Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Answers
Chapter 1: Basic arithmetic
8.
o (b) 0.07
oo (c) 0.13
oo (d) 0.16
o
(a) 0.83
o
oo
o
(g) 0.142857 or 0. 142857 (h) 1.18
9.
(a)
8
9
(h)
13
60
Problem
5
Exercises 1.1
1.
2.
(e) - 4.3
3.
(c) Rational
(g) Irrational
19
20
(i) 2
(j) 3
8.
600
5. 950
7
15
o
10. (a) 0.5
11. (a)
6. 3000
(j) 8.16
1.
7. 11 000
8.
23. $3.20
24. (a) 7.95 (b) 30.03 (c) 0.37 (d) 5.74 (e) 0.52 25. 0.2
(b) 2
1.
6.
- 1.2
10. - 2
15. 5
3. - 56
4. 10
(a)
7. - 7.51
8. - 35.52
9. 6.57
11. - 7
12. 23
13. 10
16. 3
16
25
(b)
17. 1
14. 1
51
1000
(c) 5
1
20
(d) 11
4
5
7
20
3
(e)
5
3.
(a)
4.
5.
1
(a) 35% (b) 33 %
3
6.
7.
(a) 0.52;
13
25
(d) 1.09; 1
(e)
o
(c) 0.73
oo
(d) 0.68
8
11
7
18
(c)
67
99
(f)
6
11
(g)
7
45
(d) 2
oo
(e) 1.72
4
45
(e)
14. 17.5%
15. 41.7%
1
20
7
4. $547.56 5. 714.3 g 6.
24
2.
3
28
17
20
3. (a)
(b)
7
10
(c) 1
7. $65
179 cm 9. (a) 11.9 (b) 5.3 (c) 19 (d) 3.2 (e) 3.5
(f) 0.24 (g) 0.000 18 (h) 5720 (i) 0.0874 (j) 0.376
14. 5.9%
15. 402.5 g
19. 573
12. 1152.125 g
16. 41.175 m
13. $10.71
17. $30.92
20. $2898
3
8
(c)
1
1000
9
100
(d) 1
7
100
(e) 0.434;
Exercises 1.5
(a) 500
(b) 145
(c)
2.
(a) 13.7
(b) 1.1
(c) 0.8
3.
(a) a 17
(c) 0.168;
217
500
(m) w 10
97
1000
4.
21
125
(f) 0.1225;
(b) y 0 = 1
(h) x 21
49
400
(d) w
(j) 81y - 8
(o) x -3
(e) 2
(e) - 2.6
(e) x 5
(k) a
(p) a - 2 b 3 or
(f) 0.5
(f) p 10
(l)
x 10
b3
y 45
a2
x5
(c) m4 (d) k10 (e) a -8
(f) x
(g) mn2
(d) 2.7
5.
(d) 3
(c) a - 4
(i) 4x 10
(n) p 5
(q) x - 5 y 2 or
(d) 0.1%
1
64
1.
oo
(d) 0.63
2
(c) 226 %
3
(b) 0.07;
5
minutes after 1 oclock.
11
(g) y 6
o
(a) 0.4 (b) 1.875 (c) 0.416
(b)
7
9
37
495
11. 54.925 mL
2.
1
50
(j) 1
10. $52.50
5. - 4
Exercises 1.3
1.
(d) 3
Problem
2. - 11
4
15
1
8
5
9
13. 77.5%
18. 3.2 m
Exercises 1.2
217
990
(b) 7.4
3
20
(d)
21. $281.93
5
8
(c) 1
Exercises 1.4
11. 844 km
16. 1.7
(g) 2
(i)
12. 74%
(f) 1
1
3
4.
(d) Irrational
(h) Rational
2
9
(b)
oo
(f) 0.15
o
(e) 0.6
a8
8
b
2k 23
(g)
27
(c)
64a 3
b 12
(h) 16y47
ANSWERS
6.
1
2
7. 324
8. 2
10
27
9. (a) a3b
1
25
(b)
1
2
5.
(a) x 2
6.
(a) x + x 2 + 2x 2
(b) x
(c) x 3
(d) x 3
(e) x 4
7
(b)
32
10. (a) pq r
2 2
14.
1
81
4
11.
9
1
108
15.
1
12.
18
1
12
16.
4
13.
27
5 22
17.
49
3888
18.
2 58
(d) x + x - 1 + 2
7.
Exercises 1.6
1.
2.
3.
(d)
1
1
1
1
1
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 1
4
27
343
10 000
256
1
1
1
1
1
1
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m) 1
7
64
9
32
81
81
1
1
1
1
(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r) 1
36
125
100 000
128
1
1
(s)
(t)
64
64
1.
(e) x
1
2
- 3x
^ y - 3 h2
(e)
3 4 ^ x + y h5
(b)
a - 2b
3
2
+x
(c)
5
2
] 6a + 1 g4
7 9 ] 3x + 8 g2
(a) m - 3
(b) x - 1
-4
(h) 3y
(c) p - 7
2
2.
1
z- 6
(i) z - 6 or
2
2
2x - 1
(k)
7
2y - 7
5m
(m)
(n) ] 3x + 4 g- 2 (o) ] a + b g- 8
2
3
(p) ] x - 2 g- 1 (q) ^ 5p + 1 h- 3 (r) 2 ] 4t - 9 g- 5
]x + 1g
4
(a)
(h)
1
5
t
5
x7
(m)
(t)
1
(b)
(c)
x
1
(i)
5 ] a + 3b g
9
1
y
1
n
(e)
1
w
(k)
2
x
(f)
10
(g)
1
(l)
8y + z
] x + 1 g6
(n)
]k - 3g
(d)
1
(j)
4n
8x 3
^ 3x + 2y h
x-y
3x + y 7
o
(s)
(t) e
x+y
2w - z
(r) ] a + b g2
3
m
(a) 2.19 (b) 2.60 (c) 1.53 (d) 0.60 (e) 0.90 (f) 0.29
3.
(a) 3 y
(b) 3 y 2 or _ 3 y i
(c)
(f) 3 6q + r
(g)
(a) t 2
(b) y 5
(c) x 2
(f) ] 2t + 3 g
(i) ] x - 2 g
2
3
1
2
2a 2
2
y - 1k
3
3
2
(d)
1
] x + 7 g2
1
(j)
(d) ] 9 - x g 3
(g) ^ 5x - y h
(l)
(e) 8.67 # 10 9
(f) 4.16 # 10 5
(h) 1.376 # 10
(a) 5.7 # 10 - 2
-4
-6
(i) 2 # 10 7
(b) 5.5 # 10 - 5
(e) 2 #10
-6
(h) 2.3#10
(j) 8 #10 4
(c) 4 # 10 - 3
(f) 8#10 - 8
-1
(i) 8.5#10 - 3
(j) 7#10 - 11
3.
(a) 36 000 (b) 27 800 000 (c) 9 250 (d) 6 330 000
(e) 400 000 (f) 0.072 3 (g) 0.000 097
(h) 0.000 000 038 (i) 0.000 007 (j) 0.000 5
4.
(a) 240 000 (b) 9 200 000 (c) 11 000 (d) 0.36
(e) 1.3 (f) 9.0 (g) 16 (h) 320 (i) 2900 (j) 9.1
5.
(a) 6.61
6.
1.305 # 10 10
(b) 0.686
(c) 8.25
(d) 1.30
7. 6.51 # 10 - 10
Exercises 1.9
1.
5.
(a) | a + b | = 6
(b) | a + b | = 3
(c) | a + b | = 1
(d) | a + b | = 1
(e) | a + b | = 10
6.
(a)
x2 = | x | = 5
(b)
x2 = | x | = 2
(d)
x2 = | x | = 4
(e)
x2 = | x | = 9
2.
(g) 7.6#10
3x - 1
(c) 6.19 # 10 4
Exercises 1.7
(e)
(b) 1.23#10 6
-7
- 11
(s)
(a) 3.8 # 10 3
(g) 9 #10
(l)
4.
(c) p 2 + p - 1 + 2p 2
Exercises 1.8
1
11
1
(a) 1 (b) 16 (c) 1
(d) 1
(e) 1 (f) 125 (g) 1
2
25
3
3
13
19
1
(h) 49 (i) 3
(j) 32 (k) 2
(l) 1 (m) 1
(n) 1
8
3
36
81
5
16
7
(o) 1 (p) 16 (q) - 15
(r) (s) 1 (t)
8
23
25
-6
1.
1
3
(a)
(g) 2x
4.
(a)
(b) a 3 - b 3
2x + 5
or
|a | + | b |= 6 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 3 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 5 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
|a | + | b |= 9 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
| a | + | b | = 10 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
(c)
x2 = | x | = 3
7.
8.
x = !3
1
^ 5 x + 7 h2
1
(e) ] 4s + 1 g 2
5
(h) ] 3x + 1 g 2
1
1
^ y + 7 h 2 (k) 5 ] x + 4 g 3
2
3
3
4
(m) _ x 2 + 2 i
5
9. !1
10. !1, x ! 2
541
542
Test yourself 1
1.
(a)
9
20
(f) 73.3%
3.
1
49
(b)
157
200
1
(c)
3
(d)
1
5
Exercises 2.1
(e) 1.2%
(a) 8.83 (b) 1.55 (c) 1.12 (d) 342 (e) 0.303 4. (a) 1
(e) - 10 (f) - 1 (g) 4 5. (a) x 9
8x 18
29
(b) 25y 6 (c) a 11 b 6 (d)
(e) 1 6. (a)
27
40
1
1
1
(b) 3
(c) 12 (d) 2
(e) 12
7. (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 19
7
2
2
1
1
(d)
(e) 4 (f) 3 (g)
(h) 2 (i) 1 (j) 4
7
64
(b) 1 (c) 39 (d) 2
8.
30 18
(a) a
(b) x y
(c) p
(g)
1 -3
x
2
36
11
(d) 16b
(d) ] x + 1 g
(b) x - 5 (c) ^ x + y h- 1
(f) 2x - 1
(e) 8x y
1
4
9. (a) n
3
4
1
] 4t - 7 g4
1
1
(f) 5 a + b (g)
(h) 4 b 3 (i) 3 ] 2x + 3 g4 (j)
3
x
x3
11. | a + b | = 2 | a | +| b | = 8 ` | a + b | # | a | + | b |
10. (a)
a5
(b) 4 n
1
13.
192
12. 1
x+1
(d)
(c) ] x + 3 g 6
(b) y - 1
(d) ] 2x - 3 g- 11
(b) 1.23 # 10 11
b 5
(c) c m
a
(e)
7
14. 689 mL 15. (a) 6 h (b)
12
22. (a)
1
(c)
8
(b)
1
2a + 5
21. (a)
7
9
(e) y 3
(b)
41
330
23. 14 500
1.
4.
1
1
53 % 5.
3
16
9.
18 h
11.
2. 1
11
18
3. 0.502, 51%,
6. 3.04 # 10
14
51
o
, 0. 5
99
3271
7. 83% 8. 1
9990
10. 1.98
LHS = 2 ^ 2 k - 1 h + 2 k + 1
= 2k+1 - 2 + 2k+1
= 2:2 k + 1 - 2
= 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h
= RHS
` 2 ^ 2k - 1 h + 2k+1 = 2 ^ 2k+1 - 1 h
o , 0,
12. 24 35 13. - 0.34, 2, 1. 5
3
7
2
14. 6 %
3
1
1
15.
when x 2 - 1,
when x 1 - 1 16. 0.73
x-1
1-x
17. 0.6%
7.
-y
3. z
8. 5x
13. - m
9. 0
14. - x
19. 6x - 6y
4. 6a
10. 3k
15. 0
20. a - 3b
23. m 2 - 6m + 12
26. - 2ab + 10b
5. 3b
6. 3r
11. 9t
16. 5b
12. 10w
17. 11b
21. 4xy + 2y
24. p 2 - 2p - 6
27. 2bc - ac
29. x 3 - 2xy 2 + 3x 2 y + 2y 3
18. - 10x
22. - 6ab 2
25. 8x + 3y
28. 2a 5 - 9x 3 + 1
30. 3x 3 + x 2 - 7x - 6
1.
10b
2. 8xy
3. 10p 2
5.
9.
12a3
10. - 27y3
12. 6a 2 b 3
19. - 14m
11. 32x10
13. - 10a 3 b 2
15. 5a 3 b 3
4. - 6wz
14. 21p 3 q 4
16. - 8h 10 17. k 3 p 3
20. 24x y
11
18. 81t 12
Exercises 2.3
1.
2. 2
6x
3. 4a 2
4. 8a
5. 4a
6.
7. 3p
ab
4
1
-2
9.
10. - 3x 3 11. 3a 12.
13.
qs
3y
2
3ab 2
4 7
6
2
a b
2
z
b
14.
15.
16. 6p 4 q 17.
18.
4c
2a
3c 2 d
2x 2
8.
19. -
x3 z3
3y
a 13
20.
2b 6
Exercises 2.4
Challenge exercise 1
278
303
2. 3a
(d) 33.3%
19. (a) x 2
(c)
1
x-y
(j) m
7x
Exercises 2.2
(e) ] a + b g 7
(i) ] 5x + 3 g 7
(h) x 3
1
2
1.
20. | a + b | = | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 2 0 or a 1 0, b 1 0;
| a + b | 1 | a | + | b | when a 2 0, b 1 0 or a 1 0, b 2 0;
` | a + b | # | a + b | for all a, b
1.
2x - 8
5.
x 2 - 2x 6. 6a 2 - 16ab 7. 2a 2 b + ab 2 8. 5n 2 - 20n
2. 6h + 9
3. - 5a + 10
9.
3x3 y2 + 6x2 y3
10. 4k + 7
11. 2t - 17
12. 4y + 11y
13. - 5b - 6
15. - 3m + 1
16. 8h - 19 17. d - 6
19. 3x - 9x - 5
2
22. - 7y + 4
14. 8 - 2x
20. 2ab - 2a b + b
2
23. 2 b
4. 2xy + 3x
24. 5t - 6
18. a 2 - 2a + 4
21. 4x - 1
25. 2a + 26
Exercises 2.5
1.
a 2 + 7a + 10
2. x 2 + 2x - 3
4.
m 2 - 6m + 8
5. x 2 + 7x + 12
7.
2x 2 + x - 6
8. h 2 - 10h + 21
3. 2y 2 + 7y - 15
6. y 2 - 3y - 10
9. x 2 - 25
14. n 2 - 4
17. a 2 - 4b 2
21. 9a 2 - 1
15. 4x 2 - 9
18. 9x 2 - 16y 2
22. 4z 2 - 49
19. x 2 - 9
ANSWERS
Exercises 2.8
25. x + 8
1.
]x + 4g]2 + bg
4.
]m - 2g]m + 3g
5. ] d - c g ] a + b g 6. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 + 3 h
7.
] 5a - 3 g ] b + 2 g
8. ^ 2y - x h ^ x + y h
26. a - 27
27. a + 18a + 81
28. k - 8k + 16
29. x + 4x + 4
32. 4t 2 - 4t + 1
38. a - 2ab + b
30. y - 14y + 49
31. 4x 2 + 12x + 9
36. a - b
39. a + b
10. ] x + 5 g ] x - 1 g
37. a + 2ab + b
40. a - b
3
1.
t + 8t + 16
4.
y 2 + 16y + 64
7.
n 2 + 2n + 1
5. q 2 + 6q + 9
6. k 2 - 14k + 49
25. ^ y + 7 h ] x - 4 g
8. 4b 2 + 20b + 25
9. 9 - 6x + x 2
10. 9y - 6y + 1
11. x + 2xy + y
2
21. 16a 2 - 1
24. x + 10x + 25
4
27. a 2 -
28. x 2 - ^ y - 2 h2 = x 2 - y 2 + 4y - 4
1
a2
28. 3 (a + 2b) (a + 3)
29. 5 (y - 3) (1 + 2x)
30. ] r + 2 g ] rr - 3 g
23. x 4 - 4
4
26. x + 4 + 2
x
26. (x - 4) (x 3 - 5)
19. 4a 2 - 9
22. 49 - 9x 2
25. 9a b - 16c
15. x 2 - 9
18. x 2 - 100
24. ] a - 3b g ] 4 + c g
12. 9a - 6ab + b
17. ] x - 3 g ^ 7 - y h
20. ] a + 3 g ] 2 - b g
14. t - 16
17. r 2 - 36
20. x 2 - 25y 2
14. ^ a + b h ] ab - 4 g
22. ^ q - 3 h ^ p + q h
23. ] x - 2 g ^ 3x 2 - 5 h
12. (m - 2) (1 - 2y)
18. ] d + 3 g ] 4 - e g 19. ] x - 4 g ^ 3 + y h
3. x - 2x + 1
2. z - 12z + 36
2
9. ^ y + 1 h ] a + 1 g
15. ] 5 - x g ] x + 3 g 16. (x + 7) (x 3 - 4)
21. (x - 3) (x 2 + 6)
3. ] x + 5 g ] x + 2 g
11. (y + 3) (1 + a)
13. ^ x + 5y h ^ 2x - 3y h
Exercises 2.6
16. p 2 - 1
2. ^ y - 3 h ] a + b g
Exercises 2.9
1.
]x + 3g]x + 1g
4.
] t + 4 g2
7.
]v - 3g]v - 5g
2. ^ y + 4 h ^ y + 3 h
5. ] z + 3 g ] z - 2 g
8. ] t - 3 g
3. ] m + 1 g2
6. ] x + 1 g ] x - 6 g
9. ] x + 10 g ] x - 1 g
30. ] x + 1 g2 - 2 ] x + 1 g y + y 2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 - 2xy - 2y + y 2
10. ^ y - 7 h ^ y - 3 h
11. ] m - 6 g ] m - 3 g
12. ^ y + 12 h ^ y - 3 h
13. ] x - 8 g ] x + 3 g
31. 12a
14. ] a - 2 g
32. 32 - z
34. x 2 + 3xy + y 2 - 2x
33. 9x + 8x - 3
2
35. 14n 2 - 4
37. x
38. x - 2x y + y
4
15. ] x - 2 g ] x + 16 g
16. ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 9 h
17. ] n - 6 g ] n - 4 g 18. ] x - 5 g 2
19. ^ p + 9 h ^ p - 1 h
20. ] k - 2 g ] k - 5 g 21. ] x + 4 g ] x - 3 g
22. ] m - 7 g ] m + 1 g 23. ^ q + 10 h ^ q + 2 h
24. ] d - 5 g ] d + 1 g 25. ] l - 9 g ] l - 2 g
Problem
Exercises 2.10
a = 2, b = 7, c = 9, d = 4, e = 3, f = 8, g = 0, h = 6, i = 1
1.
(2a + 1) (a + 5) 2. ^ 5y + 2 h ^ y + 1 h
3.
6.
(7x - 2) (x - 1) 7. ^ 3y - 1 h ^ y + 2 h
9.
^ 5p - 2 h ^ p + 3 h 10. ] 3x + 5 g ] 2x + 1 g
Exercises 2.7
2. 5 ] x - 2 g 3. 3 ] m - 3 g 4. 2 ] 4x + 1 g
1.
2^ y + 3h
5.
6 ^ 4 - 3y h
9.
6. x ] x + 2 g 7. m ] m - 3 g 8. 2y ^ y + 2 h
12. 3mn ^ n 2 + 3 h
15. x ^ 5x - 2 + y h
17. 5b 2 ] b + 3 g
16. q 2 _ 3q 3 - 2 i
18. 3a b ] 2b - a g 19. (m + 5) (x + 7)
2
20. ^ y - 1 h ^ 2 - y h
21. (7 + y) (4 - 3x)
22. ] a - 2 g ] 6x + 5 g
23. ] 2t + 1 g ^ x - y h
24. ] 3x - 2 g ] a + 2b - 3c g
25. 3x ] 2x + 3 g
2
28. 4x 2 ] x - 6 g
26. 3q _ pq 2 - 2 i
3
29. 5m 2 n ^ 7mn 3 - 5 h
27. 3ab ^ 5a 3 b 2 + 1 h
35. (a 2 + 1) (4ab - 3)
33. (x + 4) (y 2 + 2)
8. ] 2x + 3 g ] x + 4 g
11. (2y + 1) (y - 6)
12. ] 5x - 1 g ] 2x + 1 g
15. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y + 8 h
16. ] 4n - 3 g ] n - 2 g
17. ] 4t - 1 g ] 2t + 5 g 18. ^ 3q + 2 h ^ 4q + 5 h
19. ] 4r - 1 g ] 2r + 6 g = 2 ] 4r - 1 g ] r + 3 g
20. ] 2x - 5 g ] 2x + 3 g
21. ^ 6y - 1 h ^ y - 2 h
22. ^ 2p - 3 h ^ 3p + 2 h
23. (8x + 7) (x + 3)
24. ] 3b - 4 g ] 4b - 9 g
25. (6x + 1) (x - 9)
26. ] 3x + 5 g2
27. ^ 4y + 3 h2
29. ] 6a - 1 g2
30. ] 7m + 6 g2
28. ] 5k - 2 g2
543
544
Exercises 2.11
1.
^y - 1h
5.
(x - 6)
9.
] 5x - 4 g2
3. (m + 5)
6. ] 2x + 3 g
18. d 3y +
12. ] 4k - 3 g2
11. ^ 3y - 5 h2
14. ] 9a - 2 g2
15. ] 7m + 6 g2
1 2
19. c x + m
x
1 2
n
5
8. ] 3a + 2 g
10. ^ 7y + 1 h2
2 2
n
3
4. (t - 2)
7. ] 4b - 1 g
13. ] 5x + 1 g2
17. d x -
Exercises 2.14
2. (x + 3)
16. d t +
20. d 5k -
1
n
2
2 2
n
k
Exercises 2.12
1.
(a + 2) (a - 2)
2. (x + 3) (x - 3)
3. (y + 1) (y - 1)
4.
]x + 5g]x - 5g
5. (2x + 7) (2x - 7)
7.
(1 + 2z) (1 - 2z) 8. ] 5t + 1 g ] 5t - 1 g 9. ] 3t + 2 g ] 3t - 2 g
6. (4y + 3) (4y - 3)
10. ] 3 + 4x g ] 3 - 4x g
12. ^ 6x + y h ^ 6x - y h
13. ] 2a + 3b g ] 2a - 3b g
17. (a + b - 3) (a - b + 1)
18. ] z + w + 1 g ] z - w - 1 g
1
1
19. d x + n d x - n
2
2
y
3
+ 1oe
y
3
22. (x 2 + 1) (x 2 - 1) = (x 2 + 1) (x + 1) (x - 1)
23. _ 3x 3 + 2y i _ 3x 3 - 2y i 24. _ x 2 + 4y 2 i ^ x + 2y h ^ x - 2y h
25. (a 4 + 1) (a 2 + 1) (a + 1) (a - 1)
Exercises 2.13
2. ] x + 3 g ^ x 2 - 3x + 9 h
1.
(b - 2) (b 2 + 2b + 4)
3.
]t + 1g^t - t + 1h
5.
(1 - x) (1 + x + x )
7.
(y + 2z) (y - 2yz + 4z 2)
9.
^ 2x + 3y h _ 4x 2 - 6xy + 9y 2 i 10. ] ab - 1 g ^ a 2 b 2 + ab + 1 h
4. (a - 4) (a + 4a + 16)
2
6. ^ 2 + 3y h _ 4 - 6y + 9y i
2
12. d
x
x 2 3x
- 3ne +
+ 9o
4
2
2
10 1 100 10
1
13. d
+ ne 2 + o
a
b
ab b 2
a
17. d 1 -
5.
5 ] a - 1 g2 6. - ] 2x - 3 g ] x - 4 g 7. 3z ] z + 5 g ] z + 4 g
8.
ab ] 3 + 2ab g ] 3 - 2ab g 9. x ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g
10. 2 ] 3x - 2 g ] x + 2 g 11. ] m - 5 g ] 3 + n g
12. - 7 ] 2x + 1 g
14. ] x - 1 g ] x + 2 g ^ x 2 - 2x + 4 h
13. ^ y + 5 h ^ y + 4 h ^ y - 4 h
15. ] x + 1 g ^ x 2 - x + 1 h ] x - 1 g ^ x 2 + x + 1 h
16. x ] x + 2 g ] x - 5 g 17. ] x + 3 g (x - 3) 2
19. 3 ] 2 - b g ^ 4 + 2b + b 2 h
20. 3 ] 3x - 2 g ] 2x + 5 g 21. 3 ] x - 1 g2
23. z ] z + 3 g2
22. (x + 2) (x + 5) (x - 5)
26. 4a (a + 3) (a - 3)
27. 5x ] 2 - x g ^ 4 + 2x + x 2 h
28. (a + 2) (a - 2) (a + 3) (a - 3)
29. 4k (k + 5) 2
Exercises 2.15
1.
x 2 + 4x + 4 = ] x + 2 g2
3.
x 2 - 10x + 25 = ] x - 5 g2
16. - 9 ^ a 2 - a + 1 h
2. b 2 - 6b + 9 = ] b - 3 g2
5.
m - 14m + 49 = ] m - 7 g
7.
x 2 + 2x + 1 = ] x + 1 g2
9.
x 2 - 20x + 100 = ] x - 10 g2
4. y 2 + 8y + 16 = ^ y + 4 h2
6. q 2 + 18x + 81 = ^ q + 9 h2
8. t 2 - 16t + 64 = ] t - 8 g2
12. y 2 + 3y +
13. x 2 - 7x +
49
7 2
= dx - n
4
2
14. a 2 + a +
15. x 2 + 9x +
81
9 2
= dx + n
4
2
16. y 2 -
17. k 2 -
14. ^ x + 1 - y h _ x 2 + 2x + 1 + xy + y + y 2 i
15. ^ 5xy + 6z h _ 25x 2 y 2 - 30xyz + 36z 2 i
30. 3 (x + 1) (x - 1) (x + 3)
- 1 o 21. ^ x + 2y + 3 h ^ x - 2y + 1 h
3.
25. 2 ] x + 2 g ] x - 2 g ^ x + y h _ x 2 - xy + y 2 i
16. ^ x + 2 + y h ^ x + 2 - y h
20. e
2 ] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g 2. 3 ^ p + 3 h ^ p - 4 h
24. ] x + 1 g ] x - 1 g ] 2x + 3 g ] 2x - 3 g
15. ] 2a + 9b g ] 2a - 9b g
1.
11k 121
11
n
+
= dk 4
2
16
5y
2
3 2
9
= dy + n
4
2
1
1 2
= da + n
4
2
25
5 2
= dy - n
4
16
x
x x
ne1 + + o
9
3
3
18. ^ x + y + 3 h _ y - 3y - xy + 9 + 6x + x i
2
Exercises 2.16
19. ^ x + y - 1 h _ x 2 + 4x - xy + y 2 - 5y + 7 i
20. (2a + 6 - b) (4a 2 + 24a + 2ab + 6b + b 2 + 36)
1.
a+2
2. 2t - 1
6.
1
y-4
7.
10.
14.
p+5
3
2 ] b - 2a g
a-3
11.
a+1
a+3
p-2
4p - 2p + 1
2
3.
15.
4y + 1
3
s-1
s+3
8.
12.
4.
4
2d - 1
9.
3+y
x + 2x + 4
a+b
2a - b
5.
x
5x - 2
b2 + b + 1
b+1
13. x - 3
ANSWERS
Exercises 2.17
1.
2.
(a)
(a)
(d)
3.
5x
4
(b)
Exercises 2.20
13y + 3
b
2a - 1
(b)
a+8
12
(d)
^ p - 2 h _ q2 - q + 1 i
ab
a+b+3
(c)
a+b
-x + 2
(b)
x ]x - 1g
(a)
x - 13
6
b 2 ^ x + 2y h
10 ] 2b - 1 g
2 _ 3y 2 + 14y + 13 i
^y + 2h^y + 3h^y - 1h
x2 ] x + 2 g
(b)
8 _ y 2 - 3y + 9 i
1. 3 5
(e)
3p 2 + 5pq - 2q 2
pq ^ p + q h ^ p - q h
9. - 4 2
10. 4 5
13. - 3
14.
15. 5 7
16.
- ] 5x + 22 g
(j)
]x + 4g]x - 4g]x + 3g
1.
5.5 7. 377
12. 22.4
17.
15y
2. 47
14.
3
4
8. 14
14. - 84
16. 28
18. - 2 105
17.
30
25. 2 3
26.
31.
2 2
(e) 0.6
4. 375
3 10
3
32.
(a)
10 + 6
(m) 10 6 - 120
5. - 196
3
4
2.
2.
(i) 4 2
(n) 9 3
(p) 6 3
(q) 3 11
(r) 5 5
(a) 6 3
(b) 20 5
(c) 28 2
(f) 8 14
3.
4.
(a)
18
(f)
160
(g) 72 5
(b)
(g)
20
117
(d) 4 7
(h) 30 2
(c)
176
(h)
98
2 5
33.
34.
2 2
2
3
35.
5
7
(c) 12 + 8 15
21. 4
(e) 16 5
(j) 24 5
(d)
128
(e)
75
(i)
363
(j)
1008
(h) 5 - 5 15
(l) 210 - 14 15
(n) - 10 - 2 2
(o) 4 3 - 12
(c) 2 10 - 6 + 10 15 - 15 6
(d) 12 20 + 18 60 - 8 10 - 12 30 =
24 5 + 36 15 - 8 10 - 12 30
(f) 15 - 15 + 18 10 - 6 6
(h) - 1
(i) - 12
(n) 7 + 2 10
(j) 43
(k) 3
(o) 11 - 4 6
(l) - 241
(p) 25 + 6 14
(r) 27 - 4 35
(s) 77 - 12 40 = 77 - 24 10
(t) 53 + 12 10
3.
(a) 18
(d) 19 + 6 2
4.
(a) a = 21, b = 80
5.
(a) a - 1
6.
k = 25
9.
a = 107, b = - 42
(o) 7 5
(i) 14 10
3 5
1
2
(a) 10 + 3 6 + 3 5 + 9 3
(b) 10 - 35 - 2 + 14
(j) 3 6
(h) 5 3
29.
(g) - 6 - 12 6
(q) 57 + 12 15
(m) 8 2
2 5
(j) 2 54 + 6 = 6 6 + 6
(e) 6 2
(g) 4 3
28.
24.
(f) 5 33 + 3 21
1.
(l) 10 3
23. 1
(e) - 6 + 4 18 = - 6 + 12 2
(m) - 6
(k) 4 7
22. 4 3
(b) 2 6 - 15
(g) 4
(f) 10 2
19. 18
(d) 5 14 - 2 21
Exercises 2.19
(d) 5 2
27.
6. 30
15. 2
21. 2 6
5. - 6 6
12 = 2 3
12. 15 28 = 30 7
15. 15 16. 10
(c) 2 6
10.
11. 2 48 = 8 3
1.
(b) 3 7
4. 10 14
9. 60
(e) 52 - 13 10
(a) 2 3
7-5 2
Exercises 2.22
8. 284 9. - 40
3. 3 6
15
(k) - 8 + 12 12 = - 8 + 24 3
(d) - 37.7
3. - 7
21.
24. - 2 - 2 3
13. 2 20 = 4 5
30.
a 2 - 2ab - b 2 + 1
]a + bg]a - bg
(c) 48.1
13. 1838.8
12 = 2 3
2.
(i) 6 + 30
21
7. - 12 55
^x + yh^x - yh
(b) - 6.9
12. 5 3
17. 13 6
20. 5 2 - 2 3
23. 7 6 + 3 5
20. 30 50 = 150 2
y ^x + y + 1h
(a) - 7.1
19. 47 3
11.
6. 3 6
Exercise 2.21
2]x - 1g
(f)
]x + 1g]x - 3g
Exercises 2.18
1.
5. - 3 5
25. - 17 5 + 10 2
2x
(d)
x+2
^y + 2h^y + 1h
(d)
4. 3 3
8. 8 5
22. - 2 3 - 4 5
x 2 + 10x - 24
3b 2 - 5b - 10
(d)
(e) x
2 ]x - 3g]x - 4g
2b ] b + 1 g
3x - 13
3 - 5x
(a)
(b)
]x - 5g]x - 2g]x + 3g
]x + 2g]x - 2g
(c)
3. 6 3
7. - 7 2
(c)
5.
2.
18. - 9 10
a+2
(h)
] a + 1 g2
- 3x + 8
(g)
]x + 2g]x - 2g
4.
(e)
]x - 3g]x - 1g
(e)
]x - 5g]x - 2g
^ p + qh^ p - qh + 1
p2 - q2 + 1
=
(e)
p+q
p+q
(i)
4p + 3
(c)
q+1
x 2 - xy + y 2
5
(a)
x
(c)
15
(b) 108 2
(c) 432 2
(e) 9
(b) a = 19, b = - 7
(b) 2p - 1 - 2 p ^ p - 1 h
7. 2x - 3y - 5 xy
8. a = 17, b = 240
10. 9 + 5 units 2
545
546
Exercises 2.23
1.
(a)
(e)
(h)
2.
7
7
8.
6
4
(b)
3+ 6
3
(f)
3 14 - 4 7
14
(c)
2 15
5
(d)
12 - 5 2
2
(i)
6 14
3 14
=
5
10
(g)
(a) 4 3 - 4 2 = 4 ^ 3 - 2 h
(b)
(j)
4 15 - 2 10
35
6 15 - 9 6 + 2 10 - 6
2
3.
So rational
9.
1.
2.
(j)
(l)
4.
(i)
2-1
28 - 2 6 - 7 3
13
(b) a = 1, b = 8
8
5
(d) a = - 1 , b = 9
9
(k)
2 15 + 2 10 - 2 6 - 3 - 5
2
(a) a = 45, b = 10
5.
4 6+9 3
21
15 30 - 30 5 - 4 3
30
+
2+1
2-1
2
2-1
2+1
2-1
^ 2 - 1h^ 2 - 1h
+
+
4
2
(a) 4 (b) 14
7.
3 5 - 2 - 15 - 3
3
4 2
2
^ 2 h2 - 1 2
2- 2- 2+1
=
+2 2
2-1
3-2 2
=
+2 2
1
=3-2 2+2 2
=3
So rational
6.
1
1
(c) a = - , b =
2
2
(e) a = 5, b = 32
x = -^ 3 + 2h
10.
2
2
(a) - 2y
(b) a + 4
b+4 b+4
b-4
(f) 6 2
(g) 4 5
(c) - 6k 5
(d)
5x + 3y
(e) 3a - 8b
15
(a) ] x + 6 g ] x - 6 g
(e) 2 ^ 2n - p + 3 h
(d) (y - 3) (5 + x)
(f) (2 - x) (4 + 2x + x 2)
3.
20 12 + 19 6 + 25 3 - 6
19 6 + 65 3 - 6
(g)
=
15
15
6+9 2+2 3
6
Test yourself 2
(a) 2 2
(b) - ^ 2 + 6 - 3 2 + 3 3 h = - 2 - 6 + 3 2 - 3 3
22 5 + 14 2
(c)
39
^
(d) - 6 6 - 16 - 3 84 + 8 14 h
10
- 3 6 + 8 + 3 21 - 4 14
=
5
(e) - 4 (f) 4 2
(h)
6-4 2
+4 2
9-4#2
6-4 2
=
+4 2
1
=6-4 2+4 2
=6
(c)
(f)
2
3-2 2
8
=
#
+
#
3+2 2
3-2 2
2
2^3 - 2 2 h 8 2
+
=
2
2
32 - ^ 2 2 h
=
-^ 6 + 7 3 h
47
- ^ 2 15 - 4 18 h
- 2 ^ 15 - 6 2 h
=
19
19
- ^ 19 - 8 3 h
8 3 - 19
=
(d)
(e) 6 + 2 + 5 3 + 5 2
13
13
5 + 2 10
5
8 5 + 3 10
20
2
3+2 2
(b) 2x 2 + 5x - 3
(a) 4b - 6
5.
V = 157.464
(f) - 1 - 7a
(h) 3 3 - 6 + 21 - 2 7
4.
(c) 4m + 17
(e) p 2 - 25
(b)
b 2 ^ a 2 + 3a + 9 h
6. (a) 17
15
] m - 2 g2
(b)
6 15 - 9
17
4x + 5
8. (a) 36 (b) - 2
]x + 3g]x - 2g
1
9. (a)
(b) 8 10. d = 11.25
5
2 3
2+ 6
11. (a)
(b)
15
2
7.
12. (a) 3 6 - 6 - 4 3 + 4 2
(c) 2
(d) 216
(b) 11 + 4 7
(b) 6 ] x - 3 g ] x + 1 g
13. (a) 3 (x - 3) (x + 3)
(c) 5 ^ y + 2 h _ y 2 - 2y + 4 i
14. (a)
x3
(b)
3y 4
15. (a) 99
1
3x - 1
(b) 24 3
16. (a) a 2 - b 2
(b) a 2 + 2ab + b 2
17. (a) ] a - b g2
(b) ] a - b g ^ a 2 + ab + b 2 h
18.
3 3+1
2
20.
21 5 - 46 - 2
7
(c) 16
19. (a)
4b + 3a
ab
(c) a 2 - 2ab + b 2
(b)
3x - 11
10
(e) 2
ANSWERS
21. (a) 6 2
(f)
(b) - 8 6
24. (a)
(d)
3 7
7
6
15
5+1
2
(c)
(e)
x + 10
10
17a - 15
21
1
k-1
(b)
(e)
71
121
20 + 3 15 + 4 10 + 3 6
53
(c)
3 - 2x
(x + 1) (x - 1)
15 - 6 - 15 3 - 15 2
3
(b) n = 175
(d) n = 5547
(c) n = 392
28. (d)
33. (a)
34. (d)
30. (c)
35. (b)
(b) y 4 - 4
2.
4.
x2 +
2
3.
or
4
2 2
b
b2
b 2
n
x + 2 = dx +
a
a
2
4a
4x 2 + 12x + 9 = ] 2x + 3 g2
]a + 1g
a2 - a + 1
10. d
11. w = 13
7.
(d) ] b - 2 g ] a + 2 g ] a - 2 g
y+1
2]x - 1g
8. 2 5
13. x = 14
16. p = 3
5. k = 5
5
8
14. x = - 1
17. t = 8.2
18. x = - 9.5
20. x = - 3
24. y = 1
1.
t = 8.5
6.
r = 6.68
21. b = 0.8
2
25. t = - 1
3
22. a = - 0.375
2x 1
1 2
+ = dx + n
9
3
3
20. r =
21. s = 2 + 6 3
4. a = 41
3
4 r
71
121
3 r
4r
(b) a =
8. n = 15
19. x = 5.5
20. r = 3.3
5. y = 4
9. y 1 = 3
2
3
(b) w = 69.66
13. x 1 = - 9
17. r = 10.46
14. t = 2.14
18. x = 1.19
Exercises 3.4
1.
2.
16. x = 2
(a) 3
7. x = 6.44
16. r = 2.12
(a) x 2 3
-4
- 66 6 + 4 2 - 15 + 4 5 - 65 3
13
18.
3. b = 8
-3
-2
-1
-2
-1
(b) y # 4
3x + 4
(b)
] 2x - 1 g2
400 - 59 5
10
2. l = 122
15. x = ! 2
-4
13. x 3 - 7x 2 + 15x - 9
1
2
12. t = 30
15. x = - 0.4
2 a 2 a
+ nd - n
x b x b
19. i = 1
9
35
]x - 3g]x + 3g]x - 2g
3
17.
4. x = 1
6.
3x 3 - 6x 2 + 3x + 4xy - 6y
15. x 2 +
2. x = 35 3. y = 4
4
9
b =3
(c) h = 1.94
(a) ] x + 4 g ] x + 9 g
14.
1
3
1.
10. h = 3.7
11.
30. x Z 4.41
(b) _ x 2 - 3y i _ x 2 + 2y i = (x + 3 y) (x - 3 y) _ x 2 + 2y i
9.
29. p = 5
17 3 + 2 5 + 20
17
6.
Exercises 3.3
5.
2. z = - 5.6 3. y = 1 4. w = 6.7 5. x = 12
1
8. b = 35 9. n = - 16 10. r = 4
6. x = 4 7. y =
15
11. y = 9 12. k = 6 13. d = 2 14. x = 5 15. y = 15
23. x = 3
(a) 2a 2 b - 8ab 2 + 6a 3
3
t = -5
19. q = 22
Challenge exercise 2
1.
1.
Exercises 3.2
(e) n = 1445
32. (b)
Chapter 3: Equations
Exercises 3.1
12 - 2 6
15
31. (c)
(e) 30a 2 b
(b) 10 14 - 5 21 - 6 10 + 3 15
(b)
25. (a) n = 48
26. 3
(d) 43 (e) 65 - 6 14
(c) 7
(d)
(d)
(g) 2x - 3y
3n 4
22. (a) 2 6 + 4
23. (a)
(c) 2 3
17
14
, b=23
23
-3
(f) a $ - 1
(g) y $ - 2
(j) y 1 12
(k) b 1 - 18
(l) x 2 30
(n) m 2 14
2
3
1
4
(r) w 1 2
4
5
(v) x 2 - 1
(o) b $ 16
(s) x $ 35
2
3
(h) x 1 - 2
(w) b # - 11
(m) x # 3
(p) r # - 9
(t) t $ - 9
1
4
(i) a # - 6
3
4
(q) z 2 8
(u) q 2 - 6
2
5
547
548
3.
(a) 1 1 x 1 7
1
3.
(b) - 2 # p 1 5
-3
-2
-1
4.
(c) 1 1 x 1 4
-3
-2
-1
-2
-1
1
2
(e) 1 y 1 1
6
3
-1
-2
5.
1.
2.
(a) x = ! 5
(b) y = ! 8
(e) x 2 6, x 1 - 6
(f) - 10 # p # 10
(g) x = 0
(i) - 12 1 y 1 12
(j) b $ 20, b # - 20
(a) x = 5, - 9
8.
5
(f) x = 5, -4
7
(h) x $ 9, x # - 6
(i) x = ! 12
(j) 2 # a # 10
3.
(a) x = 1
1
4
(b) a = 3, -
1
3
(c) b = 2
(a) x = 2, -
1
2
(a) t = 3, -1
-3
-2
(b) y = 3, 2
1
3
(e) d = 4, -5
2
5
(b) - 1
-1
9.
(f) x = 7 (g) m = 5, 1
4
, -2
5
(i) y =
1
3
(d) x = 4, -7
5.
2
7
1
3
2
3
2.
(a) x = 3
2
3
(b) y = ! 8
(e) p = 10
(f) x = ! 5
(i) n = ! 4
(j) q = - 2
(c) n = ! 2
(g) y = ! 3
(d) x = ! 2 5
1
512
1
(e) x = !
8
(b) x = 6
1
7
1
2
1
4
(f) x = 4
(j) m = 1
(d) x = !
(c) a =
1
81
1
625
19
(h) n = 7
32
(d) k =
(g) y = ! 8
127
216
(a) n = 4
(b) y = 5
(c) m = 9
(f) x = 3
(g) x = 2
(h) x = 2
(a) x = 2
1
2
(a) m =
(b) x =
1
3
3
4
(e) k = -
2
3
(f) n =
(i) k = -
1
6
(j) x = 1
(a) x = - 1
(c) x =
(d) x = 5
(i) x = 1
1
3
(g) x = 1
(d) k = -
1
2
(h) n =
2
3
1
2
2
3
(b) x = - 1
1
3
(c) k = - 4
(f) x = -
2
3
(g) x = - 4
1
2
(j) x = 18
10. (a) m =
1
4
(b) k = - 2
(e) n =
1
18
(f) n = 1
7
(e) m = 0
(j) k = 2
3
4
1
2
(c) x = 2
(g) x =
4
5
3
8
(d) n = 3
1
2
(h) x = - 1
(d) k = 1
1
2
(h) b = - 3
1
6
7
11
(j) m = 5
Puzzle
1.
4.
16 each time
5. Friday
(h) w = 2
(j) b = ! 1
(a) x =
(i) x = - 1
Exercises 3.6
1.
(e) n =
(c) y =
4
5
2
1t 13
5
1
2
(h) y = 27
(b) a =
(i) x = 1
3
5
(g) b = 216
1
5
(e) x = - 2
(j) No solutions
(c) a = - 10, 1
1
2
(d) t = 8
(a) x =
(f) x = 6
(c) a 2 2, a 1 - 2
(e) x = 3, -6
1
1y 12
2
7.
(h) a 2 14, a 1 - 14
(b) n = 4, -2
(d) 4 # x # 6
6.
(c) - 4 1 a 1 4
(d) k $ 1, k # - 1
(g) - 3
(f) m = 625
(j) t = 81
(i) b = 8
Exercises 3.5
(c) x = 32
(i) a = 128
(i) x = !
-3
(b) t = 16
(e) p = 243
(d) - 3 # y # 5
-3
(a) n = 27
Exercises 3.7
1.
y = 0, -1
5.
x = -2, -7
2. b = 2, -1
6. q = !3
3. p = 3, -5
7. x = !1
4. t = 0, 5
8. a = 0, -3
ANSWERS
9.
x = 0, - 4
12. y = 1, -1
16. x = 1, 2
20. x = 3, 4
10. x = !
1
2
1
2
1
2
11. x = -1, -1
3 1
,
4 2
13. b =
17. x = 0, 5
14. x = 5, -2 15. x = 0,
18. y = - 1, 2
21. m = - 6, 1
23. y = 1, -5, -2
1
3
1
12. y 1 - 1 , y 2 2
2
2
3
19. n = 3, 5
24. x = 5, -7
25. m = 8, -1
15. - 1
(a) x = ! 5 - 2
(b) a = ! 7 + 3
(c) y = ! 23 + 4
(e) p = ! 44 - 7 = ! 2 11 - 7
18. - 1 # a # 1
19. - 2 1 x 1 3
20. x # - 1, x $ 3
21. 0 1 x 1 2
22. 1 # a # 1
1
2
23. y # - 2, y $
(f) x = ! 28 + 5 = ! 2 7 + 5
1.
4.
x = 6, y = 17
(h) x = ! 2 + 1
7.
x = - 3, y = 2
! 5+3
(j) y =
2
a = 1, b = 3
10. m = 2, n = 3
4
5
25. 1 # x # 1
1
3
Exercises 3.11
(g) y = ! 88 - 10 = ! 2 22 - 10 = 2 ^ ! 22 - 5 h
(i) n = ! 137 - 12
1
1
#x #2
3
17. x 1 - 4, x 2 4
2
1
24. m 1 - 1 , m 2 1
3
2
(d) x = ! 13 - 1
2.
2
5
2
,x $1
3
16. - 4 # y # 3
22. x = 0, -1, -2
Exercises 3.8
1.
14. b 1 - 3, b 2
13. x #
2. x = 2, y = 1
3. p = 2, q = - 1
5. x = - 10, y = 2
6. t = 3, v = 1
8. x = - 64, y = - 39
11. w 1 = - 1, w 2 = 5
13. p = - 4, q = 1
9. x = 3, y = - 4
12. a = 0, b = 4
14. x 1 = 1, x 2 = - 1
15. x = - 1, y = - 4 16. s = 2, t = - 1
17. a = - 2, b = 0
18. k = - 4, h = 1
19. v 1 = - 2, v 2 = 4
20. x = 2, y Z 1.41
Problem
Exercises 3.9
1.
(d) x = 1, - 0.5
(b) x = 1, 1.5
(f) n = 0.243, -8.24
(h) x = 0, 7
(i) x = 1, - 6
(a) x =
- 1 ! 17
2
(c) q =
4 ! 28
= 2! 7
2
(b) x =
5 ! 13
6
- 12 ! 128
-3 ! 2 2
(d) h =
=
8
2
- 5 ! 73
(g) d =
12
2 ! 32
(h) x =
=1!2 2
2
(j) x =
1.
x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
2.
x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = 4
3.
x = 0, y = 3 and x = 3, y = 0
4.
x = 4, y = - 3 and x = 3, y = - 4
6.
x = 3, y = 9
8.
m = - 4, n = 0 and m = 0, n = - 4
9.
x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = - 2
5. x = - 1, y = - 3
7. t = - 2, x = 4 and t = 1, x = 1
10. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1
8 ! 40
4 ! 10
=
(e) s =
6
3
- 11 ! 133
(f) x =
2
Exercises 3.12
1! 5
(i) t =
2
7 ! 41
4
11. x = 2, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = - 2
12. x = 0, y = 1
13. x = 1, y = 5 and x = 4, y = 11
1
14. x = , y = 4 and x = - 1, y = - 1
4
1
1
15. t = - , h =
4
2
16. x = 2, y = 0
17. x = 0, y = 0 and x = - 2, y = - 8 and x = 3, y = 27
18. x = 0, y = 0 and x = 1, y = 1 and x = - 1, y = 1
19. x =
Exercises 3.10
3
1
,y =2
4
2
20. x = -
5
12
,y =13
13
Exercises 3.13
1.
-3 1 x 1 0
2. 0 1 y 1 4
4.
x # - 2, x $ 2
7.
c 1 - 1, c 2 2
10. b # - 2, b $ -
3. n # 0, n $ 1
5. n 1 - 1, n 2 1
8. - 4 # x # - 2
1
2
6. - 5 # n # 3
9. 4 1 x 1 5
11. a 1 - 1, a 2
1
3
1.
x = - 2, y = - 8, z = - 1
2. a = - 2, b = - 1, c = 2
3.
a = - 4, b = 2, c = 7
4. a = 1, b = 2, c = - 3
5.
x = 5, y = 0, z = - 2
6. x = 0, y = - 5, z = 4
7.
p = - 3, q = 7, r = 4
8. x = 1, y = - 1, z = 2
9.
h = - 3, j = 2, k = - 4
10. a = 3, b = - 1, c = - 2
549
550
Test yourself 3
1.
(a) b = 10
(b) a = - 116
2.
(a) A = 1262.48
3.
(a) x 2 - 8x + 16 = ] x - 4 g2
4.
(a) x = - 2, y = 5
5.
(a) x = 2
6.
(a) b = 2, -1
7.
(a) A = 36
9.
-1 1 y # 3
(d) p # 4
(b) P = 8558.59
(b) y =
1
3
(c) x = - 7
(a) (i) 47c (ii) 137c (b) (i) 9c (ii) 99c (c) (i) 63c
(ii) 153c (d) (i) 35c (ii) 125c (e) (i) 52c (ii)142c
(f) (i) 15c7l (ii) 105c7l (g) (i) 47c36l (ii) 137c36l
(h) (i) 72c21l (ii)162c21l (i) (i) 26c11l (ii) 116c11l
(j) (i) 38c51l (ii) 128c51l 5. (a) x = 49c (b) 41c
(c) 131c 6. (a) y = 15c, x = z = 165c
(b) x = 142c, y = 48c, z = 28c
(c) a = 43c, b = 137c, c = 101c
(d) a = 97c, b = d = 41c, c = 42c
(e) a = 68c, b = 152c, c = 28c (f) a = 10c, b = 150c
7.
8x - 10 + 2x - 10 + x + 10 + 7x + 10 = 360
(b) k 2 + 4k + 4 = ] k + 2 g2
1
(b) x = 4, y = 1 and x = - , y = - 8
2
1
4
(b) g = 2,
(b) b = 12
1
4
(c) x $ 4, x # 3
8. x =
1
,1
2
(angle of revolution)
18x = 360
x = 20
+ABE = 8x - 10
= 8 (20) - 10
= 150c
+EBC = 2x - 10
= 2 (20) - 10
= 30c
+ABE + +EBC = 150c + 30c
= 180c
` +ABC is a straight angle
+DBC = 7x + 10
= 7 (20) + 10
= 150c
+DBC + +EBC = 150c + 30c
= 180c
` +DBE is a straight angle
` AC and DE are straight lines
(b) r = 2.9
13. x 1 2, x 2 9
(b) r = 3.9
16. (a) ii
12. x 2 71
(b) i
(c) ii
1
4
(e) iii
17. a = 3, b = 2, c = - 4
18. n 2 0, n 1 - 3
19. x = - 4
1
3
20. x = - 2
(c) x = 2
(d) x = 2
(g) - 4 # x # 2
21. (a) y 2 3
(e) x = 3, -1
(h) x = - 3
(j) x # - 1, x $ 1
2
5
(b) - 3 # n # 0
(f) t $ 1, t # - 2
(i) y 2 2, y 1 - 2
5
(k) x =
6
8.
1 3
(m) No solutions (n) t = 2 ,
3 5
=x
` +AFC = x
(o) - 1 1 x 1 3
(p) m # - 3, m $ 2
=x
` +AFC = +CFE
` CD bisects +AFE
Challenge exercise 3
1.
y =1
3.
a = 3, b = !2
1
(l) - # b # 2
2
2. x 1 - a, x 2 a
9.
4. x = 2.56, -1.56
+ABD + +DBC
] x + 3 g ] x - 3 g ] x - 2 g ^ x 2 + 2x + 4 h; x = ! 3, 2
= 110 - 3x + 3x + 70
= 180c
6.
x = 1, y = 2 and x = - 1, y = 0
7.
b = 4; x = ! 17 + 4 Z 8.12, - 0.123
9.
-1 1 t 1 1
5.
12. r = 2.31
10. - 3 # x # 8
13. No solutions
15. P = 2247.36
16. x =
8. x = ! 1
1
11. x =
4
14. x = ! b + a 2 + a
2 ^ 4 ! 10 h
3
17. y 1 -1, y 2
3
5
Exercises 4.2
Chapter 4: Geometry 1
Exercises 4.1
1.
1.
(e) n = e = g = a = c = z = x = 98c,
o = m = h = f = b = d = y = w = 82c
ANSWERS
5.
(a)
(j) y = 37c
= 59c
` +BFG = +CGF = 59c
These are equal alternate angles.
` AB < CD
(b) +BAC = 360c - 292c = 68c
6.
y = 38c
7.
(a) x = 64c
(c) x = 63c
(angle of revolution)
8.
` AB < CD
(+BCE is a straight angle)
(c) +BCD = 180 - 76
= 104c
+ABC = +BCD = 104c
These are equal alternate angles.
1.
(a) x = 60c
(b) y = 36c
(c) m = 71c
(e) x = 30c
(f) x = 20c
(g) x = 67c
(d) x = 37c
2.
3.
4.
Exercises 4.4
1.
(a) Yes
AB = EF = 5cm
(given)
BC = DF = 6 cm
(given)
AC = DE = 8 cm
(given)
` D ABC / DDEF
(SSS)
] 90 - x g c
(b)Yes
` AB < DE
BC = BD
` AB ; ED
(h) a = 73c
= 42c
Exercises 4.3
` +JLK = +JKL = 30
` D JKL is isosceles
` AB ; CD
`AB ; CD
XY = BC = 4.7 m
(given)
(given)
` D XYZ / DABC
(SAS)
(c) No
551
552
(d) Yes
+PQR = +SUT = 49c
(given)
(given)
triangles)
7.
(given)
`DPQR / DSTU
(AAS)
(a) AB = KL = 4
(given)
(given)
+B = +L = 38c
(given)
BC = JL = 5
` by SAS, D ABC / D JKL
(given)
(c) MN = QR = 8
(given)
NO = PR = 8
(given)
MO = PQ = 5
` by SSS, D MNO / D PQR
(given)
(e) BC = DE = 4
(given)
+C = +E = 90c
(given)
AC = EF = 7
` by SAS, D ABC / D DEF
(a)
(given)
AF = BC
(given)
FE = CD
(given)
`DAFE / DBCD
(RHS)
(corresponding angles in
congruent triangles)
9.
(a) OA = OC
(equal radii)
OB is common
AB = BC
(given)
`DOAB / DOBC
(SSS)
(corresponding angles in
congruent triangles)
(a)
OB is perpendicular to AC.
10. (a) AD = BC
+ADC = +BCD = 90c
DC is common
`DADC / DBCD
(b) AC = BD
(equal radii)
Exercises 4.5
OB = OD
(similarly)
(given)
(SAS)
(corresponding sides in congruent
1.
(a) x = 15.1
(b) x = 4.4
(c) m = 6.6
(e) b = 4.5
`DAOB / DCOD
(SAS)
(g) p = 9.7
(b) AB = CD
2.
a = 1.81, b = 5.83
3.
+BAC = +EDC
+ABC = +DEC
+ACB = +ECD
triangles)
6.
(given)
triangles)
OA = OC
+AOB = +COD
5.
(SAS)
+B = +C
(base angles of isosceles D)
+BDA = +CDA = 90c (given)
AD is common
` by AAS, D ABD / D ACD
+ABD = +BDC
`DOAB / DOBC
(given)
(d) +Y = +T = 90c
(given)
+Z = +S = 35c
(given)
XY = TR = 1.3
` by AAS, D XYZ / D STR
4.
(equal radii)
QR = TU = 8 cm
(given)
(b) +Z = +B = 90c
(given)
XY = AC = 7
(given)
YZ = BC = 2
` by RHS, D XYZ / D ABC
3.
(a) OA = OC
OB is common
(e) No
2.
(a) AB = AD
(given)
BC = DC
(given)
AC is common
`DABC / DADC
(SSS)
ANSWERS
4.
(given)
+GFE = +EFD
GF
1.5
o
=
= 0.5
EF
2.7
2.7
EF
o
=
= 0.5
DF
4.86
GF
EF
`
=
EF
DF
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their
included angles are equal, then DDEF ||| DFGE
1.3
AB
=
= 0.714
5.
DE
1.82
4.2
AC
=
= 0.714
DF
5.88
4.9
BC
=
= 0.714
EF
6.86
AC
BC
AB
=
=
`
DE
DF
EF
Since three pairs of sides are in proportion,
D ABC ||| D DEF
y = 41c
6.
(a) OA = OB
OC = OD
OA
OB
`
=
OD
OC
+AOB = +COD
(equal radii)
(similarly)
(b) AB = 5.21 cm
12. (a)
(c)
+ABF = +BEC
+CBE = +BFA
` +C = +A
AB
10.
CD
BC
AC
AC
AD
AB
`
CD
=
=
=
=
2
= 0.769
2.6
3
= 0.769
3.9
3.9
= 0.769
5.07
BC
AC
=
AD
AC
Also
`
BD
AD
=
AE
CE
AD
DF
Also
=
AE
EG
BD
DF
`
=
CE
EG
14. y = 0.98
2.
(a) p =
3.
s = 6.2 m
5.
6.
XY = YZ = 1
` D XYZ is isosceles
61
(b) y = 6.6
(c) b = 5.7
(b) t =
(c) x =
58
4. CE = 15.3 cm
YZ 2 = XY 2 = 1, XZ 2 = 2
YZ 2 + XY 2 = 1 + 1
=2
= XZ 2
` D XYZ is right angled
+A is common
1.2
AD
=
= 0.4
AB
3
0.8
AE
=
= 0.4
2
AC
AD
AE
`
=
AB
AC
Since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their
included angles are equal, D AED ||| D ABC, m = 4.25
AB
AD
=
AE
AC
AD
AF
=
AE
AG
AB
AF
=
AC
AG
(b)
(a) x = 6.4
1.
(c) x = 6.5
Exercises 4.6
AB
AD
=
DE
BC
AD
AF
Also
=
DE
FG
AB
AF
`
=
BC
FG
(a) +A is common
+ABC = +ADE
+ACB = +AED
7.
7.
AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2
2
2 2 = ^ 3 h + BC 2
4
1
`1
AC
8.
= 3 + BC 2
= BC 2
= BC
=2
=2#1
= 2BC
(a) AC = 5
(b) AC 2 = 25, CD 2 = 144,
AD 2 = 169
AC 2 + CD 2 = 25 + 144
= 169
= AD 2
` D ACD has a right angle at +ACD
` AC is perpendicular to DC
(d) m = 6.6
65
(d) y =
33
553
554
9.
AB =
3b
11. d 2 = ] 20 - 3t g 2 + ] 15 - 2t g 2
= 400 - 120t + 9t 2 + 225 - 60t + 4t 2
= 13t 2 - 180t + 625
12. 1471 mm
x2 + y2
x
10.
6.
+ADB = +CDB
+CDB = +ABD
+ADB = +DBC
` +ABD = +DBC
` BD bisects +ABC
7.
(a) AD = BC = 3.8 cm
AB = DC = 5.3 cm
20. (a) BC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2
= 20
BC = 20
AO = 6 cm
(equal radii)
So AC 2 = 6 2 - 4 2
= 20
AC = 20
Since BC = AC, OC bisects AB
1.
2.
D ABE is isosceles.
` +B = +E = 76c
(base +s equal)
+CBE = +DEB = 180c - 76c
= 104c (straight +s)
+D + 62c + 104c + 104c = 360c (angle sum of quadrilateral)
+D + 270c = 360c
+D = 90c
` CD is perpendicular to AD`
3.
(a)
+D = 180c - x
(+A and +D cointerior angles, AB < DC)
+C = 180c - (180c - x)
= 180c - 180c + x
=x
`+A = +C = x
+B = 180c - x (+B and +C cointerior angles, AB < DC)
`+B = +D = 180c - x
(b) Angle sum = x + x + 180c - x + 180c - x
= 360c
4.
a = 150c , b = 74c
5.
(given)
(given)
Exercises 4.7
(given)
` XMNY is a parallelogram
(d) AE = EC = 5 cm
DE = EB = 6 cm
(given)
(given)
9.
6.4 cm
11. 4 2 cm
Exercises 4.8
1.
(a) 540c (b) 720c (c) 1080c (d) 1440c (e) 1800c
(f) 2880c 2. (a) 108c (b) 135c (c) 150c (d) 162c
(e) 156c 3. (a) 60c (b) 36c (c) 45c (d) 24c
4.
128c34l 5. (a) 13
8.
2340c
(b) 152c18l 6. 16
7. 3240c
9. 168c23l
(b) 12
(c) 8
(d) 10
(e) 30
ANSWERS
S = ] n - 2 g # 180c
= (6 - 2) # 180c
= 720c
720c
+AFE =
6
= 120c
Since AF = FE, triangle AFE is isosceles.
So +FEA = +FAE
(base angles in isosceles triangle)
180 - 120c
` +FEA =
(angle sum of triangle)
2
= 30c
+AED = 120 - 30c
= 90c
Similarly, +BDE = 90c
(b)
S = ] n - 2 g # 180c
= (8 - 2) # 180c
= 1080c
1080c
` +AHG =
8
= 135c
+HGA = +HAG
360
p
(b) Each interior angle:
360
180 p
180p 360
=
p
p
180p - 360
=
p
180 ^ p - 2 h
=
p
15. (a)
Exercises 4.9
1.
3.
5.
7 51 + 98 = 7 ^ 51 + 14 h cm 2
7.
$621.08
9.
(a) 48 cm
8. (a) 161.665 m 2
(b) 27 cm
6. 22.97 cm 2
(b) 89 m 2
(c) 10.5 m
Test yourself 4
180 - 135c
`+HAG =
(angle sum of triangle)
2
= 22c30l
+GAC = 135 - 2 # 22c30l
= 90c
We can similarly prove all interior angles are 90c and
adjacent sides equal.
So ACEG is a square.
1.
2.
+AGF = i
So +AGF = +CFE = i
These are equal corresponding +s.
` AB < CD
3.
118.28 cm2
4.
(common)
(a) +DAE = +BAC
(corresponding angles, DE < BC)
+ADE = +ABC
(similarly)
+AED = +ACB
` D ABC and D ADE are similar (AAA)
] 5 - 2 g # 180c
5
= 108c
14. +EDC =
ED = CD
(equal sides in regular pentagon)
So EDC is an isosceles triangle.
(base angles in isosceles triangle)
`+DEC = +ECD
180 - 108c
+DEC =
(angle sum of triangle)
2
= 36c
+AEC = 108 - 36c
= 72c
Similarly, using triangle ABC, we can prove that
+EAC = 72c
So EAC is an isosceles triangle.
(Alternatively you could prove EDC and ABC congruent
triangles and then AC = EC are corresponding sides in
congruent triangles.)
162c
6. 1020.7 cm3
8.
(a) AB = AD
BC = DC
7. 36 m
(adjacent sides in kite)
(similarly)
AC is common
` ABC and ADC are congruent (SSS)
(b)
AO = CO
BO = DO
+AOB = +COD
(equal radii)
(similarly)
(vertically opposite angles)
73.5 cm2
2
10. 6 2 + ^ 2 7 h = 36 + 28 = 64 = 8 2
` ABC is right angled (Pythagoras)
555
556
11.
AF
AD
=
AE
AG
AD
AB
=
AE
AC
AF
AB
`
=
AG
AC
12. (a) AB = AC
+B = +C
BD = DC
Challenge exercise 4
1.
94c
4.
+BAD = +DBC
+ABD = +BDC
` +ADB = +DCB
5.
(base +s of isosceles D)
(exterior + of D)
6.
^ base +s equal h
So ACD is isosceles
AB = DC
(given)
+A + +D = 131c + 49c
= 180c
+A and +D are supplementary cointerior angles
` AB < DC
Since one pair of opposite sides are both parallel and
equal, ABCD is a parallelogram.
(given)
(alternate angles, AB < DC)
(angle sum of D)
(given)
(base +s of isosceles D)
(AD bisects BC, given)
13.
(similarly)
27.36 m 2
7.
14.
+DAC = +ACB
+BAC = +ACD
AC is common
` D ABC / D ADC (AAS)
(corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
`
AB = DC
Similarly, AD = BC
` opposite sides are equal
15. (a) 24 cm2 (b) 5 cm
16. 9
8.
+A
AC
EF
AB
DE
AC
`
EF
= +E
2.97
=
= 1.1
2.7
3.96
=
= 1.1
3.6
AB
=
DE
(+sum of D)
(straight +)
^ given h
AD = AB
+DAE = +BAE
AE is common
ANSWERS
10. x = 2.12 m
(b) 10 + 2 5 = 2 ^ 5 + 5 h m
11. (a) 6 m 2
EB is common.
` by SAS, D ABE / DCBE
`
AE = CE (corresponding sides in congruent Ds)
Since AB = BC and AE = CE, ABCE is a kite.
20.
7
15
21. x =
4 ! 12
=2! 3
2
23. x = 4, y = 11 or x = -1, y = - 4
25. 7
28.
24. x = 2, y = -1
27. ] 2x - 1 g ^ 4x 2 + 2x + 1 h
26. 7.02 cm
6 15 + 2 6
43
1
49
22.
29. 7
30. $643.08
32. -2 10 + 3 5 - 2 2 + 3
31. 1.1
33. $83.57
b 10
a 21
37. x 2 6, x 1 -2
40. x =
1
4
2
5
38.
41. x # -3, x $ 3
=
=
2x 2
2x
1
BD
2
2x
=
units
2
DE =
2. 2 ^ 5 + y h ^ x - y h
3. (a) x - 1
p =9
4.
6y - 10
7.
2
x=
7
9.
(given)
+ABC = +EDC = 90
(vertically opposite angles)
+ACB = +ECD
(given)
AB = ED
` by AAS D ABC / DEDC
(corresponding sides in congruent triangles)
` AC = EC
` D ACE is isosceles
(b) x 3
6. x 3 + 2x 2 - 16x + 3
2
8.
x-3
11. - 3
14. 3 10 - 4
(b) 2 31
2 17
47. x = 53c
1
3x + 2
(c)
x-3
(d) 3 2 + 1
x 2 - 3x + 9
y7
- ]x + 5g
11 3
(f)
(g) x - 14 y 7 z -11 = 14 11
]x + 1g]x - 1g
6
x z
3
1
(h)
(i) 8 5 (j) 13
2
5a ] a + b g ] 1 + 2b g
1.
10. 231.3
49.
54
(e)
25 + 5 2
23
1
6
x2 + x2
5.
42.
1
8
12. 135c
13. 7.33 # 10
-2
52. x = 25
53. r =
2
3
cm
54. 17.3 cm
55. Let +DEA = x
(base +s of isosceles D)
Then +EAD = x
+CDA = x + x (exterior + of DEAD)
= 2x
`
+ABC = 2x (opposite +s of < gram are equal)
`
+ABC = 2+DEA
56.
2
5
60. 9xy y
59. k = 20
557
558
64. - 1
65.
BC < AD
(ABCD is a < gram)
BC < FE
(BCEF is a < gram)
` AD < FE
Also BC = AD ^ opposite sides of < gram h
BC = FE
^ similarly h
` AD = FE
Since AD and FE are both parallel and equal, AFED is a
parallelogram.
66. b = 11.95 m
68.
Exercises 5.3
3
1
#x 15
4
8
67. (a)
34 cm
18 3 + 31 2 - 25 5
75
1.
(b) 30 cm2
2.
69. 20 70. 32 m
71. BD bisects AC
So AD = DC
+BDC = +BDA = 90c (given)
BD is common
` DBAD / DBCD
(SAS)
(corresponding sides in congruent
` AB = CB
3.
78. (d)
73. (b)
74. (c)
77. (b)
79. (d)
4.
5.
6.
Exercises 5.1
1.
Yes
2. No
3. No
8.
Yes
9. Yes
10. No
14. No
4. Yes 5. Yes
11. Yes
6. Yes 7. No
12. No
8.
13. Yes
15. Yes
Exercises 5.2
9.
1.
f ] 1 g = 4, f ] -3 g = 0
3.
5.
-35
6. x = 9
2. h ] 0 g = -2, h ] 2 g = 2, h ] -4 g = 14
7. x = !5
8. x = -3
10. f ^ p h = 2p - 9, f ] x + h g = 2x + 2h - 9
11. g ] x - 1 g = x 2 + 2
13. t = -1; t = 2, -4
12. f ] k g = ] k - 1 g ^ k 2 + k + 1 h
f ] - x g = ] - x g2 - 1
= x2 - 1
= f (x)
` even function
7. f ] - x g = 4 ] - x g - ] - x g 3
= - 4x + x 3
= - ^ 4x - x 3 h
= - f ]xg
` odd function
f ] -x g = ] -x g 4 + ] -x g 2
= x4 + x2
= f ]xg
` even function
f ]xg - f ]- xg = 0
(a) Odd (b) Neither (c) Even (d) Neither (e) Neither
(ii) x 1 0
(iii) Even
(b) (i) x 1 2
(ii) x 2 2
(iii) Neither
1.
(ii) x 1 -2, x 2 2
(ii) None
(c) n 4 + n 2 + 2
(iii) Neither
(iii) Odd
(iii) Neither
Exercises 5.4
19. -28
23. 5] x - c g 24. 3k 2 + 5
f ] - x g = - x = -f ] x g
` odd function
14. 0
21. f ] x + h g - f ] x g = 2xh + h 2 - 5h
g ] - x g = ] - x g8 + 3 ] - x g4 - 2 ] - x g 2
= x 8 + 3x 4 - 2x 2
= g (x)
` even function
(c) (i) -2 1 x 1 2
16. f ] 2 g - f ] -2 g + f ] -1 g = 0 - 4 + 1 = -3
18. 7
15. f ] 5 g = 125, f ] 1 g = 1, f ] -1 g = -1
17. 10
(b) 7 f ] x g A 2 = x 6 + 2x 3 + 1
4. 14
9. z = 1, -4
(a) f ^ x 2 h = x 6 + 1
(c) f ] - x g = - x + 1
triangles)
x2 + y2
f ] -x g = ] -x g 2- 2
= x2 - 2
= f (x)
` even function
2
, y-intercept -2
3
(b) x-intercept -10, y-intercept 4
(c) x-intercept 12, y-intercept 4
(d) x-intercepts 0, -3, y-intercept 0
(e) x-intercepts !2, y-intercept -4
(f) x-intercepts -2, -3, y-intercept 6
(g) x-intercepts 3, 5, y-intercept 15
(a) x-intercept
ANSWERS
2.
(a)
(e)
5
5
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3 4
-2
-3
-4
-5
(b)
1
21
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(f)
2 3 4
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-2
-3
1 2 3 4
-4
-5
(c)
(g)
5
4
3
2
2
- 1
y
5
4
3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
5
4
3
2
1
y
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
(h)
-5
(d)
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
559
560
Exercises 5.5
(i)
5
1.
2.
(a)
4
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
(j)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3.
4.
111
2
2 3
-2
-3
-4
-5
2
1
(a) " all real x ,, " all real y , (b) " all real x ,, " y: y = 2 ,
(c) ! x: x = -4 +, " all real y , (d) ! x: x = 2 +, " all real y ,
(e) ! all real x +, " y: y = 3 ,
(a) Odd
(b)
(b) Even
1 2 3 4 5
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
(e) Odd
-4
5.
-5
(c)
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(3, -1)
111 2
2
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
ANSWERS
(d)
6
5
4
3
2
1
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
(e)
1 2 3 4
(i)
5
4
3
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 2 3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
1112 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
-3
-4
-5
-6
y
(f)
(h)
(j)
12
10
8
6
4
2
5
4
3
2
1
1 2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-8
3 4
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-10
3.
5
4
3
2
1
(g)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
1 2 3 4
561
562
1
(c) {all real x}, ( y: y $ -2 2
4
5.
(a) 0 # y # 9
(b) 0 # y # 4
(c) -1 # y # 24
1
(e) -18 # y # 2
4
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
8.
f ] -x g = - ] -x g
= -x2
= f (x)
` even
2.
-2
-3
-4
-5
y
(d)
5
4
3
Exercises 5.6
1.
(c)
(d) -4 # y # 21
6.
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
5
4
3
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
3
2
1
1
-4
-5
(f)
-3
-4
y
5
-5
4
3
5
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-3
-2
(b)
(e)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
1 2 3 4 5
-3
-4
-5
ANSWERS
3.
(g)
5
4
3
2
4.
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
5.
-3
(b) - 8 # y # -4
(d) 0 # y # 11
-4
-5
6.
(a) x 2 -3
(e) x 1 -2
(b) x 1 0
7.
(a) x = !3
(b) x 2 1, x 1 -1
(h)
5
(c) 0 # y # 6
(e) -1 # y # 0
(c) x 2 9
(d) x 2 2
(c) -2 # x # 2
(h) - 4 # x # 2
(j) x # 2, x $ 4
1
(k) - 4 # x # 1 (l) x # 0, x $ 1 (m) x = 2, 2
(n) No solutions (o) x = 0 (p) x = 1 (q) x = 0, -2
1
(t) x = 0, 6
(r) No solutions (s) x =
3
3
2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
Exercises 5.7
-4
1.
-5
(i) x 2 4, x 1 0
(i)
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-4
-3
-5
-4
(j)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-5
5
4
(iii)
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-2
-1
-1
-2
563
564
(iii)
(iii)
3
2
-2
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2 3
-2
-1
-3
-4
-2
-5
1
(d) (i) {all real x: x ! 2}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) -1
2
(iii)
(iii)
5
4
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
-2
-4
-3
-5
-4
x
1
-5
1
6
(iii)
(iii)
2
5
4
x
-2
-1
-1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(f) (i) {all real x: x ! 3}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii)
-2
2
3
-3
-4
-5
ANSWERS
Exercises 5.8
1
2
1, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) 2
3
1.
(a) (i)
(iii)
1
2
-1
-2
-1
x
1
-3
2
3
-3
-2
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # 3 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 ,
(b) (i)
(iii)
5
4
3
2
-4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-4
-3
-4
(ii) ! x: -4 # x # 4 +, " y: -4 # y # 4 ,
-5
2.
(c) (i)
2
f ] -x g =
-x
2
=x
= - f (x)
` odd function
5
4
3
2
3.
4.
1
(a) # y # 1
9
1
(b) # y # 1
3
3
(d) # y # 3
7
1
(e) - 2 # y # 8
(a) 1 # x # 3
(b) 1 # x # 4
(d) 1 # x # 4
(e) 1 # x # 2
1
1
(c) -2 # y # 2
2
(c) - 6 # x # 0
(2, 1)
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
565
566
(ii) ! x: 0 # x # 4 +, " y: -1 # y # 3 ,
(iii) ! x: -5 # x # 5 +, " y: -5 # y # 0 ,
(b) (i) Above x-axis
(d) (i)
(ii)
5
4
3
1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-1
-3
(iii) ! x: -1 # x # 1 +, " y: 0 # y # 1 ,
-4
-5
(ii) ! x: -4 # x # 2 +, " y: -3 # y # 3 ,
(e) (i)
(ii)
y
6
5
4
3
2
(-2, 1)
-6
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(iii) ! x: -6 # x # 6 +, " y: 0 # y # 6 ,
(d) (i) Below x-axis
-2
(ii)
(ii) ! x: -3 # x # -1 +, " y : 0 # y # 2 ,
2.
-8
-8
-5
-5
(iii) ! x: -8 # x # 8 +, " y: -8 # y # 0 ,
ANSWERS
6.
(a) {y: - 9 # y # 3}
(b) {y: 0 # y # 9} (c) {y: -8 # y # 1}
1
(d) ' y: # y # 1 1 (e) {y: 0 # y # 4}
5
(f) {y: -1 # y # 15} (g) {y: -1 # y # 0}
(h) " y: - 1 # y # 8 , (i) {y: - 4 # y # 21}
1
(j) ' y: - 6 # y # 6 1
4
- 7
7.
8.
9.
(a)
- 7
(iii) " x: - 7 # x #
3.
7 ,, # y: - 7 # y # 0 -
5 , centre (0, 0)
25
20
15
10
(a) x 2 + y 2 = 16
(b) x - 6x + y - 4y - 12 = 0
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0
(g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0
(i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-5
5.
(a) {all real x}, {all real y} (b) {all real x}, {y: y = -4}
(c) {x: x = 3}, {all real y} (d) {all real x}, {y: y $ -1}
1
(e) {all real x}, {all real y} (f) {all real x}, ' y: y # 12 1
4
(g) {x: -8 # x # 8}, {y: -8 # y # 8}
(h) {all real t: t ! 4}, {all real f (t): f (t) ! 0}
(i) {all real z: z ! 0}, {all real g ^ z h: g ^ z h ! 5}
(j) {all real x}, {y: y $ 0}
(a) {x: x # - 1, x $ 2}
(b) {t: t # - 6, t $ 0}
1.
(b)
3.
-15
-10
Exercises 5.9
2.
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
-8
y
(c)
25
20
15
10
5
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-5
-10
-15
567
568
(g)
(d)
8
6
x
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
x
1
-1
-4
-1
-6
-8
(e)
2
1
-1
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
11.
6
-4
-6
-8
3
2
1
-1
(f)
12. (a) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(b) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 -2 , (ii) x 2 0 (iii) x 1 0
(c) (i) {all real x: x ! 0}, {all real y: y ! 0} (ii) None
(iii) All x ! 0
(d) (i) {all real x}, {all real y} (ii) All x (iii) None
(e) (i) {all real x}, " y: y 2 0 , (ii) All x (iii) None
10
-10
-1
10
Exercises 5.10
1.
-10
(a) 21
(m) 2x 3 + 3x - 5
(n) 3c 2
(g) 0
ANSWERS
2.
3.
(b)
6
5
(a)
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
(b)
(c)
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(c)
-2
-3
-4
y
(d)
6
5
4
3
Exercises 5.11
1.
(a)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
569
570
(h)
(e)
6
y
6
y = x +1
x
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2 3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-4
-6
(i)
y = 2x -3
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3x - y - 6 = 0
-5
(f)
x + 2y - 2 = 0
-2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
-2
-3
-4
(g)
-5
-6
5
4
x+y = 1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
(j)
4
3
-2
-3
-4
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
x=
1
2
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
ANSWERS
2.
(a) x 2 -3
(e) y $ 2
3.
(b) y $ -2
(d)
(d) y 2 x 2 - 4
(c) y $ x + 1
(a)
5
4
y = x2 - 1
-4 -3 -2 -1
2
1
x
1
-1
-2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y=x2
-3
-4
-2
-5
-3
-4
(e)
-5
8
6
(b)
4
2
3
x
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-3
y = x3
4.
(a) y 1 3x - 2
(b) y 2 x 2 + 2
(c) x 2 + y 2 1 49
(d) x 2 + y 2 2 81
(e) x 1 5, y 2 2
5.
(a)
-3
(c)
-6
-8
y
5
4
3
2
1
1
-1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-1
571
572
(b)
(c)
y = 3x 5
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
x
-4 -3
-2
-2
-1
-1
-2
y
(c)
-3
-4
-5
-6
(d)
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
y=x+1
-2
6.
(a)
6
5
-4
-3
-2
-3
-2 -1
-1
y=3x
-4
x
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-5
-6
-2
-3
(e)
-4
(b)
6
5
y=1
4
3
-3
y=x -3
x
-4
-3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-3
ANSWERS
(f)
(i)
1
1
x
-2
-1
-1
-1
-2
x=1
y
(g)
(j)
y=4
x - y = -1
y = x2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
x-y=2
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
-2
-4
-3
-5
-4
-5
-6
(h)
x = -2
y = x3
7.
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
y
y = x2
y=3
(a)
x
1
3
2
1
-6
-8
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
573
574
(e)
(b)
8
y = x3
y=1
x
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-4
y=
-6
-3 -2
-1
-1
1
x+2
-2
-8
8.
(a)
(c)
y = x2
2
y=5
5
4
3
2
1
x
1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
x=2
-4
x=1
-5
(d)
y
y
(b)
6
5
4
-1
2
y= x
1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
y=x-2
-6
y = -1
x=3
ANSWERS
Test yourself 5
(c)
y = 2x + 1
6
5
1.
(a) f ] - 2 g = 6
2.
(a)
4
3
2
2x - 3y = 6
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
(b)
-3
-4
-5
-6
(d)
(c)
3
y=2
x = -3
-3
(d)
-3
(e)
y
(e)
6
y = |x|
5
4
(f)
y=3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
x=2
(b) f ] a g = a 2 - 3a - 4
(c) x = 4, -1
575
576
9.
(g)
(h)
10.
3.
4.
1
4
(b) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(c) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 1
(d) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: 0 # y # 1
(e) Domain: - 1 # x # 1; range: - 1 # y # 0
(f) Domain: all real x ! 0; range: all real y ! 0
(g) Domain: all real x; range: all real y
(h) Domain: all real x; range: y $ 0
(a) Domain: all real x; range: y $ - 6
15
5. (a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 9
(d) 3
11. (a) y # 3
(b) y 2 x + 2
(c) y $ - x 2, y # 0
(e) 2
6.
13. (a)
7.
(b) x = 3
2
3
(c) 1
1
3
(d) i
(e) iii
ANSWERS
2
5
(c) - 1
1
2
(d) 3
3.
18.
4.
5.
f ] 3 g = 9, f ] -4 g = 16, f ] 0 g = 1
6.
20. (a)
f ( x) = x 4 + 3 x 2 - 1
f (- x) = ] - x g4 + 3 ] - x g2 - 1
= x 4 + 3x 2 - 1
= f (x)
So f ] x g is even.
f (x) = x 3 - x
f (- x) = ] - x g3 - (- x)
= - x3 + x
= - (x 3 - x)
= - f (x)
So f ] x g is odd.
(b)
Challenge exercise 5
1.
2.
2
b=- ,3
3
7.
577
578
8.
Domain: x $ 0; range: y $ 0
9. x = 0, 3, - 2
16. (a)
10.
1
x+3
2]x + 3g
1
=
+
x+3
x+3
2x + 6 + 1
=
x+3
2x + 7
=
x+3
= LHS
2x + 7
1
=2+
`
x+3
x+3
RHS = 2 +
11. h ] 2 g + h ] -1 g - h ] 0 g = - 3 + 0 - ] -1 g = - 2
17.
12.
18.
13.
1 ! 41
4
ANSWERS
Chapter 6: Trigonometry
Exercises 6.1
cos i =
2.
3
5
4
sin b = , cot b = , sec b =
5
4
3
3.
sin b =
4.
cos x =
5
, tan x =
9
5.
cos i =
3
4
, sin i =
5
5
6.
5
5
3
tan i =
, sec i = , sin i =
2
2
3
7.
cos i =
35
, tan i =
6
8.
tan i =
51
51
, sin i =
7
10
9.
(a)
10. (a)
7
74
7
, cos b =
5
, tan b =
1.6 m
5.
(a) 18.4 cm
7.
47.4 mm 8. 20.3 m
(c) 9.0 cm
9
56
3. 20.3 cm
4. 13.9 m
(b) 13.8 cm
6. 10 cm and 10.5 cm
9. (a) 7.4 cm
(b) 6.6 cm
1
10. (a) 6.8 cm
35
(b) 6.5 cm
1.
2.
3
1
1
, cos 30c =
, tan 30c =
2
2
3
3
6.
(a) 11.4 cm
8.
(a) 13 m
(e) 2
15. x = 80c
16. y = 22c
19. t = 20c
20. k = 15c
11. 38 cm
Exercises 6.4
3
1
, cos 60c = , tan 60c =
2
2
(d) 1
(e) 1.393
2.
74
(c) 0
(d) 0.928
(b) 0
(c) 0.339
1.
5
(b) 45c
1
1
(c) sin 45c =
, cos 45c =
, tan 45c = 1
2
2
6.
(b) 0.697
Exercises 6.3
56
, cosec x =
5
(a) 0.635
5
12
12
, sin i =
, tan i =
5
13
13
1.
5.
4. 36c52l 5. 50c
17. p = 31c
18. b = 25c
Exercises 6.5
1.
(a)
North
Exercises 6.2
1.
(a) 47c
2.
(b) 82c
(c) 19c
(d) 77c
(e) 52c
4.
(a) 77.75c
(b) 65.5c
(c) 24.85c
(d) 68.35c
(e) 82.517c
Beach
house
100c
Boat
579
580
(b)
(f) North
North
Farmhouse
Jamie
12c
Campsite
Dam
(g)
North
320c
(c)
North
House 160c
Jetty
200c
Mohammed
(h)
North
Seagull
(d) North
Alistair
Mine shaft
80c
Town
50c
(i)
Bus stop
(e)
North
Yvonne
North
Plane
349c
B Hill
285c
School
ANSWERS
(j)
North
6.
(a) 1st
1
(f) 2
1
(e) 2
8.
2.
(a) 248c
3.
080c
4. 210c
7.
21 m
8. 126.9 m 9. 72c48l
9.
5. 160c 6. 10.4 m
12. 1.8 km
15. 035c
28. 217c
3+1
2
(g) 1
1
4
1
3
(k) 0
3 2
2
(a) x =
3.
60c
7.
(a) 6 2 m
4.
5.
(b) 4 m
9 3
2
3m
(e)
4 3
3
2 ^ 3 + 1h
4
(i)
(f)
(r) -
1
2
(s) 6
2 3
3
(n)
2
3
(t)
6
2- 3
2
(c) p = 2 3
6.
9.
16. tan x =
19. sin i =
20. (a) sin i
5^3 + 3 h
m
3
1.
2.
(a) 3rd
4.
5. (a) 2nd
(b)
(d) 1
(i)
3
3
2
(i) 1
(d)
(j)
2
1
2
3
2
(i) 3
2
(e) -
(j) -
(e) -
(j) -
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
(f)
1
2
2
1
2
5
21
89
5
, cot x = -
2
21
21
2
, tan x = -
4
65
, sec i =
9
65
55
8
8
, sec x = - , cosec x = 3
3
55
3
10
(b) cos x = -
91
3
, tan x = 10
91
61
61
, cosec a = 5
6
51
7
, cot i = 10
51
(b) cos x
(c) tan b
(d) - sin a
(e) - tan i
(h) - tan x
1.
2.
, cosec x = -
Exercises 6.8
Exercises 6.7
1
2
(c)
5
18. cot a = - , sec a =
6
10. 100 3 m
(b) -
(c)
10 3
m
3
8. 0.9 m
3
2
2
1
(d)
7 74
5 74
, sin x = 74
74
(m) 2 ^ 2 - 1 h
(q) 2 3
(b) y =
2m
(d) 4
(l) 1
(p) 3 - 2 2
2.
6+ 2
=
4
(h)
(j) - ^ 2 + 3 h
(o) 1
89
15. tan i = -
(b) 1 (c)
(h) -
12. cos x =
14. cos x = -
Exercises 6.6
(a)
3
(g)
2
(c) - 3
33
4
, tan i = 7
33
(b)
(h) -
(h)
13. cosec x = -
27. 9.2 m
(b)
11. cos i = -
16. 9.2 m 17. 171 m 18. 9.8 km 19. 51c 41l 20. 2.6 m
1
2
7. (a) 1
3
4
10. sin i = - , cos i = 5
5
22. 1931.9 km
(g)
3
2
(a) (g)
1.
Island
280c
21. 9c21l
(b) -
(f) - 3
Boat ramp
11. 83.1 m
(a) -
3
2
(b)
581
582
17.
3.
Exercises 6.9
4.
-1
5.
1.
(a) cos i (b) - tan i (c) cos i (d) tan i (e) - sec a
2.
(f) cosec x
(j) sin2 x
3.
6.
9.
x = 0c, 360c
7. - 1
8. 1
10.
(e) sin a
(g) sec x
(k) 1
(d) cos2 x
11. 0
12. x = 270c
So 3 + 3 tan 2 a =
3
1 - sin 2 a
ANSWERS
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
sin i cos i
cos 2 i + 2 sin i
=
sin i cos i
2 sin i
cos 2 i
=
+
sin i cos i sin i cos i
cos i
2
=
+
sin i cos i
= cot i + 2 sec i
= LHS
(f) RHS =
So cot i + 2 sec i =
RHS =
=
1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
sin i cos i
So
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
So
4.
(j) LHS =
=
1 + cot b
- cos b
cosec b
1 + cot b - cos b cosec b
=
=
5.
cosec b
1 + cot b - cot b
cosec b
1
=
cosec b
= sin b
1
sin b
sin 2 b + cos 2 b
sin b cos b
sec b
1 + cot b
cosec b
- cos b = sin b
LHS = x 2 + y 2
= ] 2 cos i g 2 + ] 2 sin i g 2
= 4 cos 2 i + 4 sin 2 i
= 4 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= 4 ]1g
=4
= RHS
LHS = x 2 + y 2
= ] 9 cos i g 2 + ] 9 sin i g 2
= 81 cos 2 i + 81 sin 2 i
= 81 (cos 2 i + sin 2 i)
= 81 ] 1 g
= 81
= RHS
So x 2 + y 2 = 81
Exercises 6.10
1.
cosec b
1 + cot b - cos b #
cos b sin b
sec b
So x 2 + y 2 = 4
= tan 2 i + cos 2 i
cos 2 i
cos b
LHS = RHS
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
cos 2 i
sin 2 i cos 2 i
1
=
2
cos i
cos 2 i
2
2
= sec i - sin i
= tan 2 i + 1 - (1 - cos 2 i)
= tan 2 i + 1 - 1 + cos 2 i
= tan 2 i + cos 2 i
= RHS
1
sin b cos b
cos b sin b
= sec b #
1
cos b sin b
1
=
#
1
cos b
= sin b
(i) LHS =
sin b
sec b
tan b + cot b
sec b
(a) x = 8.9
(b) y = 9.4 cm
(d) b = 10.7 m
2.
(c) a = 10.0
(e) d = 8.0
3.
5.
(a) 1.8 m
7.
(a) 10.3 m
9.
(b) 2.7 m
(b) 9.4 m
(b) 25 mm
6. 5.7 cm
8. (a) 60c 22l (b) 57c 9l
583
584
Exercises 6.11
1.
5.
(a) m = 5.8
(b) b = 10.4 m
(d) n = 16.4
2.
(c) h = 7.4 cm
2 cos 2 i
1 - sin i
2 ^ 1 - sin 2 i h
=
1 - sin i
2 ] 1 + sin i g ] 1 - sin i g
=
1 - sin i
= 2 (1 + sin i)
= 2 + 2 sin i
= RHS
LHS =
(e) y = 9.3
3.
32.94 mm
5.
6.
7.
9.
So
(b) 12.7 cm
(ii) 30c
2 cos 2 i
= 2 + 2 sin i
1 - sin i
6.
b = 40c
7. (a)
8.
x = 120c, 240c
3
2
(b) -
(c) - 3
9.
Exercises 6.12
1.
4.
103c
7.
(a) 1.21 km
5. 1.97 m 6. 11c
(b) 1 minute 8. 32 m 9. 107 m
10. (a) AC =
11. h = 8.5
12. 7.7 km
14. 1841 km
x = 90c, 270c
10. 122 km
11. 5 3
14. 65.3 cm 2
3
4
16. sin i = - , cot i =
5
3
18. (a) AD =
(ii) 0.55 m
Exercises 6.13
20 sin 39c
sin 99c
(b) 029c
19. 2951 km
Challenge exercise 6
1.
2.
15 3 2
m
2
6.
1.2 m 2
9.
3. 7.5 cm
7. 42 cm 2
4. 15.5 cm
5. 34.8 cm
8. 247.7 mm 2
(c) 19.1 cm 2
1.
4.
(a) AC =
6.
- cos x
7. 16 3 cm 2
9.
x = 22c 30l, 112c 30l, 202c 30l, 292c 30l 10. i = 75c 45l
11. 5.4 m
14. -
Test yourself 6
cos i =
2.
(a) cos x
(b) 2
3.
(a) 0.64
4.
, sin i =
56
9
3. x = 12.7 cm
8.
5. 4.1 km
1
2
13. 6.43 km
16. LHS =
= cos i
1.
34
(b) 8.7 m
1 - sin 2 i
] sin i + cos i g
cos 2 i
sin i + cos i
=
cos i
= tan i + 1
= RHS
34
(c) cosec A
17. x 2 + y 2 + 4y - 5 = 0
ANSWERS
8.
2.
(a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 13
(c)
52 = 2 13
85
(d)
(a)
13
(b)
65
3.
5.
Two sides =
6.
Show AB = BC =
7.
8.
9.
34 , 1 side =
(b) XY =
AC =
85
10. a = 3
37 , QP = MN =
15. BD = AC =
98
11. x 2 + y 2 = 4
11 , equation
29 , BC =
20 , so parallelogram
16. (a) AB = AC =
17. 2 101
18.
1.
116 , AC =
145
3.
20. XY =
40 , BC = 4
130 , XZ =
(b) 1
(g) - 4
1
2
x = 1.8
(c) - 1
(h) -
2
3
1
3
(i) 2
4. x = 9
(d) - 2
1
4
2
5
2
3
(e)
(j) - 2
2. y 1 = 21
5. (a) Show m 1 = m 2 =
(3, 4)
4
3
(-2, 1)
(7, 2)
2
1
-3 -2 -1
-1
-2
6.
2 3 4
(2, -1)
Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = 1
1
2
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD = 0
30.2
7.
Exercises 7.2
(b) a = - 5, b = 6
3.
3 + ]-3g
-4 + 4
= 0,
=0
2
2
5.
7.
1 1
Midpoint of AC = midpoint of BD = d 2 , 3 n .
2 2
Diagonals bisect each other
4. P = Q = ^ 2, -1 h
3
4
8.
Gradient of AC = 1, gradient of BD = -1
9.
(a) Show AB 2 + BC 2 = AC 2
(b) Gradient of AB =
(e) a = 6, b = 1
1
3
1
Gradient of AC = - 5 ,
2
1
gradient of BD = 2
1
1
n (h) d 1 , 1 n
2
2
1 1
1
(i) d , 2 n (j) d 0, 5 n
2 2
2
Gradient of AB = gradient of CD = -1
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD =
(f) -
Problem
(a) a = 9, b = - 3
1
3
65
XY 2 + XZ 2 = 65 + 65
= 130
= YZ 2
So triangle XYZ is right angled. (Pythagoras theorem)
2.
1.
(a) 2
65 , YZ =
2
, AB =
2
12. x 2 + y 2 = 1
61 units
AB + BC = 29 + 116
= 145
= AC 2
So triangle ABC is right angled (Pythagoras theorem)
2
34 ; YZ =
34
,
2
40 = 2 10 ; XZ =
Exercises 7.3
11. a = ! 6 - 2
14. MQ = NP =
(b) OC = OB = 2
10 , BC =
128
17 units from ^ 7, -3 h
9. ^ - 8, 13 h
1 1
1 1
10. (a) X = d - , 3 n , Y = d , n , Z = ^ 1, 1 h
2 2
2 2
19. AB =
1
BD = d 4, - n ; rectangle
2
Exercises 7.1
1.
AC = BD =
gradient of BC = -
5
,
4
4
5
10. (a) F = ^ 1, - 2 h, G = d 4,
1
n
2
5
6
3
5
1
8
585
586
13. 1
18. (a)
19.
2.
(b)
(c) - 3
-5 - ] -2 g
=
7-4
-3
=
3
= -1
= tan i
= tan i
= 180c - 45c ^ 2nd quadrant h
= 135c
m
-1
` i
(b) (i) 2
(ii) 3
(g) (i) - 2
(ii) 6
(h) (i) -1
(f) (i) 1
(j) (i) 1
2
3
(ii)
(d) - 2
(e) -1
(f) - 3
3.
2
3
(g) 2
3
7
# = -1
7
3
3. (a) 4
(h) -
(b) 5x - y - 8 = 0
12. 7x + 6y - 24 = 0
15. 2x - 3y + 18 = 0
Exercises 7.7
1.
(b) - 2
(i) 1
(a) ^ 2, - 4 h
(b) ^ -1, - 3 h
(e) ^ 5, -1 h
(f) ^ -1, 1 h
(c) ^ 4, 4 h
(g) ^ 3, 7 h
1
2
3.
(h) ^ 4, 0 h
^ 2, 5 h, ^ 4, 1 h and ^ -1, -1 h
at ^ 2, -3 h
5.
7.
5x + 6y - 27 = 0
9.
6. 11x + 6y = 0
8. 4x + 7y + 23 = 0
13. x - y + 1 = 0
14. x - 3y + 2 = 0
(g) y = x - 1
15. 3x + y - 7 = 0
(b) x = -1
19. 2x - y - 1 = 0
(d) 3x + 4y - 25 = 0
4. 4x + y - 8 = 0
Exercises 7.8
10. 3x + 8y - 15 = 0
Exercises 7.6
(a) - 3
(h)
1
3
(b)
(i)
1
3
1
3
(c)
(j)
3
4
1
5
(d) 1
1
2
(e) 1
(f) -
5
6
18. 3x - y - 14 = 0
20. 3x - y - 11 = 0
21. 5x - y + 17 = 0
5. (a) y = 3
7. 3x - 4y - 12 = 0
9. x = - 4
16. x + 5y + 13 = 0
17. 27x - 5y - 76 = 0
(b) 3x - 4y + 4 = 0
6. y = - 2x
2x + y - 3 = 0
2. x + y - 8 = 0
(i) ^ 41, 26 h
12. x - 2y - 3 = 0
(c) y = 5x
(d) ^ 0, - 2 h
1
7
n 2. Substitute ^ 3, - 4 h into both lines
(j) d , 19
19
(a) 4x - 3y + 7 = 0
8. m 1 = m 2 = 4
(c) 2x + y + 2 = 0
10. 2x + y - 2 = 0
(h) y = x + 5
2
3
7. k = -
x+y-1=0
(c) 4x - 5y + 13 = 0
1.
m1 # m2 = -
11. x + y - 3 = 0
(a) y = 4x - 1 (b) y = - 3x + 4
(e) x - 2y + 2 = 0
8.
1
5
13. x + y - 3 = 0 14. 2x - y - 5 = 0
Exercises 7.5
1.
1
# 5 = - 1 so perpendicular
5
(d) 2x - 3y + 16 = 0
(ii) 0
1
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
(j) 1
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o) 4
5
7
5
3
2
3
1
1
1
(p) (q) 15 (r) - 1
(s)
(t) 6
14
2
8
(c) 0
m1 m2 = -
(ii) - 2
4.
11. (a) y = - x
(ii) -7
(e) (i) - 4
(ii) -
m 1 = m 2 = 3 so parallel
5
AB < CD _ m 1 = m 2 = 3 i and BC < AD d m 1 = m 2 = - n
8
1
10. Gradient of AC: m 1 = , gradient of BD: m 2 = - 2,
2
1
m 1 # m 2 = # - 2 = -1
2
(ii) 0
1
2
(g) 3x + 4y + 13 = 0
9.
(d) (i) -1
(i) (i) 3
(f) x + 3y - 1 = 0
3.
6.
Exercises 7.4
1.
(e) x - 2y + 4 = 0
5. m 1 = m 2 = 1
2^ 3 + 3h
3
20. x =
(g)
1
3
3
13
1.
(a) 2.6
2.
(a) 3.48
3.
(a)
4.
d1 = d2 = d3 = 1
(b) 1
7 13
13
(c) 2.5
(b) 1.30
(b)
(d) 2.4
(c) 0.384
(c)
4 205
205
(e)
(d) 5.09
(d)
8
13
(e) 1.66
5 26
13
(e)
14 13
13
ANSWERS
5.
14
A: d =
, B: d =
-3
Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
7.
^ 2, - 3 h: d =
13
10
, ^ 9, 2 h: d =
LHS = 5 # 1 - 3 # - 3 - 14 = 0 = RHS
10
` point lies on 5x - 3y - 14 = 0:
Substitute ^ 1, - 3 h in 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
^ - 3, 2 h : d = - 4 , ^ 4 , 1 h : d = 2
LHS = 3 # 1 - 2 # - 3 - 9 = 0 = RHS
1
5
` point lies on 3x - 2y - 9 = 0:
55
37
14. - 0.499
, ^ 1, 1 h: d =
18. ^ - 2, 1 h: d =
37
-6
5
, ^ 4, 1 h: d =
19. x - y - 4 = 0
17. m = - 1
2
or -17
3
8 5
units
5
16. b = 3
1
1
or -1
4
12
2
1
or -18
3
3
4 1
20. (a) ^ 3, -1 h, d 3 , n, ^ - 2, 2 h
7 7
(b)
2 10 13 5 26 34
,
,
5
5
119
1.
1
6.4 units 2. d 2 , - 2 n
2
3.
(a) - 1
4.
(a) 7x - y - 11 = 0
(d)
2
13
20. 3x - 7y - 14 = 0
2. x - 3 y - 3 3 = 0
3. 10x 2 + 10y 2 = 81
k = -2
4.
5.
6.
4 13
13
8.
12 13
13
15.
3
5
(b) 5x + y - 6 = 0
(c) 3x + 2y = 0
(e) x - 3y - 3 = 0
5.
6 5
units
5
6.
1
m 1 = - , m 2 = 4 so m 1 m 2 = -1
4
` lines are perpendicular.
7.
x-intercept 5, y-intercept - 2
8.
(a) 2x + y - 1 = 0
9.
1
2
12. a = 6, b = 1
(c)
5
units
2
10. 3x - 4y = 0
3x +y + 3 - 2 3 =0
Exercises 8.1
12. ^ 3, - 5 h
14. 2x + 5y + 14 = 0
16. x - y + 6 = 0
1.
(b)
4
5
1.
13. a = 2, b = 3
(b) 2 (c)
(d) 3x + 5y - 14 = 0
11. ^ -1, 1 h
, ^ 6, 3 h: d =
11. BC = AC = 18 , AB = 6, so D is isosceles;
m BC # m AC = -1, so D is right angled.
Test yourself 7
1
5
13
17. x = 1
Challenge exercise 7
-8
16. y = 3
13. 1
15. c = -13, - 65
587
588
2.
8.
9.
3.
10.
4.
5.
Exercises 8.2
2. Yes, x = x 1
1.
Yes, x = 0
5.
Yes, x = x 1, x = x 2
8.
Yes, x = 2
3. No
6. Yes, x = 0
9. Yes, x = - 2, 3
4. Yes, x = 0
7. Yes, x = - 3
10. Yes, -1 # x 1 0
12. Yes, x = 0
13. No
14. No
15. Yes, x = !3
6.
Exercises 8.3
1.
2.
(e) 2
(f) - 3
(g) 2
Exercises 8.4
7.
1.
(a) 4.06
2.
(a) 13.61
4.
(a) f ] x + h g = x 2 + 2xh + h 2
(b) 3.994
(c) 4
(b) 13.0601
(c) 12.9401
(d) 13
2
2
2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = x + 2xh + h - x
2
= 2xh + h
(c)
f ]x + hg - f ]xg
h
2xh + h 2
h
h ] 2x + h g
=
h
= 2x + h
=
3. 6
ANSWERS
f ]x + hg - f ]xg
h "0
h
= lim (2x + h)
(b) 0.25
(c) 0.2498
(b) - 0.03992
(c) - 0.04
15. -1
h "0
= 2x
5.
(a) f (x + h) = 2 ] x + h g2 - 7 (x + h) + 3
= 2 (x 2 + 2xh + h 2) - 7x - 7h + 3
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3
2
2
(b) f (x + h) - f (x) = (2x + 4xh + 2h - 7x - 7h + 3)
2
- (2x - 7x + 3)
= 2x 2 + 4xh + 2h 2 - 7x - 7h + 3
- 2x 2 + 7x - 3
= 4xh + 2h 2 - 7h
(c) f ] x + h g - f ] x g
h
4xh + 2h - 7h
=
h
h ] 4x + 2h - 7 g
=
h
= 4x + 2h - 7
2
(e) f l] 2 g = 5
9.
2.
(a) 4x + 1 (b) 8x - 12
(e) 6x 2 + 6x - 3
3.
(a)
6.
(b) f ] 2 + h g = h 2 + 5h + 11
(a) f ] 2 g = 11
(d) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g
8.
4.
(c) f ] 2 + h g - f ] 2 g = h 2 + 5h
7.
1.
h 2 + 5h
h
h ]h + 5 g
=
h
=h+5
=
(a) f ] 3 g = 8
(c) f l] 3 g = 6
(b) f ] 3 + h g - f ] 3 g = 6h + h 2
(a) f l] 1 g = - 13
11.
dV
= 4rr 2
dr
= 2x + 2
(c) f l] x g = 8x - 4
(g)
dy
dy
dx
= 3x 2
dy
dx
2.
3.
9.
12. 3
(b) x = ! 2
dv
= 30t
dt
10.
13. (a) 5
(b) - 5
dh
= 40 - 4t
dt
(c) x = 4
15. 18
(c) 11
(d) -18
(g) 11
(h) 136
(i) - 4
(j) 149
(a) -
= 2x + 5
dy
dx
(b)
(g) -
(a) (i) 6
(e) (i) 11
1
25
1
71
(ii) -
(c)
(h)
1
6
1
24
1
(ii) 11
(ii) -
1
20
1
20
(d) (i) -
(b) (i) 8
(d) (i) - 8
1
8
(e) 18
1
43
(e)
(j) -
(f) 27
1
10
1
5
1
8
1
(ii)
8
(ii) -
4.
5.
6.
7.
x = !3
= 10x - 1
(f) f l] x g = 6x 2 + 5
(h) f l] x g = - 6x 2
1
7
1
26
(c) (i) 24
(d) 15 (e) - 9
(d)
= 3x - 4 x + 3
2
(e)
ds
= 10t - 20
dt
7.
(b) -13
(f)
y + dy = ] x + dx g2 + 2 (x + dx)
= x 2 + 2 xd x + d x 2 + 2 x + 2 d x
Since y = x 2 + 2x
d y = 2x d x + d x 2 + 2 d x
dy
2x d x + d x 2 + 2d x
(b)
=
dx
dx
d x ] 2x + d x + 2 g
=
dx
= 2x + dx + 2
dx
(d) 4x
5. - 56
(a) 72
(b) 17
Substitute _ x + dx, y + dy i:
(e)
8x 7
- 6x 5
3
gl] x g = - 20x - 5
10. (a) y = x 2 + 2x
12. (a) f l] x g = 2x
dy
dx
8.
1.
(c) 12
dy
(c)
Exercises 8.6
dx
(b) 2x 3 - x 2
f l] x g = 16x - 7
14. (a) 12
(a) f ] -1 g = -7
(c)
x
-1
3
(c) 2x
(f) 2x 2 - 2x + 2
(d) f l] x g = 4x - 7
6.
Exercises 8.5
(b) x - 8y + 58 = 0
(d) x - 45y + 3153 = 0
9. (- 5, -7)
1
4
589
590
3
15
n
12. d - 1 , - 4
4
16
(k) -
(b) 6x - y - 7 = 0
(l)
14. 10t - h - 7 = 0
15. 4x - 2y - 19 = 0
Exercises 8.7
2 2-x
- 2 ] 5x + 3 g
+ 2-x =
] 2x - 1 g2
3. 1264
4.
2.
26
6.
10x - y - 9 = 0
8.
x=
4 - 3x
2 2-x
5
11
=2x - 1
] 2x - 1 g2
1
7+
5. 176
1.
(a) - 3x - 4
(e) x
2.
3.
1
27
8.
1
8
1
2
+ 3x - 2
(b)
x2
1
2x 3
(f) x
5
2
3
(g) 6x
(c)
2 x
(g) -
2 x3
1
x7
10
15
(e)
x6
(i) -
5.
x4
(b) -
2 x3
3x 2
1.
6. 3 7. 2x + 3 x + 1
1
16
13. (9, 3)
(w) 2.
(u) -
^ 4x 3 - 9 x 2 + 3 h
^ x 4 - 3x 3 + 3x h2
4 ] 3x - 1 g3
(v) -
16 3 4x + 1
(x)
3
4. (4, 1) 5. x = 2, -1
1
2
(y)
(t)
15
] x + 5 g2
(c)
- x + 14x
2
(e)
x4
-6
] x - 2 g2
(h)
=
(i)
x 4 - 12x 2
^x - 4h
- x + 14
x3
- 34
] 4x - 3 g2
x 2 ^ x 2 - 12 h
^ x 2 - 4 h2
(f)
11
] x + 3 g2
(j)
-14
] 3x + 1 g2
(l)
2x 3 + 9x 2 + 7
] x + 3 g2
(p)
3x 2 + 8x - 5
] 3x + 4 g2
x 4 - 2x 3 - 4x 2 - 1
^ x 2 - x - 1 h2
1
2
2]x + 5g - x ]x + 5g
(r)
x+5
1
2
] 2x - 9 g2 ] 20x + 51 g
6 ] 5x + 1 g ] 2x - 9 g2 - 5 ] 2x - 9 g3
=
2
] 5x + 1 g
] 5x + 1 g2
] 7x + 2 g4 - 28 ] x - 1 g ] 7x + 2 g3
(u)
] 7x + 2 g8
- 21x + 30
] 7x + 2 g5
15 ] 2x - 5 g3 ] 3x + 4 g4 - 6 ] 3x + 4 g5 ] 2x - 5 g2
] 2x - 5 g6
4
]
]
g
3 3x + 4 4x - 33 g
=
] 2x - 5 g4
3x + 1
3 x+1 -2 x+1
3x + 5
(v)
=
x+1
2 ] x + 1 g3
2x - 3
27
(w)
4 4 ] 7 - x g9
2 x-1 -2 x-1
- 2x + 1
=
] 2x - 3 g2
2 x - 1 ] 2x - 3 g2
x ] x - 9 g2
6. 8x + y + 7 = 0
(b)
- 3x 2 - 6x - 7
(s)
2 ] 2x + 7 g10
Exercises 8.9
1.
^ 2x 2 - x h2
(q)
3. 40
- 2x 2
(o)
2
2
15. d 5, n, d - 5, - n
5
5
2 ] 4 + x g3
9. 34x - y + 29 = 0
4x ] x - 3 g
4x 2 - 12x
=
] 2x - 3 g2
] 2x - 3 g2
^ 3x 2 - 7 h
2x 2 ] x + 6 g
- 18x
2x 3 + 12x 2
=
(m)
(n)
2
2
2
]
g
] x + 4 g2
^x - 5h
x+4
6
(a) 4 ] x + 3 g3 (b) 6 ] 2x - 1 g2 (c) 70x ^ 5x 2 - 4 h
5
4
(d) 48 ] 8x + 3 g (e) - 5 ] 1 - x g (f) 135 ] 5x + 9 g8
3
(g) 4 ] x - 4 g (h) 4 ^ 6x 2 + 3 h ^ 2x 3 + 3x h
7
2
^
h
(i) 8 ] 2x + 5 g x + 5x - 1
1
3
5
(j) 6 ^ 6x 5 - 4x h ^ x 6 - 2x 2 + 3 h (k) ] 3x - 1 g 2
2
2
5
-4
(l) 2 ] 4 - x g- 3 (m) - 6x ^ x 2 - 9 h
(n) ] 5x + 4 g 3
3
1
3^ 2
3
4
3x - 14x + 1 h ^ x 3 - 7x 2 + x h
(o)
(p)
4
2 3x + 4
8x
5
2
(q) (r) (s) 3
] 5x - 2 g2
^ x 2 + 1 h5
7 - 3x
(t) -
16
] 5x + 1 g2
(k)
Exercises 8.8
1.
-2
] 2x - 1 g2
(a)
(g)
10. x - y + 9 = 0
12. x + 16y - 16 = 0
- 6 ! 30
3
Exercises 8.10
(d)
1
32
7. 69x - y - 129 = 0
3
2
x5
9. 3x + 16y - 8 = 0
14. x = 4
(h) x
(d) -
6 6 x5
3 x
(h)
2
1
4
12
4. 3
11. (a) -
1 -2
x
2
(d)
(x)
x2 + 1
5
9
- 2 ] x - 9 g x2 + 1
] x - 9 g4
2.
1
8
6.
x - 18y + 8 = 0
3. - 1
4. x = 0, 1
- x 2 - 9x - 2
x2 + 1 ] x - 9 g3
5. x = - 9, 3
7. 17x - 25y - 19 = 0
ANSWERS
Test yourself 8
17. 9
1.
20.
(a)
18. 12x + y - 4 = 0
19.
ds
1
= u + at, t =
5
dt
7
10
Challenge exercise 8
(b)
1.
f ] 1 g = - 3, f l] 1 g = - 36
3.
dx
= 8t 3 + 300t 2; t = 0, - 37.5
dt
4.
2x + y = 0, 3x - y - 3 = 0, 6x - y + 12 = 0
5.
6.
3
4
7.
5 ] 5x + 1 g3 ] x - 9 g4 + 15 ] x - 9 g5 ] 5x + 1 g2
= 10 ] 5x + 1 g2 ] x - 9 g4 (4x - 13)
8.
2.
dy
dx
(b)
(d)
3. (a)
= 10x - 3
dy
dx
dy
dx
dy
11
] 2x + 1 g2
(c)
(f)
dy
dx
4.
dv
= 4t - 3
dt
5. (a) 1
8.
(a) x = - 2
(b) x = 1
9.
(a) f l] x g = 32 ] 4x + 9 g3
dy
dx
= 42x 5 - 9x 2 + 2x - 8
dy
dx
= 9 (2x + 4) (x 2 + 4x - 2)8
= 40x ] 2x - 1 g3 + 5 ] 2x - 1 g4 = 5 ] 2x - 1 g3 (10x - 1)
5 x3
(e)
=
2
dx
(c)
dy
dx
=-
- 6 ! 204
- 3 ! 51
=
6
12
x3
16. n = 8
(c) x = 2
dy
dx
18. x =
dy
dx
1
1
1 1 ! 13
n 13. x = ,
12. P = d - 2 , 6
4 16
3
3
10
11 3 3 o
17. e 1 ,
, 12x - 12 3 y + 31 = 0
12
2
1
1 3
, -1 , 1
2
2 5
(b)
=-
1
27
10. 2x + y - 25 = 0
15. 3x - y + 5 = 0, Q = ^ 0, 5 h, PQ =
1
2
= ] 9x - 1 g ] 3x - 1 g (d)
(e) f l] x g =
x=
11. a = 14.
13
18
2 ] 4x - 9 g4 - 16 ] 2x + 1 g ] 4x - 9 g3
] 4x - 9 g8
- 2 ] 12x + 17 g
=
] 4x - 9 g5
10
(b) 20 6. 10 7. 42
(b)
9.
2. -
5
] x - 3 g2
=-
4
x2
1
5 5 x4
10.
1
90c
20. ^ - 4, -73 h
180c
270c
21. 3x - 9y - 14 = 0
360c
22.
12. (2, 3)
13.
So perpendicular
dS
= 8rr
dr
16. 3525
3 ] 4 - 5x g
4x 4 3x - 2
591
592
24. x = 0, 2, 6
27. p = 1
1
2
25. a = - 14, b = 7
28.
8r 3
dV
=
3
dr
31. 4x - y - 13 = 0
32. -
26.
29. k = 4
1
48
5 22
22
14.
30. x - y - 4 = 0
33. a = -1, b = 2, c = 4
(b)
- ] 5x + 6 g
] x - 3 g4 2x + 1
4 ! 13
6
15.
37. (a) x + 7y - 80 = 0
1
1
n
(b) Q = d - 4 , 12
7
49
4. ^ 2, - 2 h
1.
- 0.77
5.
- 0.309
7.
3
8
1
m 1 m 2 = # - = -1; A = d -1, 1 n
4
6
2
9.
7
12
6. (a)
3 cm 2
(b) AC =
13 cm, BD = 1 cm
8. x = 15c
10.
18. x - 8y + 15 = 0
20. - 1
2
3
21. 2
24. 3x + y - 5 = 0
27. x = 3
25. 1
2
1x 13
3
28. - 3
11.
31. 3x 2 - 4x
32. -
34. x = - 2, y = -17
1
2
33. 17.5 m
(b) 27.8 m2
(b) P ^ - 2, 0 h, Q ^ 0, 4 h
(c) 4 units
1
12. 45c 49 13. Domain: all real x ! ; range: all
2
real y ! 0
38. 127 m
ANSWERS
42. - 4
1
#y#9
3
43. -
44. (a) 3x - y - 4 = 0
8
units
13
47.
50.
(d) R = ^ -10, 0 h
53. x + 6y - 56 = 0
55. a = 2, b = - 9
52.
-17 - 2x
x 2 + 5x
-3
- ] 17 + 2x g
x 2 + 5x
54. f ] - 2 g = - 45, f l] - 2 g = 48
56. 7x - 5y + 9 = 0
(c) domain: - 2 # x # 2
range: - 2 # y # 0
(c) - 1
1
1 1
(c) x = 1 ; d 1 , 3 n
4
4 8
1
1
1
(d) x = -1 ; d -1 , -13 n
4
4
4
64. (c)
(ii) 1
(iii) (1, 1)
63. (a)
(ii) -3
1
2
(d) 3x + 2y - 5 = 0
61. (a)
2x - 7
5
] x + 1 g2
(b) x - y - 2 = 0
(c) x + 3y + 10 = 0
45.
9.
3
x2
(ii) Minimum 0
y
65. (c)
5
4
3
Exercises 9.1
1.
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
(b) (i) -1, 3
(ii) Minimum -4
y
(iii)
5
4
3
2.
3.
2
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
4.
5.
Axis of symmetry x =
6.
-4
7.
-5
8.
3 7
3
n
, minimum point d ,
8
8 16
-2
-3
593
594
(iii)
10
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
-2
-6
-2 1 -3
12
-4
-8
-10
2
3
-5
-6
(iii)
(ii) Maximum 7
y
(iii)
x
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
3
2
-2
-3
x
(e) (i) ! 3
-2
(iii)
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
-4
-6
x
(h) (i) 1.3, -2.3
(ii) Maximum 3
1
4
(iii)
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
1
4
-18
2
(f) (i) -1,
3
1
(ii) Minimum - 2
12
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
x
1
ANSWERS
1
4
(iii)
(b) 6
3
4
(c)
41
4
14
12
10
6
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-3
(iii)
17. (a) - 3
7
8
(b) None
y
(c)
6
5
3
2
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-4
-6
-8
-2
-10
-3
-12
-14
15. (a) 4 (b) None
-16
(c)
-18
y
7
18. (a)
4
3
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
x
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
(b) x 1 2, x 2 3
(c) 2 # x # 3
595
596
19.
22.
-4 -3 -2 -1
-1
2
1
-3 -2 -1
-2
-3
-4
-4
-5
-6
-6
-7
-2
x
-4
y
8
Exercises 9.2
1.
x 1 -3, x 2 3
2. - 1 # n # 0
4.
x 1 - 2, x 2 2
5. 0 # y # 6
7.
x 1 - 4, x 2 2
8. p # - 3, p $ - 1
4
2
x
1
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
10. x # - 3, x $ 2
-4
13. - 2
-6
6. 0 1 t 1 2
1
11. 1 1 h 1 2
2
9. m 1 2, m 2 4
12. - 4 # x # 5
14. q 1 3, q 2 6
16. n # - 4, n $ 3
17. - 3 1 x 1 5
18. - 6 # t # 2
1
19. y 1 - , y 2 5
3
20. x # - 2, x $ 4
Exercises 9.3
y
4
2
1.
2.
3.
p = 1 4. k = ! 2 5. b # -
8.
a =320
x
-4 -3 -2 -1
-2
1
#k #7
2
3. a # 0, a $ 2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
Graph is always below the x-axis so y 1 0 for all x
` - x 2 + 2x - 7 1 0 for all x
(d) 49
(e) 9
(f) -16
(g) 0
1
7
6. p 2 2 7. k 2 - 2
12
8
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 1 g2 - 4 ] 3 g ] 7 g
= - 83
10
So 3x 2 - x + 7 2 0 for all x
9.
k # - 5, k $ 3
12. k # - 1, k $ 1
10. 0 1 k 1 4
13. p 1 -
1
3
11. m 1 - 3, m 2 3
14. 0 # b # 2
1
2
ANSWERS
15. p # - 2, p $ 6
2.
m = 2, p = - 5, q = 2
3.
x 2 - 4x + 5 = x ] x - 2 g - 2 ] x + 1 g + 3 + 4
y =x +3
2
(1)
4.
(2)
(1)
(2)
18. y = - x - 4
y = x2
Substitute (2) in (1):
x2 = - x - 4
x2 + x + 4 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = 1 2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 4 g
= - 15
10
So there are no points of intersection
(1)
(2)
19. y = 5x - 2
y = x 2 + 3x - 1
Substitute (2) in (1):
x 2 + 3x - 1 = 5 x - 2
x 2 - 2x + 1 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 2 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 1 g
=0
So there is 1 point of intersection
` the line is a tangent to the parabola
(1)
(2)
20. p = 3
1
4
5.
A = 1, B = 5 , C = - 6
7.
K = 1, L = 6, M = 7.5 8. 12 ] x + 5 g + ] 2x - 3 g2 - 65 - 2
9.
a = 0, b = - 4, c = - 21
10. (a) y = x 2 - x - 5
(3)
1.
(a) a = 1, b = 2, c = -6
(b) a = 2, b = -11, c = 15
(c) a = 1, b = 1, c = - 2
(d) a = 1, b = 7, c = 18
(e) a = 3, b = -11, c = -16
(f) a = 4, b = 17, c = 11
(g) a = 2, b = -12, c = -9
(h) a = 3, b = - 8, c = 2
(i) a = - 1, b = 10, c = - 24
(j) a = - 2, b = 0, c = - 1
6. a = 2, b = 1, c = - 1
(b) y = x 2 - 3x
(c) y = 2x 2 - 3x + 7
(d) y = x 2 + 4x - 9
(e) y = - x - 2x + 1
2
Exercises 9.5
1.
(a) a + b = - 2, ab = 1
(b) a + b = 1.5, ab = - 3
(c) a + b = 0.2, ab = - 1.8
(d) a + b = - 7, ab = 1
2
(e) a + b = 2 , ab = 1
3
2.
(a) 3
3.
(a) x 2 + 3x - 10 = 0 (b) x 2 - 4x - 21 = 0
(c) x 2 + 5x + 4 = 0 (d) x 2 - 8x + 11 = 0
(e) x 2 - 2x - 27 = 0
4.
m = 0.5
5. k = - 32
9.
k = -5
10. m = ! 3
(b) - 6
13. p = 2, r = - 7
16. ab = 1 ` b =
17. (a) k = - 1
(c) - 0.5
(d) 21
6. b = 4
7. k = 1
11. k = - 1
14. b = - 6, c = 8
8. p = 13
12. n = - 1, 3
15. a = 0, b = - 1
1
a
(b) k = - 1, 0
(c) k = - 1.8
(d) k = 3
(e) k # - 1, k $ 0
18. (a) p = ! 2 3
(c) p = !
Exercises 9.4
RHS = a ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + b ] x - 2 g + c
= 1 ] x - 2 g ] x + 3 g + 1 ] x - 2 g + 17
= x 2 + 3x - 2x - 6 + x - 2 + 17
= x 2 + 2x + 9
= RHS
` true
(b) p # - 2 3 , p $ 2 3
3 3
2
19. (a) k = 2
(b) k = - 3
20. (a) m = 1
(b) m 1
(c) k = 2
3 - 10
3 + 10
,m2
2
2
(c) m = - 3
Exercises 9.6
1.
597
598
2.
(a) x = - 2, 3
(b) x = 2, 3
(c) x = 4, 5
1
(e) x = 1 , 4
2
3.
(a) x = ! 3
(b) y = ! 2, ! 2
(d) x = 3, 5
1! 5
(c) x =
2
(e) a = - 2, - 2 ! 6
10. 3 ] x - 2 g2 + 12 ] x + 3 g - 41
12. (a) k = 3
(c) iii
16. (a) i
5.
x = ! 1, !2
7.
8.
x+3+
2
=5
x+3
2
# (x + 3) = 5 # (x + 3)
(x + 3) # (x + 3) +
]x + 3g
] x + 3 g2 + 2 = 5 ] x + 3 g
] x + 3 g2 - 5 ] x + 3 g + 2 = 0
Let u = x + 3
u 2 - 5u + 2 = 0
b 2 - 4ac = ] - 5 g2 - 4 ] 1 g ] 2 g
= 17
20
So u has 2 real irrational roots.
` x + 3 and so x has 2 real irrational roots
Test yourself 9
1.
(a) 0 # x # 3
(b) n 1 - 3, n 2 3
2.
a = 1, b = - 9, c = 14
4.
a =120
D = b 2 - 4ac
= ] -2 g 2 -4 # 1 # 7
= - 24
10
` positive definite
3. (a) x = 2
5.
(a) 6 (b) 3
7.
(a) iv (b) ii
8.
a = -1 1 0
D = b 2 - 4ac
= 3 2 - 4 # (-1) # (- 4)
= -7
10
(c) 2 (d) 18
(c) iii
(d) ii
9.
1
(b) 6
8
(b) i
(d) i
(c) i
(e) k = 2
15. x = 0, 2
(e) ii
(d) ii
1
a
c
=
a
k
=
k
= RHS = 1
(c) - 2 # y # 2
(b) - 3
ab
1
a
LHS
a
(b) x 2 - 10x + 18 = 0
20. x = 1, 3
Challenge exercise 9
1.
2.
y = x 2 - 5x + 4
5.
11
9.
x = !1
3. a = 4, b = - 3, c = 7
6. n = - 2.3375
7. p 2 0.75
4. x = ! 2
8. Show D = 0
4x + 1
x2 - x - 2
12. k #
3
1
+
x-2 x+1
1 - 21
1 + 21
,k$
2
2
14. x = 1,
3! 5
2
16. - 23
` - 4 + 3x - x 2 1 0 for all x
1
(a) x = 4
(b) i
9
16
(d) k = 3
10.
(c) k = 3
14. m 1 -
9.
(b) k = 1
1
13. x = - , 3
2
4.
6. x = - 1
1
4
1.
A circle
3.
An arc
6.
7.
8.
lines y = !1
4. A (parabolic) arc
5. A spiral
9. lines x = !5
10. line y = 2
13. y = -5
ANSWERS
15. x = -7
16. x = 3
4.
x 2 + 4x + y 2 + 4y - 8 = 0
6.
x 2 + 6x + y 2 - 16y + 69 = 0
7.
x 2 - 10x + y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0
9.
x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 10y + 25 = 0
17. y = !8
18. x = !4
Exercises 10.2
x +y =1
2. x + 2x + y + 2y - 79 = 0
3.
x - 10x + y + 4y + 25 = 0
5.
12x - 26y - 1 = 0
7.
8.
9.
x 2 - 4x + 20y - 36 = 0
8. x 2 + y 2 - 9 = 0
10. x 2 + 12x + y 2 - 2y + 1 = 0
1.
5. x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 48 = 0
11. y 2 + 8x - 32 = 0
13. x 2 + 12y = 0
4. 8x - 6y + 13 = 0
6. y = ! x
10. x 2 - 20y = 0
12. x 2 - 2x + 8y - 7 = 0
14. x 2 - 5x + y 2 - 2y - 11 = 0
11. x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 6y + 22 = 0
12. x 2 + y 2 + 6y + 1 = 0
1
1
18. Centre d - 1 , 1 n , radius 2
2
2
19.
15. x 2 + 3x + y 2 - y - 4 = 0
16. x 2 + x + y 2 - 2y - 17 = 0
17. 2x 2 + 4x + 2y 2 - 6y + 47 = 0
18. 2x 2 + 2x + 2y 2 + 4y + 27 = 0
19. 3x + 4y + 25 = 0, 3x + 4y - 15 = 0
20. 12x - 5y - 14 = 0, 12x - 5y + 12 = 0
21. x - 2y - 3 ! 5 5 = 0
22. x - 7y + 9 = 0, 7x + y - 5 = 0
23. 7x - 4y - 30 = 0, 32x + 56y - 35 = 0
24. xy - 16x - 7y + 40 = 0
22. x 2 + 2x + y 2 + 2y - 23 = 0
25. x 2 - 6x - 3y 2 - 12y + 9 = 0
Problem
12x + 5y - 40 = 0, 12x + 5y + 38 = 0
Exercises 10.3
1.
2.
(a) x + y = 16 (b) x - 6x + y - 4y - 12 = 0
(c) x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 10y + 17 = 0
(d) x 2 - 4x + y 2 - 6y - 23 = 0
(e) x 2 + 8x + y 2 - 4y - 5 = 0
(f) x 2 + y 2 + 4y + 3 = 0 (g) x 2 - 8x + y 2 - 4y - 29 = 0
(h) x 2 + 6x + y 2 + 8y - 56 = 0 (i) x 2 + 4x + y 2 - 1 = 0
(j) x 2 + 8x + y 2 + 14y + 62 = 0
3.
x 2 - 18x + y 2 + 8y + 96 = 0
23.
34 units
(b) x 2 - 4x + y 2 + 10y + 13 = 0
599
600
Exercises 10.4
1.
(b) x = 36y
(c) x = 4y
(e) x 2 = 40y
(f) x 2 = 12y
(g) x 2 = 24y
(i) x = 8y
2
2.
Exercises 10.5
(a) x = 20y
2
(d) x = 16y
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
(a) y 2 = 20x
(h) x 2 = 44y
(j) x = 48y
(a) x 2 = -4y
(b) x 2 = -12y
(d) x 2 = -28y
(e) x 2 = -24y
(g) x 2 = -32y
(h) x 2 = -8y
(c) x 2 = -16y
(f) x 2 = -36y
(i) x 2 = -60y
(j) x = -52y
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
1
1
(j) (i) c 0, -5 m (ii) y = 5
2
2
7.
y =2
8. ^ 4, 4 h
9.
3
1
X = d -1 , - n
2
8
(b) y = 3
(c) 33
1
units
3
(b) y 2 = 4x
(e) y 2 = !36x
6.
(c) y 2 = -16x
(f) y 2 = !8x
(d) y 2 = 12x
(g) y 2 = 12x
(h) y 2 =
1
x
2
1
1
1
(d) Focus d 1 , 0 n, directrix x = - 1 , focal length 1
2
2
2
1
1
1
(e) Focus d -1 , 0 n, directrix x = 1 , focal length 1
4
4
4
(f) Focus d
1
1
1
, 0 n, directrix x = - , focal length
12
12
12
7.
x = 4 (latus rectum)
9.
^ 9, - 6 h, ^ 81, 18 h
2
units
13
8. 12, ^ 3, 6 h, ^ 3, -6 h
5
1
(b) d - 5, - 4 n (c) 10
units2
6
12
Exercises 10.6
1.
(a) ] x - 3 g2 = 8 ^ y + 3 h
(b) ] x - 5 g2 = 4 ^ y + 6 h
= -2
= -4
= -7
= -6
1
(ii) x = 4
(ii) x
(ii) x
(ii) x
(ii) x
(i) ] x + 1 g2 = 8 ^ y + 1 h
2.
(j) ] x - 3 g2 = - 4 ^ y - 2 h
(a) ^ y - 4 h2 = 4 ] x + 4 g (b) ^ y - 1 h2 = 8 ] x + 2 g
(c) ^ y + 2 h2 = 12 ] x + 1 g (d) ^ y - 10 h2 = - 4 ] x - 29 g
(e) ^ y + 3 h2 = - 16 ] x - 1 g
(f) ^ y - 6 h2 = 8 ] x + 4 g
(g) ^ y + 5 h = - 24 ] x - 2 g (h) ^ y + 12 h2 = 4 ] x + 36 g
2
(i) ^ y - 2 h2 = - 20 ] x - 1 g (j) ^ y + 4 h2 = - 8 ] x - 2 g
ANSWERS
3.
(a) x 2 + 2x - 8y + 9 = 0
(b) x 2 + 8x - 4y + 16 = 0
(c) x - 4x - 8y - 12 = 0
(e) x 2 + 4x - 16y + 20 = 0
(f) x 2 + 2x + 16y + 1 = 0
(g) x - 8x + 20y - 24 = 0
(h) x + 10x + 8y + 1 = 0
(i) x 2 + 6x + 12y + 45 = 0
(j) x 2 + 4y + 24 = 0
(k) y - 6y - 12x - 3 = 0
(n) y 2 + 4y - 16x - 12 = 0
(o) y + 2y - 8x - 7 = 0
(p) y + 8y + 12x + 4 = 0
(q) y 2 - 2y + 4x - 11 = 0
(s) y - 4y + 2x + 5 = 0
4.
(ii) y = -4
(ii) y = - 3
(ii) y = -2
(ii) y = - 4
5.
(r) y 2 - 6y + 16x + 25 = 0
(t) y - 2y + 2x - 6 = 0
(ii) y = -5
(ii) y = 4
(ii) y = 4
(ii) y = 3
(ii) y = 2
(ii) y = 5
6.
x 2 - 12y + 36 = 0
7.
x 2 + 4x - 8y - 4 = 0, x 2 + 4x + 8y + 12 = 0
8.
x 2 - 2x - 4y - 19 = 0
9. y 2 - 12y + 12x + 12 = 0
10. x 2 - 2x - 16y + 1 = 0
11. x 2 - 2x - 28y + 29 = 0
12. y 2 + 4y + 24x - 44 = 0
13. y 2 - 6y - 32x + 9 = 0
14. x - 6x + 8y - 15 = 0
15. y + 2y - 16x + 49 = 0
16. x 2 + 6x + 4y - 7 = 0
24. x 2 + 4x + 8y - 20 = 0
25. 0.3 m
(l) y - 8y - 4x + 8 = 0
(m) y 2 - 8x + 32 = 0
3
1
(b) d -1, -8 n, y = -9
4
4
(d) x 2 - 6x - 8y + 41 = 0
Exercises 10.7
1.
5.
18. y + 2y + 16x - 95 = 0
dy
dx
1
3
=x
2. m = -4
3. m = -1
6. x - y - 2 = 0
4. m =
1
2
7. x - 2y + 12 = 0
8.
x + y - 6 = 0, x - y - 18 = 0
9.
x - 2y - 2 = 0, 2x + y - 9 = 0
7 1
10. 4x + y - 8 = 0, M = d 1 , n
8 2
11. x + y - 9 = 0, P = ^ - 18, 27 h
12. Q = ^ 33, 60.5 h
13. x + 4y + 144 = 0, 4x + 2y + 9 = 0, ^ 18, -40.5 h ; show
the point lies on the parabola by substituting it into the
equation of the parabola
14. x - y - 4 = 0, R = ^ 4, 0 h
15. (a) Substitute P into the equation of the parabola
(b) x + py - 2p - p 3 = 0
(c) Substitute ^ 0, 1 h into the equation of the normal.
0 + p - 2p - p 3 = 0
0 = p3 + p
= p (p 2 + 1)
2
Since p ! 0, p + 1 = 0
Test yourself 10
1.
8x + 6y - 29 = 0
3.
Centre ^ 3, 1 h, radius 4
5.
x 2 + y 2 = 25
7.
x 2 + x + y 2 - 3y - 10 = 0
9.
(a) (i) ^ 1, 1 h
17. x 2 - 4x - 12y - 8 = 0
m=
2. x 2 - 4x - 8y - 4 = 0
4. (a) ^ 1, - 3 h
6. (a) y = 2
(b) ^ 4, - 3 h
(b) ^ 0, - 2 h
(ii) ^ 1, 2 h
10. 2x + 3y + 6 = 0
12. y 2 = - 24x
(b) d 0, 7
23
9
n, y = 8
32
32
8. x 2 - 8x + 16y - 16 = 0
(b) y = 0
11. 14 units
13. x 2 - 8y + 16 = 0
14. 4x - 3y - 16 = 0, 4x - 3y + 14 = 0
15. y = x, y = - x
16. y 2 = 20x
18. (a) x - 4y + 72 = 0
17. (a) -
1
2
(b) 2
1
(b) d 9, 20 n
4
601
602
Challenge exercise 10
8.
3x - 4y - 14 = 0, 3x - 4y + 16 = 0
1.
(a) 8x + 6y - 29 = 0
(b) Midpoint of AB lies on line; m 1 m 2 = -1
9.
2.
(a) x 2 - 2x + y 2 - 6y - 15 = 0
(b) Put y = 0 into equation
3.
1
d 2 , -3 n
2
4.
(a) 4x - 2y + 9 = 0; x + 2y - 24 = 0
(b) m 1 m 2 = - 1 (c) X = ^ 3, 10.5 h
(d) 3x - 4y + 8 = 0; focus ^ 0, 2 h lies on the line
10. x = 0, 3
11. x + 2y + 2 = 0
12. b $ -2
18. a = 2, b = 1, c = 0
5.
^ 0, 0 h
6.
(a) 2x - 4y - 1 = 0; 2x + y + 4 = 0
(b) Point lies on line y = - 1
7.
y = - 2 x + 4x - 2
2
8. 3x + y + 2 = 0
19. -
x
9 - x2
20. x 2 - 4x - 16y + 20 = 0
21.
9.
AC = BC and CD = CE (given)
AC
BC
=
CD
CE
+ACB = +ECD (vertically opposite angles)
8 =2 2
24. x = 0, 2
a 10
D = b 2 - 4ac
= 1 2 - 4 (- 1) (- 9)
= - 35
10
Since a 1 0 and D 1 0, - x 2 + x - 9 1 0 for all x
2 3
3
(b) 2x - y - 6 = 0
14. x 2 + y 2 - 2y - 2 = 0
31. 3x + 2y - 9 = 0
1.
m 2, m 3
3.
Centre ^ - 3, 5 h, radius 7
4.
(a)
5.
Focus ^ 0, -2 h, directrix y = 2
6.
x = - 5 or - 6
2
3
(b) -
1
3
(c) 1
1
9
7. k = - 1
(b) 153c
33. a = 3, b = - 18, c = - 34
34. x 2 4, x 1 3
35. i = 95c 44
36. T = 361 ^ 2 0 and a perfect square h
37. x + 2y + 9 = 0
38. k # 3
ANSWERS
39. 5x - 4y - 41 = 0
40.
3 6 - 10 + 3 3 - 5
22
128
2187
47. 2x + 3y - 3 = 0
42. x = 1
56. tan i
58.
1
4
59. x 2 + 2x + y 2 - 3y - 25 = 0
| ax 1 + by 1 + c |
a2 + b2
40
=
10
=4
= radius
` line is tangent
65. Radius 3; x 2 + y 2 = 9
68.
54. -
1
31
+ACB
+ABC
AC
` by AAS, DABC
69. 46 m2
57. 8x ] 2x + 5 g (x - 1) + 2 (x - 1)
= 2 (x 2 - 1) 3 (9x 2 + 20x - 1)
2
64. x 1 - 2, x 2 2
1
1
51. x = - 1, y = 2 or x = - , y = 4
4
4
53. x = 43
1
2
66. a = 3, b = -14, c = 9
49. 162c
52. ] a - 2b g ^ a 2 + 2ab + 4b 2 h
63. k = -2
70. x + y - 3 = 0
71. x 2 - 12x + 36 = ] x - 6 g2
72. y $ 2.5, y # - 6.5
73. (a) 9x - y + 16 = 0
(b) x + 9y + 20 = 0
(c) Q = ^ - 20, 0 h
74. (a) x - 8y + 129 = 0
1
1
n
(b) R = d 7 , 17
64
8
75. a = 1, b = - 3, c = -1
76. (c)
77. (d)
78. (b)
79. (a)
80. (c)
81. (c)
603