Chapter 4 Framed Shearwalls 4.1 Introduction Structural walls are often used in buildings to resist lateral loads caused by earthquakes or wind. In practice, there are two different kinds of structural walls: cantilever shearwalls and framed shearwalls ntlver shearwall acts like a cantilever beam and is connected to the rest ofthe structure by oor diaphrag through which horizontal forces are tranemittd to the wall. The design of ned by flexural behavior. In fact, the design philosophy for a cantilever shearwall is to insure a ductile flexural failure where the tensile steel in the bounda ele ‘ments reach yielding before the web fails in shear [1,2 trast in 2 framed shearwall (Fig. 4.1(a)] the wall panel is considered as an element to stifen the shear resistance of a plane frame. A framed shearwall is considered as part oft all frame * portion of the horizontal load due to its added stiffness. However, itis not considered to receive large overturning moment as in the cantilever shearwall. Conse. quently, the framed shearwall behaves differently than does a can. tilever beam - the predominant action is shear ‘The design concern ofa framed shearwall isto promote failure The fi are in the wall panel need not be brittle if properly designed. ‘This in the wall panels while suppressing failure in the colun design concept considers the wall panels as sacrificial elements to ab sorb energy during an e quake to insure the safety of the frame system. The wall panes ean alo be epidly repaired afterward [3].(GENERAL VIEW ae - + 4 Dimensions and material properties for the reference specimer : 4 b= 102 cm, d = 180.4 em, hy = 95.3 cm, ty = 10.2 cm, mass = a U4 KN + sect/m, 9) = 0.05, f, = 84 N/mm’, fig = 420 N/m? Figure 4.1 Equilibrium and dimensions of shearwall . ‘When a panel is subjected to shear after cracking, each element aivir will et ike a 88 Fig, 4] 6o that the vertical and horizontal re- Auf inforcements will be subje sd to tension. The tensile strain in the bdXY r! the steel produces an expansion of the panel. This expansion will be cesirained by the frame, causing vertical and horizontal compressive 0s in the panel. As the height-to-length ratio of a wall panel is usually lest than unity, the beam-column frame is more effective i limiting the horizontal expansion than the vertical expansion of the panel. Consequently, the horizontal constraint can be modeled by assuming a zero horizontal strain in the wall panel 4.2 Truss Model Theory 4.2.1 Equilibrium conditions For framed shearwalls, three equilibrium equations can be de- ved from the truss model theory [5]. Fig. 4.1(a) shows e framed shearwall subjected to a horizontal force V at the top ofthe wall. The ‘average shear stress ron the horizontal cross section II is defined as u (4) where d is she effective depth, which is defined as the distance be- tween the centroids of the longitudinal bars in the two flanges, and 6 is the width of the web. When a c 4.1(b); the shear flow + on the hotizontal face ean be resolved into ched wall element A is igolated, as shown ia Fig. ‘vo components. One component is directed along the longitudinal Girection and the other along the diagonal concrete struts inclined angle a to the longitudinal axis The component rbcot a along, ‘the longitudinal direction will be resisted by the longitudinal steel, giving — «2