Simply Stpprted Beams resulting in more irups. In these situations reinforced concrete beams are confined. Therefore, the maximum concrete sirain at state for confined concrete can be used as follows (6 s «= 00 +000 + (320) Where 5 = beam width 4. = distance from the critical section to the point of contraflexure P+ = ratio of volume of confining steel (i steel including the compression ‘0 volume of concrete confined Jn = yielding stress of confining steel 3.8 Program 1 - Primary Curves of Simple Beant A computer program (Program 1) has been developed accord ing to the above mentioned Theory. An example run (including input data and output results) is shown in the appendix, 3.4 Hysteresis Loops For the inelastic analysis, a proper selection of hysteretic models for the constituent components is one ofthe crit fully pred ical factors in success- icing the dynamic response under strong cart tions. Several models have been proposed in the pas hquake mo- reproducing Yarious aspects of reinforced concrete behavior under inelastic load- {ng reversals. In order to closely reproduce the hysteretic behavior of various components, a highly versatile model is required in which Several significant aspects of hysteretic loops can be included, i. ‘ifness degradction, strength deterioration, pinching behavior and the variability of hysteresis loop areas at different deformation lev- ls under repeated loading reversals. However, the model should alsobeas simple as possible since a large number of inelastic springs are necessary in modelling the entire structure, and additional parame- ters to describe @ complicated hysteresis loop shape may sometimes require exceasive amount of information yp D wa (0 ti (0 ett V Zz. Figure 8.11 Models for hysteresis loops Some of the existing popular models: Clough (7|, Fukada [8 Aoyama (9), Kustu [10], Tani (11), Takeda [12], Perk [13], Iwan [14 ‘Talayanagi [15], Muto [16], Atalay [17], Nakata [18], Blakeley [19]