TACHEOMETRY

Unit1

Tacheometry
Definedasaprocedureof obtaininghorizontaldistances anddifferencesinelevation basedontheopticalgeometry oftheinstrumentemployed comparedtotapingand differentialleveling, g,the distancesandelevations obtainedbytacheometric methodsareusuallyofalower degreeofaccuracy

UsesofTacheometricMethods
Checkthemoreaccuratetaped p distancestouncover errorsormistakes Determinedifferencesofelevationbetweenpoints Carrylinesoflevelswhereloworderaccuracyis required Measure M the th lengths l th of ft traverselines li Compileplanimetricandtopographicmaps Completefieldsurveyforphotographicmap Locatedetailsforhydrographicsurvey

THESTADIAMETHOD
thismethodemploys p y thesightingtelescope ofaninstrumentin readingasmallangle alongaverticalplane andindetermining gthe lengthwhichtheangle subtendsona graduatedrodheld verticalonthedistant point

the word stadia denoted 600 Greek units, or 184 m 93 cm (606 ft 9 in) by present-day international standards

THE STADIA METHOD

the term is now applied to the cross hairs and rod used in making measurements, as well as to the method itself the equipment for stadia measurements consists of a telescope with two horizontal hairs called stadia hairs and a graduated rod called a stadia rod y rapidly p y by y the distances can be measured very stadia method

THE STADIA METHOD

PRINCIPLE OF THE STADIA

Sinceab isequal q toab,by ysimilartriangles g f/i =d/s And d=(f/i)s also D=d+(f+c) D=(f/i)s+C D=Ks+C

STADIA CONSTANTS
the stadia constant, the distance from the center of
principal p focus the instrument to the p the quantity is composed of the the focal length (f), which remains constant, and the distance (c) from the center of the instrument to the center of the objective lens in the older instruments, instruments C varies from about 0.18 0 18 to 0.43 m in presentday surveying instruments, C may be considered 0.30 for externalfocusing telescopes, 0 for internalfocusing telescopes

STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR

the ratio f/I is called the stadia interval factor for any given instrument, the value remains constant and depends only on the spacing between the stadia hairs the most common value of K is 100

SampleProblem
StadiaIntervalFactor
Atheodoliteissetupatoneendofalevelbase line150.0m 150 0mlong. long Thelineismarkedbystakesat every30.0mandastadiarodisheldateachstake. Thestadiainterceptateachlocationisobserved asfollows:0.302,0.600,0.899,1.207,and1.506 meters,respectively.Computethestadiainterval f factor (K)for f each hdistance di and dalso l determine d i theaveragevalueofK.

Solution
k=D/s k1=30/0.302=99.3 k2=60/0 0.600 600=100.0 00 0 k3 =90/0.899=100.1 k4 =120/1.207=99.4 k5=150/1.506 150/1 506=99.6 99 6 kave=99.7

SampleProblem
HorizontalStadiaSights
Anautomaticlevelwithaninternalfocusing telescopewassetupsomewhereatmidlengthof alongspansteelbridge.Therodreadings tabulatedbelowwereobservedonastadiarod heldsuccessivelyatthevicinityoftheconcrete abutmentsinthesouthernandnorthern approaches h of fthe h b bridge. id Ifthe h stadia di i interval l factoroftheinstrumentis98.5,determinethe lengthofthebridge bridge.

SampleProblem
Rod Position Rod at Southern Approach Rod at Northern Approach Hair Readings Upper (a) 2.98 m Middle (c) 1.68 m Lower (b) 0.38 m

3 54 m 3.54

2 02 m 2.02

0 49 m 0.49

Solution
ss=2.98 2 98 0.38 0 38=2.60 =2 60 Ds=98.5*2.60=256.1m sn=3.54 3 0.49 0 9=3.05 30 Dn=98.5*3.05=300.4m D=256.1+300.4=556.5m

INCLINEDSTADIASIGHTS

INCLINEDSTADIASIGHTS
ID=kscos +C(eq2) HD=ks k cos2 +Ccos (eq ( 3) VD=kscos sin +Csin (eq4) DE=HI+VD RR

SampleProblem
Thefollowingdatawereobtainedbystadiaobservations: verticalangle=+925,upperstadiahairandlowerstadiahair readingsare2.352mand0.995m,respectively.Thestadia intervalfactorisknowntobe99.0andCis0.381m.Theheight oftheinstrumentabovetheinstrumentstation(pointA)is 1.496mandrodreadingistakenat1.589m.Determinethe g following: a)horizontal,vertical,andinclineddistancesbyexactstadia formulas b)elevationofthepointsighted(pointB)istheelevationof pointAis776.545m. c)differenceinelevationbetweenthetwopoints.