s ] G ( s 1
6" . D & .* 2s ] G ( 4. / 2 § 6L . D & .* ¬ 2T 6 g T
hW &# = ) = M" Ž Š = Ž Š s j ]& ) 4 $/ 2s 0 6"
:0 2 2 = ¬ Š = & . (. s =. 6 : . . 6/
(. s 2 & G B v2 @/ =. G2 Ts . D & J \ E0 0
@& # = s ) & @- Ts2D hL " 2 # r ) tD 2 t I 2;
4 &2s. 8 rT& " v[ 6 # = (. 4 8 &v / 6" 0 2s 4 G
!J . # = (. 4. Ts 4 / 6" d M .* &
B 2 2 S & = B s, x r \ 4 B # 7 $ 8* B (. . 4
2 = rT J 1 m (. . 8 B = 2W G # rD 2 .* & 2 § NO
2 §# = 2 . W & B .s 2§ 2§ . .s . s ¢ M* 0 2s. 2§#
(. s . = . Ts tD " 2 1]
2s ,6* W 1 g # G s s tD
$>2 # &. ! " ! & 2§ ) (. . 0 2§
=8r @/ 2 & # F HV - @s + 2 h @W & D * ¢ M* F 2 2§8 d M
…. 8D Š2 # .D & .* 8 10 ) 2 1D (. W s2 " Ts B F 2 # /
>s . * 4 M = s. 2s GBF• g B. / 2§ T , 6/ "
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2 =) . 4 8 rT & . T 8 /• ( DGhE 2§ #/ # 2;
( .* G2 & AW 2s 6 8 / P& ) "
. D &.* t [s T . T H@c # t I W = 2; s = @"
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.r D 6s = 2s #G r* …. 2 9 2 & /$+ . T
(. s D 1W h 6" . D & .* P/ •
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< 2§ :6" <. . . T
. G h F& G 8E 8* • M Š WJ .J 6" . D & . * P/ •
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2 =. K @ L 7v E a T s 8a ) & • <. t I 1W
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<• M -€ .r 2 § P/ 6" . D & .*

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<) s \LJ s ” 6" . D & .* t . T 2r1 t P/
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n LT & 8 0 .r 6" . D & .* ^ Š v[ 6 , Ea 8s #G b WL , Ea !J
0 #G ¬ m 2s 6" . D & .* ( I 6& «ˆ‰ 2 § # h «•‰ . 0 2U G 2
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. =2 § .* ) ^ ( B (. KE M - , Ea ` m s
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2 # #G 2s 4. . .J . ." 8r 2 Y mG ) T s2 / 0 ( . T
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g G2 e [s T . 2 * / / . D &.* = D . Ts2/ 0
4. . .a& g 8r ) (. B] = s I 7 -) . =4 .X
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. 7 s ) )W 7v Ea (. t X s . * 6T . &\ . JH "
4 =# (. B] 6"2 # s . &\ I 2 *W 6s 4 $/ 2s . 4

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HW* 4 / 3W / Ts4 8c T 2 # # G 2 ] 2s
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g X Ni& 6" . D & ` $>2 ! # $ 6& #B 9
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# / B BI rD s h’ s # & 6 r6 ) /
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s T . HD+ . (. s ^ 2 . " @s +2 # E0
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v r6 8> € 6 K@ L 2 r6 G2s. s 4 #
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s T D / . 4 / xm B F 4 .a . s . i& #G . D & , r # &
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- Gallion, A.; Eisner, Simon & Eisner, Stanly. The Urban
th ) (. T 3
Pattern. 6 ed. VNR., 1993.
- Planning & Urban Design/ Standards. American Planning 6 . 0 7$ a b= \ ) &) V J
Association, Wiley, 2006.
-Caves, R. W. (ed). Encyclopedia of the City. London:
2 @a 2 X & . 6/ - / B 6& 2s .
Routledge, 2005. # . # Wr 2 # 6 W #G .
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2s ) H@+ @ T0 26 Ts London & New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.
- Girling, S. and Helphand, K. Yard-Street-Park, the Design of
(. W 4. G 2 2 L +2 2s Suburban Open Space. New York, Chichester: John Wiley &

h sB =. "t h . ") Sons, 1994.

- Katz, P. The New Urbanism, Toward Architecture of
# @ T0 26 2s =. "2 ") Community. McGraw Hill, Inc., 1994.

) . ]T T # " J - Lord Rogers of Riverside. Towards an Urban Renaissance.

London: E & Fn spons, 1999.
t T&. h 26 & ) EEL - Neal, P. Urban Villages and the Making of Communities.
London and New York: Spon Press, 2003.
(. W 4. m 2s # ) . s /W
- Stein, C.S. Towards New Tows for America. Massachusetts:
2s ] G 8> W T 2s " #G 2 1D MIT Press, Cambridge, 1966.
- Thomas, R. (ed). Sustainable Urban Design, an Urban
4 7 W T/ )s W 2s "
Approach. London and New York: Spon Press, 2003.
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2BD
2BJ
 Ministry of Science, Ministry of Interior
Research and Technology

Iran Municipalities and Rural

The Great Persian Encyclopedia Foundation Management Organization

Encyclopedia
of
Urban and Rural Management

Editor in Chief
Abas Saidi (Ph.D.)