Types of Sentences

A. Compound Sentence Terdiri dari klausa-klausa yang setara satu dengan yang lainnya dan masing-masing dapat berdiri sendiri (independent clause). Klausa-klausa ini dihubungkan dengan coordinate conjunction.

Coordinators
And But Or Contrast

Conjunction
however nevertheless yet Addition besides moreover in addition Result Therefore Consequently Thats why (sebaiknya tdk digunakan krn terlalu informal) Condition Otherwise Or

a. Cara penulisan coordinators (Klausa pertama) , and/but/or (klausa kedua) b. Cara penulisan conjunction (Klausa pertama) , however/moreover/etc, (klausa kedua2) (Klausa pertama) ; however/moreover/etc, (klausa kedua) (Kalimat pertama) . However/moreover/etc, (kalimat kedua) Contoh (1): I am not feeling well I decided to come to class I am not feeling well , but I decided to come to class I am not feeling well; however, I decided to come to class Contoh (2): I dont have your phone number I would call you I dont have your phone number; otherwise, I would call you If I had your phone number, I would call you (conditional sentence:: dijelaskan pada bagian Adverbial Clause)

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Selama masih masuk akal, penggabungan klausa-klausa tidak mempermasalahkan bentuk tenses B. Complex Sentence Terdiri dari dua klausa yang berbeda: klausa utama dan klausa tambahan/klausa terikat (dependent clause). Klausa terikat ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan fungsinya adalah memberi keterangan tambahan pada suatu bagian di klausa utama. Ada tiga bentuk klausa dalam complex sentence: a. Adverbial clause b. Adjective clause c. Noun clause Adverbial clause Modifikasi pada kata kerja atau kata keterangan suatu klausa utama. Klausa utama dengan klausa tambahan dihubungkan dengan subordinator. Function: to show Subordinators Time Since (berkaitan dengan tenses) When Until Before/ After Contrast Concessive Although Eventhough Though While Whereas Meanwhile Because Since (berbeda arti dengan since pada bagian time) As So that Such + (Noun) + That So+ (Adj/Adv) + That So many+ (Noun)+ That Purpose In order that

Adversative

Cause/ Reason

Result

Contoh (1-difference between concessive and adversative): I dont lend my money to him I have a lot of money Although I have a lot of money, I dont lend it to him

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I have a lot of money He doesnt have a money at all I have a lot of money, whereas he doesnt have a money at all Walaupun keduanya menyatakan hubungan yang berlawanan, terdapat perbedaan konteks pemakaian Contoh (2-result): The rate of crime in general has sharply increased This is because the majority of our people are in a very bad economic condition The majority of our people are in a such bad economic condition that the rate of criminal in general has sharply increased There are many boys in my school that have a crush on Jelita This is because Jelia is very beautiful Jelita is so beautiful that many boys in my school have a crush on her Sebenarnya fungsi subordinators cause/ reason dengan subordinators result adalah sama keduanya menghubungkan klausa-klausa yang memiliki hubungan sebab akibat. Pemakaian salah satu di antara kedua subordinators tersebut dibenarkan kecuali jika salah satu klausa dalam soal menggunakan kata very (lebih baik menggunakan subordinators result such+ (noun) +that atau so+(adj/adv)+that. Andi is a very successful businessman now This is because he studied hard when he was in a college Andi is a very successful businessman since he studied hard when he was in a college (since :: subordinator cause) Andi studied hard when he was in a college so that he is now a very successful businessman (so that :: subordinator result) *Coordinators dan subordinators HARUS dihafalkan. Saat menjawab soal, lihat perintahnya, apakah membuat compound sentence atau menggabungkan 2 kaliat menggunakan adverbial clause Adverbial clause juga dapat berupa conditional sentence. Conditional sentence adalah suatu bentuk pengandaian di mana antara klausa utama dan klausa tambahan terdapat hubungan sebab-akibat (cause and effect). Ada 3 (+1) tipe conditional sentence: a. #1 Conditional-possibility b. #2 Conditional-unreal present c. #3 Conditional-unreal past d. Mixed Conditional #1 Conditional-possibility Conditional ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Ada 3 bentuk (struktur) kalimat yang memungkinkan untuk conditional ini Sub-clause Main-clause If + Subject + V1 Subject + will + V1 If + Subject + Should + V1

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Should + Subject + V1 If + Subject + V1

Subject + V1

Bentuk should cenderung digunakan jika kemungkinannya kecil bagi suatu kondisi untuk terjadi di masa depan (the possibilty is slightly less). Sementara bentuk terakhir yakni If + Subject + V1, Subject + V1 memiliki pengertian sebagai berikut: Contoh: If he has a new car, he has a new girl Artinya: everytime he has a new car then he has a new girl #2 Conditional-unreal present Sub-clause Main-clause If+ Subject + V2 / Subject + Would + V1 V2 + Subject Subject + V2 Conditional bentuk ke-2 digunakan untuk menunjukkan hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada saat ini (unreal present). Dalam penggunaannya, ada 2 struktur yang dapat dipakai. Struktur ke-2 (If + Subject+ V2, Subject + V2) digunakan untuk menunjukkan past habbit, kebiasaan masa lampau yang saat ini sudah tidak dilakukan lagi. #3 Conditional-unreal past Conditional jenis ke-3 digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian atas kejadian masa lampau (unreal past). Hanya ada satu bentuk conditional tipe 3 ini. If + Subject + had+ V3 / Had + Subject + V3, Subject + would + have + V3 Seperti yang telah disebutkan dalam bahasan compound sentence, bahwa bentuk conditional bisa diubah ke dalam bentuk otherwise atau or. Perhatikan contoh berikut: I forgot your address so I didnt drop by your place last week Conditional: If I hadnt forgotten your address I would have dropped by your place last week Compound sentences: I forgot your address otherwise/ or I would have dropped by your place last week. I would have dropped by your place last week but I forgot your address. Mixed Conditional Conditional tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian pada masa lalu, namun akibatnya dirasakan pada saat ini. If + Subject + had+ V3, Subject + Would + V1 Contoh: We passed the UIs entrance test so we are here Conditional: If we had not passed the UIs entrance test, We wouldnt be here
Pengandaian masa lalu pengandaian masa kini

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C. Adjective clause Relative Pronouns Antecedent Subjective Person Non-Person WHO WHICH

Objective WHOM WHICH

Possesive

Preposition + Object WHOSE Prep + WHOM The+ Noun+ OF Prep + WHICH WHICH

Types of adjective clause Restrictive adjective clause Antecedent tidak jelas perlu dijelaskan lebih jauh Adjective clause penting Adjective clause tidak perlu dipisahkan menggunakan koma Bisa menggunakan that untuk mengganti who dan/atau which

Non-restrictive adjective clause Antecedent sudah jelas tidak perlu dijelaskan lagi Adjective clause tidak terlalu penting Adjective clause perlu dipisahkan menggunakan koma Tidak bisa menggunakan that untuk mengganti who dan/atau which

Plural antecedent The nurses who are graduates of FIK UI are well-paid
restrict the subject/ antecedent

Some nurses

The nurses, who are graduates of FIK UI, are well-paid

Additional information

All nurses

D. Noun clause Baik noun maupun noun clause keduanya digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek. Perbedaannya: a. His story was interesting b. What he said was interesting Baik his story maupun what he said adalah subjek, namun what he said adalah sebuah noun clause karena noun clause mempunyai subjek dan kata kerja-nya sendiri (he subjek, said kata kerja) Kata-kata yang digunakan untuk mengawali sebuah noun clause a. Question words (when, who, where, why, what, how, which, whom, whose) b. Whether, if c. That Noun clause begins with question word Jenis Main clause Questions Simple I dont know Where does she present+simple live?

Noun clause I dont know where she lives Tentir UAS B.Inggris 2010

present simple present Simple past+simple present simple past

I wonder He asked this to me She wondered

Who is at the door? Where is Tina? Who is knocking the window?

I was thinking Simple past + simple past past perfect

What did they actually do? What happened?

They asked me

I wonder who is at the door He asked me where Tina was She wondered who was knocking the window I was thinking what they actually had done They asked me what had happened

Noun clauses begin with whether or if Noun clause berasal dari yes/no question Main clause : I dont know Question : Will she come? Noun clause : a. I dont know whether she will come b. I dont know whether she will come or not c. I dont know whether or not she will come d. I dont know if she will come e. I dont know if she will come or not (aturan mengenai tenses sama dengan seperti di tabel) Noun clauses begin with that Noun clause tidak berasal dari pertanyaan, tetapi dari pernyataan. Main clause : It is obvious Statement : The world is round Noun clause : It is obvious that the world is round That the world is round is obvious (aturan mengenai tenses sama dengan seperti di tabel) Noun clause with adjective/verb of urgency Examples of adjective/verb of urgency: Important Necessary Urgent Require Demand Suggest Urge Example 1 Main clause : This was important

Order Vital Insist Recommend Request Advise Ask (dalam arti meminta)

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Statement Noun clause Example 2 Main clause Statement Noun clause Example 3 Main clause Statement Noun clause

: You had to pass with a minimum GPA of 2.0 to prevent from dropping out : It was important that I pass with a minimum GPA of 2.0 to prevent from dropping out. : This is necessary : She must/should not exceed 20% of the total sessions. : It is necessary that she not exceed 20% of the total sessions. : The university requires this. : He has to report his GPA to the administration staff : The university requires that he report his GPA to the administration staff.

Noun clause with wish Present to future Wish + Subject+will+.... Wish + Subject+ would+... Wish + I will be there you give a speech I wish I would be there when you give a speech Present Wish + She is the one leading us I wish she were the one leading us Wish + I have (V1) enough money I wish I had (V2) enough money Past Wish + I came (V1) to the party I wish I had come (had + V3) to the party

Essay Writing
Sebuah esai mempunyai: 1. Awalan/ pendahuluan: dinamakan introduction; merupakan bagian pertama dari sebuah esai. 2. A thesis sentence: biasanya terletak di bagian akhir introduction. Kalimat ini adalah kalimat paling umum dan paling penting dalam sebuah esai; ia mengandung controlling idea yang membatasi kalimat-kalimat lainnya dalam esai. 3. Bagian tengah: tubuh dari sebuah esai. Paragraf-paragraf ini menjelaskan, mendefinisikan, mengklarifikasi, dan memberi ilustrasi mengenai thesis sentence. Setiap paragarah memiliki sebuah kalimat topik dan beberapa kalimat penjelas. Berapa banyak paragraf yang ada pada bagian ini tergantung dari seberapa kompleks topik esai dan seberapa detail informasi yang diberikan dalam esai, selama tidak keluar dari pembatasan yang diberikan thesis statement. 4. Akhiran/ penutup: kesimpulan dari sebuah esai, bisa berupa pernyataan ulang dari thesis sentence, solusi/rekomendasi atas apa yang dibahas, atau prediksi atas apa yang akan terjadi. (penjelasan lengkap dan cukup mudah dimengerti terdapat pada buku cetak hijau halaman 156-176)

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