Table of Contents

Chapter 1
Concrete Bridges.

1.1 Introduction..

1.2 SELECTION OF A BRIDGE...

1.3 DESIGN DIFFERENCE

Deck of-Bridge..

Deck Bridge...

Through Bridge.

1.4 PARTS OF A CONCRETE BRIDGE....

Approach Road..

Bridge deck.

Stringers..

Floors Beams .

Wearing surface.

Diaphragm..

Piers.

Cession.

Piles..

Pile cap.

Transom...

Scour depth..

1.5 Bridge Bearing

1.6 Type of Concrete Bridges

1.6.1 BASED ON THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

1.6.2 BASED ON SPAN LENGTH.

1.6.3 BASED ON STRUCTURAL FORMS...

Slab Bridges.

Pre-Stressed pre-cast Girder Bridge.

Truss Bridges..

Rigid Frames Bridges.

Arch Bridge.

Cable Stayed Bridges..

Suspension Bridge

Box Girder Bridges..

1.6.4 BASED ON SPAN TYPE

10

1.6.5 BASED ON LOAD TYPE

10

1.6.6 BASED ON USAGE.

10

1.6.7 BASED ON POSITION

10

Chapter 2
Prestressed Concrete

11

2.1 Pre-stressing

11

2.2 Effects of prestressing..

12

Concrete stress control.

12

Equivalent loads...

13

Prestressed concrete as variation reinforced

14

2.2 Advantages of prestressed concrete....

14

2.4 Limitations of Prestressing.

15

2.5 Sources of prestress force....

15

2.6 Methods of presstressing..

15

Pre-tensioned.

15

Bonded post-tensioned

16

Unbonded post-tensioned

16

Advantages of Post Tensioning Concrete

17

2.7 Stages of Loading ...

17

2.8 Loss of prestress.

17

Instantaneous losses

18

Time dependent losses.

18

2.9 Prestress Loss Prediction Methods.

18

2.10 Stresses on Different Stages.

18

STRESSES AT STAGE-1 ..

18

STRESSES AT STAGE-2

20

STRESSES AT STAGE-3 ...

20

Prestressing Material...

21

3.1 Concrete for prestressed construction...

21

3.2 ACI PERMISSIBLE CONCRETE STRESSES

22

Class U Members.

22

Class T Members..

22

Class C Members..

22

3.3 Prestress Forces

22

Jacking force (Pj).

22

Initial prestress force (Pi)

22

Effective prestress force (Pe)...

22

Effectiveness ratio (R).

23

3.4 Prestressing steel..

23

3.5 Maximum Permissible Prestressing Steel Stresses.

24

Chapter 3

3.6 DIFFERENCE B/W BEHAVIORS OF PRESTRESSED

AND ORDINARY REINFORCED CONCRETES

25

3.7 TENDON PROFILES...

25

Chapter 4
Loading OF Highways.

26

4.1 Classical Deformations Method of Analysis..

27

4.2 Classical Force Method of Analysis

27

4.3 TRAFFIC LOADINGS.

27

Deck

27

End Zone

27

Equivalent Strip

27

Foot Print..

27

Force Effect

27

Frame Action.

27

Skew Angle.

27

Tandem..

27

4.4 DESIGN LANE.

28

4.5 AASHTO STANDARD .

28

4.6 DESIGN TRUCK

28

4.7 DESIGN TANDEM

29

4.8 DESIGN LANE LOAD..

29

4.9 Predestrian Loads..

30

4.10 Pakistan code of practice for highway bridge loading

30

Chapter 5
Proximate Analysis of Girder..

32

5.1 CONDITIONS FOR APPROXIMATE METHOD

TO BE APPLICABLE 32
5.2 LATERAL DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR
INTERIOR GIRDER 32
5.3 LATERAL DISTRIBUTION FACTORS FOR
EXTERIOR GIRDER.. 33
Design of Prestressed Girder.

33