Chapter 5

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Control Mass Undergoing A Cycle

2

The cyclic integral of the heat is proportional to the

cyclic integral of the work

J Q W
J is the proportionality factor depending on the units for work and heat

3
Figure 5.1. Example of a control mass undergoing a cycle

05-01

4
Figure 5.2 Demonstration of the existence of thermodynamic property E

05-02

(Q W ) A (Q W ) C
1

The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass

5

Q W
All processes between 1 and 2 depends only on the initial and final states hence,

dE Q W

E2 E1 1 Q2 1W2 Energy in out

Figure 5.3. A control mass with several different subsystems

05-03

The Property E
7

Represents all the energy of the system in the given

state

E = U + KE + PE
where U is the internal energy, and includes all the forms of energy of the control mass

The first law of thermodynamics for a change of state dE = dU + d(KE) +d(PE) = Q W

The Potential and Kinetic Energy

8

1 KE mV 2 2 PE2 PE1 mg ( Z 2 Z1 )

Internal Energy- A Thermodynamic Property

9

Internal energy, U or u (per unit mass) In the liquid-vapor saturation region

U = Uliq + Uvap u = (1-x) uf + xug u = uf + xufg

The Thermodynamic Property Enthalpy

10

Q2 U 2 U1 1W2
2 1

1 2

W PdV W P dV P(V2 V1 )
1 2

1 2 1

Q2 U 2 U1 P2V2 P1V1 Q2 (U 2 P2V2 ) (U1 P1V1 )

A control mass undergoing a quasiequilibrium constant-pressure process KE and PE are neglected Work done is associated with the boundary movement Taking the gas as the control mass

H U PV h u Pv

Enthalpy at Saturated state

11

h (1 x)h f xhg h h f xh fg

The First Law as a Rate Equation

12

U KE PE Q W U KE PE Q W t t t t t dU d ( KE ) d ( PE) Q W dt dt dt dE Q W dt