Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References
General Conversions, Formulas & References

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.
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Area ASCII Characters Bolts, Nuts & Washers Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers SAE Carnot Cycle Coefficient of Expansion Density Conversions Drill Sizes - Lettered Drill Sizes - Numbered Electrochemical Potentials Force Galvanic Series General Constants General Units Greek Alphabet
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IC Heat Transfer IC Lifetime Acceleration Laws of Motion Laws Of Thermodynamics Length Conversions Mass Conversions Materials Properties Mechanical Constants Mechanical Units Periodic Table Phonetic Alphabet Pressure Conversions Psychometric Chart P-T Diagram Relativity
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Solar System Sound Levels Sound Power Speed Conversions Tap & Drill - Metric Tap & Drill - SAE Temperature Conversions Thermal Conductivity Time Conversions
Torx Heads
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Thermal Conductivity Ultrasonic Frequency Chart Visible Light Volume Conversions Work-Energy-Heat Conversions World Time Zone Map
Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM]
RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References
Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#" indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty.
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A/D Converter Parameters ABCD, S, H, Y, Z Parameters

AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide Standards Amplitude Modulation Atmospheric Absorption Atmospheric Refraction Antenna Basics Antenna Radiation Patterns Attenuators (Fixed)# Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counter Batteries Battery Outlines Bessel Function Plots Bit Error Rate Boolean Algebra Capacitance Capacitance Conversions Cascade Budget Calculation# Charge Conversions Circulators Coaxial Cable Chart Coaxial Cable Equations Coaxial Connectors Coaxial Connector Torque Specs Color Codes Communications Standards Compression Point, 1 dB Conductors @ High Frequencies
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Filters# Flip Flop Tables Fourier Series of Periodic Signals Frequency Bands Frequency Modulation Fuse Specs Fuse Package Outline GPIB / HPIB / IEEE488 GSM Timeslot & Frequency Specs History of Communications History of 50
Impedance Matching Inductance# Inductance Conversions Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order Isolators Karnaugh Maps Kirchhoff's Law Link Budget Lightning Magnetic Field Conversions Magnetic Flux Conversions Maxwell's Equations Microstrip MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Bus Morse Code Noise Figure Noise Power Norton Equivalent Ohm's Law Op Amps
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Radar Cross Section (RCS) Radar Equation Radar Horizon/Line of Sight Resistance Conversions Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342 Resistor Markings: Std Resistor Values RLC Combinations RMS & Average Power & Voltage Serial Port Pinout S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parameters Signal-to-Noise Ratio Skin Depth SMD Package Markings Smith Chart Solder Spectral Inversion Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Spurious Calculations TEMPEST Thvnin Equivalent Toroid Cores Transmission Lines Triboelectric Series USB Specifications WAP Waveguide Wire Wireless Communication Specs Wireless Coverage Maps Wireless Data Rate Standards WLAN Specs VSWR Mismatch Error# VSWR Reduction By Attenuation# VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma#
Copper Facts
Current Conversions Damped Responses Data Bus Specifications Delta-Wye Detectors Dielectric Constants & Strengths Diplexers Directional Couplers
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]
RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

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Dividers/Combiners Doppler Frequency Shift DTMF Tones EIRP Electrical Constants Electrical Units Electric Fields Electrocution of Human Body Field Intensity ESD
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Op Noise Figure Package Outlines Parallel Port Pinout PCS Web Site PIM - Passive Intermodulation Path Loss Potential Power Density Power Factor Power & Voltage in 50 System Propagation Time Pulse Definition
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]
RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets
Calculator Spreadsheets Thanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interactive spreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generating an Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access.
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Electrical Calculations r Attenuators ("T" and Pi) r Cascaded Components r Cavity Resonant Frequency r Noise Conversions r Voltage Divider r VSWR - RL - Gamma() Filters r Lowpass Butterworth r Lowpass Chebychev r Highpass Butterworth r Highpass Chebychev r Bandpass Butterworth r Bandpass Chebychev r Bandstop Butterworth r Bandstop Chebychev
NOTE: You must have either FrontPage 2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be only static and not interactive. You can purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about $100 here.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]
RF Cafe - Mathematical References
Mathematical References Here are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenient place.
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Averages Bessel Functions Coordinate Systems Derivatives, Basic Deviations Differentiation Rules Exponents Fourier Series Fourier Transform Pairs Fourier Series Properties Imaginary Numbers Integrals, Basic Integrals, Inverse Trig Integrals, Natural Log Integrals, Square Root Integrals, Trigonometric
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LaPlace Transform Pairs LaPlace Transform Properties Logarithms Matrix Algebra Matrix Definitions Numerical Prefixes Partial Fractions Permutations & Combinations Phi () - the Golden Number Plane Angle Series Expansions Summations
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Trig Identities
Trig Identities, Inverse Trig Identities, Hyperbolic Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic
Trigonometry Laws Uncertainties Vector, Curl Vector, Divergence Vector, Gradient

z-Transform Properties
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]
RF Cafe - Area Conversion
AREA CONVERSIONS
Standard units = Square centimeter (cm2).
1 in2 = 1 ft2 = 1 cm2 = 1 m2 = 1 cir mil =
square in 1 144 0.1550 1550 7.854 10-7
square ft 6.944 10-3 1 1.076 10-3 10.76 5.454 10-3
square cm 6.452 929.0 1 104 5.067 10-6
square m 6.452 10-4 9.290 10-2 10-4 1 5.067 10-10
circular mil 1.273 106 1.833 108 1.974 105 1.974 109 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]
RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set
ASCII CHARACTER SET

33 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 ( 0 8 @ H P X ` h p x 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129 137 145 ! ) 1 9 A I Q Y a i q y 34 42 50 58 66 74 82 90 98 106 114 122 130 138 146 " * 2 : B J R Z b j r z 35 43 51 59 67 75 83 91 99 107 115 123 131 139 147 # + 3 ; C K S [ c k s { 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100 108 116 124 132 140 148 d l t | $ , 4 < D L T 37 45 53 61 69 77 85 93 101 109 117 125 133 141 149 5 = E M U ] e m u } 38 46 54 62 70 78 86 94 102 110 118 126 134 142 150 & . 6 > F N V ^ f n v ~ 39 47 55 63 71 79 87 95 103 111 119 127 135 143 151 ' / 7 ? G O W _ g o w
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]
RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts
Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers
Size M1 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M3.5 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10
Tap Drill (mm) 0.75 1.25 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.90 3.30 4.20 5.00 6.75 8.50
Clearance Drill (mm) 1.10 1.85 2.40 3.10 3.75 4.30 4.90 6.30 7.50 10.0 12.5
Counter Bore (mm) 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 1.0 1.25 1.50
Nut Points (mm) 2.08 3.70 4.62 5.77 6.35 6.93 8.08 9.24 11.5 15.0 17.3
Nut Flats (mm) 1.8 3.2 4.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0 10 13 15
Washer I.D. (mm) 1.0 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 4.0 4.3 5.3 6.4 8.4 11.5
Washer O.D. (mm) 2.0 3.4 4.5 5.5 6.0 7.8 8.0 10 11 15 21
1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]
RF Cafe - SAE Bolts
SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers

Series Designation UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF 0.201 0.281 7/16 0.505 0.437 0.265 0.500 0.149 0.213 11/32 0.433 0.375 0.203 0.437 0.136 0.189 5/16 0.397 0.343 0.174 0.375 0.106 0.161 9/32 0.361 0.312 0.149 0.375 0.089 0.136 7/32 0.289 0.250 0.125 0.312 0.078 0.120 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.105 0.250 0.070 0.104 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.099 0.250 Tap Drill 0.046 0.059 Clearance Drill 0.070 0.089 Counter Bore 1/8 5/32 Nut Points 0.180 0.180 Nut Flats 0.156 0.156 Washer I.D. 0.078 0.099 Washer O.D. 0.187 0.250
Size & Threads/lnch 0-80 1-64 1-72 2-56 2-64 3-48 3-56 4-40 4-48 5-40 5-44 6-32 6-40 8-32 8-36 10-24 10-32 12-24 12-28 1/4-20 1/4-28 5/16-18 5/16-24 3/8-16 3/8-24 7/16-14 7/16-20 1/2-13 1/2-20 9/16-12 9/16-18 5/8-11 5/8-18 3/4-10 3/4-16
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RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

7/8-9 7/8-14 1-8 1-12 1-14 11/8-7 11/8-8 11/8-12 11/4-7 1114-8 11/4-12 1 3/8-6 1 3/8-8 1 3/8-12 11/2-6 1 1/2-8 1 1/2-12 1 5/8-8 1 3/4-5 1 3/4-8 1 7/8-8 2-4 1/2 2-8 2 1/4-4.5 2 1/4-8 2 2 2 2 1/2-4 1/2-8 3/4-4 3/4-8 3-4 3-8 1/4-4 1/4-8 1/2-4 1/2-8 UNC UNF UNC UNF UN UNC UN UNF UNC UN UNF UNC UN UNF UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN UNC UN
3 3 3 3
3 3/4-4 3 3/4-8 4-4 4-8
1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]
RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle
Carnot Cycle
An ideal cycle would be performed by a perfectly efficient heat enginethat is, all the heat would be converted to mechanical work. A 19th-century French scientist named Nicolas Carnot conceived a thermodynamic cycle that is the basic cycle of all heat engines. He showed that such an ideal engine cannot exist. Any heat engine must expend some fraction of its heat input as exhaust. The second law of thermodynamics places an upper limit on the efficiency of engines; that upper limit is less than 100 percent. The limiting case is now known as a Carnot cycle.
The Carnot Cycle
(1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is (2) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic added from source. Piston moves from V1 to V2, expansion continues until volume V3 is reached, doing work on the system. performing additional work, at temperature T2.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]
RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle
(4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic

compression continues until volume V4 is reached, performing additional work, at temperature T2.
(3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as

work is done by the system on the piston. Heat is be transferred to T2.
Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change occurs in a closed system.
Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred into or out of a closed system.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]
RF Cafe - Properties of Materials
Materials Properties
MatWeb Melting Temperature (C) Density (g/cm3) 3.32 1020 Thermal Conductivity (W/mK) Thermal Expansion (10-6 K) Resistivity (cm)
Substance Alanx CG8963.32 Alcohol, Ethyl Alumina, Alumina, 85% Alumina, 90% Alumina, 94% Alumina, 96% Alumina, 99% Alumina, 99.5% Alumina, 99.9% Aluminosilicate Aluminum, Pure 11 5056 Al2O3
2040
3.9 3.41 3.6 3.7 3.75 3.9 3.89 3.96 2.6
32.2
6.5
660.1
2.643
238
23.5
2.67
Aluminum, 2024-T3 Aluminum, 6061-T6 Aluminum, 7079-T6 Aluminum bronze Aluminum Nitride Benzene Beryllium, QMV Beryllia, Beryllium Birch Boron Carbide Borosilicate Glass Brass Bronze, ~11% Tin Bronze, aluminum Bronze, phosphor Carbon Steel Carbon Tool Steel Carbon-Carbon Composite Cherry BeO 2550
2.77 2.7 2.74 7.702 3.25 0.737 1.85 2.85 1.8477 0.705 2.5 2.3 8.553 8.1 7.702 8.8 7.84 7.82 1.65 0.433 215 7.5 1020
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

Coal, Anthracite Coal, Bituminous Coal, Coke Coal, Lignite Cobalt Concrete Copper Copper Ore, pyrites Copper, cast-rolled Copper, Pure Corundum-Crystal Form Delrin (acetyl resin) Ethyl Alcohol Gasoline German Silver Glass Glass, Pyrex Gold, 99.99% Gold Coin (US) Gold, cast-hammered Graphite Hafnium Carbide HDPE High Speed Tool Steel Ice Iridium Iron Iron, Cast, Pig Iron, Ferrosilicon Iron, gray cast Iron Ore, Hematite Iron Ore, Limonite Iron Ore, Magnetite Iron Slag Iron, Spiegeleisen Iron, wrought Kevlar Kevlar 149 Kevlar 29 Kevlar 49 Lead Lead Glass Lead Ore, Galena Leather, common Magnesium, Pure Mahogany 1.47 1.44 1.44 11.37 2.8 7.449 0.945 1.7 0.705 7.207 6.984 7.079 5.206 3.796 5.046 2.755 7.496 7.658 1063 19.3 17.19 19.3 2.163 12.76 0.955 8.75 0.897 22.16 315.5 14.1 2.20 175 1083.4 8.96 4.197 8.906 8.9 3.99 8.96 0.802 0.721 8.586 2.6 3.6 1020 17.0 1.694 1.554 1.346 1.201 1.25 8.8

Manganese Manganese Ore Mercury Methyl Alcohol Mg-PSZ Mineral Oil Molybdenum, wrought Monel Metal, rolled Mullite Nickel Nickel, Pure Nitride-Bonded SiC Paper Paraffin Petroleum, Crude Pig Iron Platinum Plutonium, alpha phase Polyurethane PSZ Pure Iron Pyrolusite, Mn Ore Quartz Glass RB-SiC Red Oak Refrax RT/Duriod 5880 Rubber Sapphire SiAlON Silica, Silicon Silicon carbide Silicon Nitride Silver, Cast-hammered Silver, Pure Sintered SiC SNBSN / Refrax Soft Steel (0.06% C) Southern Pine Stainless 18Cr-8Ni Stainless 27Cr Stainless Steel, 304 Steel, C1020, HR Steel, cold-drawn Steel, tool SiO2 1412 2.34 3.2 3.28 10.51 10.5 3.1 2.54 7.87 0.65 8.03 7.47 8.03 7.85 7.83 7.715 138 7.6 105 1.506 3.99 3.3 7.207 21.3 19.35 1 5.75 7.86 4.149 2.2 3.09 0.673 2.54 1455 7.608 4.149 13.57 0.809 5.75 0.914 10.3 8.688 2.82 8.602 8.9 2.54 0.929 0.898 88 13.3 6.9

Sugar Maple Tantalum Thorium, Ind. melted TiC Tin Ore, cassiterite Tin, cast-hammered Titanium Titanium, B 120VCA Tungsten Tungsten Tungsten Carbide Uranium Uranium D38 Vanadium Carbide Vegetable Oil Walnut Water Water, 100 C Water, 4 C Water, Ice Water, Seawater WC / Tungsten Carbide Wood, Oak Zinc Ore, blende Zinc, Cast Zirconia Zirconium Zirconium Carbide 4.052 7.049 5.75 6.3798 6.56 0.9581 0.99997 0.897 1.025 15.7 3400 0.689 16.6 11.6 4.94 6.695 7.352 4.5 4.85 19.3 18.82 15.7 18.74 18.97 5.71 0.93 0.593 159 4.5 5.5
RF Cafe - Density Conversion
Density Conversions
Standard units = Kilograms per square meter (kg/m2).
1 lb/in3 1 lb/ft3 1 slug/ft3 1 g/cm3 1 kg/m3
lb per in3 1 5.787 1.862 3.613 3.613 * * * * 10-4 10-2 10-2 10-5
lb per ft3 1728 1 32.17 62.43 6.243 * 10-2
slug per ft3 53.71 3.108 * 10-2 1 1.940 1.940 * 10-3
g per cm3 27.68 1.602 * 10-2 0.5154 1 0.001
kg per m3 2.768 * 104 16.02 515.4 1000 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]
RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes
DRILL SIZES: LETTERED

Letter A B C D E F G H I J K L M Diameter (in) 0.234 0.238 0.242 0.246 0.250 0.257 0.261 0.266 0.272 0.277 0.281 0.290 0.295 Letter N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Diameter (in) 0.302 0.316 0.323 0.332 0.339 0.348 0.358 0.368 0.377 0.386 0.397 0.404 0.413
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]
RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes
DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED

Diameter (in) 0.2280 0.2210 0.2130 0.2090 0.2055 0.2040 0.2010 0.1990 0.1960 0.1935 0.1910 0.1890 0.1850 0.1820 0.1800 0.1770 0.1730 0.1695 0.1660 0.1610 Diameter (in) 0.1590 0.1570 0.1540 0.1520 0.1495 0.1470 0.1440 0.1405 0.1360 0.1285 0.1200 0.1160 0.1130 0.1110 0.1100 0.1065 0.1040 0.1015 0.0995 0.0980 Diameter (in) 0.0960 0.0935 0.0890 0.0869 0.0820 0.0810 0.0785 0.0760 0.0730 0.0700 0.0670 0.0635 0.0595 0.0550 0.0520 0.0465 0.0430 0.0420 0.0410 0.0400 Diameter (in) 0.0380 0.0370 0.0360 0.0350 0.0330 0.0320 0.0310 0.0300 0.0290 0.0270 0.0260 0.0240 0.0230 0.0220 0.0200 0.0180 0.0160 0.0150 0.0140 0.0130
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Number 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Number 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Number 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_numbered.htm [4/1/02 1:02:11 AM]
RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials
Electrochemical Potentials This table presents the electrochemical potential difference (in mV) for pairs of common metal alloys, when in the presence of water with 2% salt content. \ \ the "X" metal is attacked the contact is practically neutral the "Y" metal is attacked
X \ \ 0 130 0 110 210 220 300 320 440 470 535 520 640 670 710 250 110 0 90 100 180 200 320 350 415 520 550 590 680 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325 360 430 460 500 350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315 350 420 450 490 430 300 160 90 80 0 20 140 170 235 270 340 370 410 450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215 250 320 350 390 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95 130 200 230 270 600 470 350 260 250 170 150 30 0 65 100 170 200 240 685 535 415 325 315 235 215 95 65 0 35 105 135 175 700 570 450 360 350 270 250 130 100 35 0 70 100 140 770 640 520 430 420 340 320 200 170 105 70 0 30 70 800 670 550 460 450 370 350 230 200 135 100 30 0 40 840 710 590 500 490 410 390 270 240 175 140 70 40 0 940 1000 1090 1100 1200 1400 1470 1950 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 240 170 140 100 870 750 680 650 570 530 430 400 335 300 230 200 160 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425 390 320 290 250 970 1070 1270 1340 1620 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435 400 330 300 260 950 1150 1220 1700 860 1060 1150 1610 850 1050 1120 1600 770 750 630 600 535 500 435 400 300 970 1040 1520 950 1020 1500 830 800 735 700 630 600 560 900 1380 870 1350 805 1285 770 1250 700 1180 670 1150 630 1110
Platinum Stainless Steel Titanium SilverMercury Nickel Copper Alloy Copper AluminumBronze Brass 30% Zinc Silicon Brass 50% Zinc Bronze Tin Lead
Gold/Carbon 130 250 340 350 430 450 570 600 665 700 770 800 840
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]
RF Cafe - Electrochemical Potentials
Light alloy NSA 3001 Steels Aluminum A5 Cadmium Zinc
940
810
690 750 840 850
600 660 750 760 860
590 650 740 750 850
510 570 650 670 770
490 550 640 650 750 950
370 430 520 530 630 830
340 400 490 500 600 800 870
275 335 425 435 535 735 805
240 300 390 400 500 700 770
170 230 320 330 430 630 700
140 200 290 300 400 600 670
100 160 250 260 360 560 630
0 60 150 160 260 460 530
60 0 90 150 200 400 470
150 90 0 100 110 310 380 860
160 150 100 0 100 300 370 850
260 200 110 100 0 200 270 750
460 400 310 300 200 0 70 550
530 1010 470 380 370 270 70 0 480 950 860 850 750 550 480 0
1000 870 1090 960 1100 970
Chromium 1200 1070 950
1400 1270 1150 1050 1050 970
Manganese 1470 1340 1220 1150 1120 1040 1020 900
Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950
Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide"
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM]
RF Cafe - Force Conversion
FORCE CONVERSIONS
Standard units = Newton (N).
dyne 1 105 4.448 * 105 1.383 * 104 980.7 9.807 * 105 newton 10-5 1 4.448 0.1383 9.807 * 9.807 10-3 pound 2.248 * 10-6 0.2248 1 3.108 * 10-2 2.205 * 10-3 2.205 poundal 7.233 * 10-5 7.233 32.17 1 7.093 * 70.93 10-2 gram force 1.020 * 10-3 102.0 453.6 14.10 1 1000 kg force 1.020 * 10-6 0.1020 0.4536 1.410 * 10-2 0.001 1
1 dyn = 1N= 1 lb = 1 pdl = 1 gf = 1 kgf =
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/force.htm [4/1/02 1:11:53 AM]
RF Cafe - Galvanic Series
GALVANIC SERIES A galvanic series table lists metals in the order of their relative activity in a specific environment. The list begins with the more active (anodic) metal and proceeds down the to the least active (cathodic) metal of the galvanic series. A "galvanic series" applies to a particular electrolyte solution, so for each specific solution which is expected to be encountered for actual use, a different order or series will ensue. In a galvanic couple, the metal higher in the series (or the smaller) represents the anode, and will corrode preferentially in the environment. This is the "dissimilar metals" corrosion that is spoken of.
Listed below is the latest galvanic table from MIL-STD-889 where the materials have been numbered according to how they interact in a galvanic couple in a seawater environment. The table is the galvanic series of metals in sea water from Army Missile Command Report RS-TR-67-11, "Practical Galvanic Series."
Most Anodic (#1) 1. Magnesium 2. Mg alloy AZ-31B 3. Mg alloy HK-31A 4. Zinc (hot-dip, die cast, 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
26. Al 5052-H16 27. Tin (plated) 28. Stainless steel 430 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.
or plated) Beryllium (hot pressed) Al 7072 clad on 7075 Al 2014-T3 Al 1160-H14 Al 7079-T6 Cadmium (plated) Uranium Al 218 (die cast) Al 5052-0 Al 5052-H12 Al 5456-0, H353 Al 5052-H32 Al 1100-0 Al 3003-H25 Al 6061-T6 Al A360 (die cast) Al 7075-T6 Al 6061-0 Indium Al 2014-0 Al 2024-T4
(active) Lead Steel 1010 Iron (cast) Stainless steel 410 (active) Copper (plated, cast, or wrought) Nickel (plated) Chromium (Plated) Tantalum AM350 (active) Stainless steel 310 (active) Stainless steel 301 (active) Stainless steel 304 (active) Stainless steel 430 (active) Stainless steel 410 (active) Stainless steel 17-7PH (active) Tungsten Niobium (columbium) 1% Zr Brass, Yellow, 268 Uranium 8% Mo Brass, Naval, 464 Yellow Brass Muntz Metal 280
51. Brass (plated) 52. Nickel-silver (18% Ni) 53. Stainless steel 316L 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.
Most Cathodic (#92) 76. Stainless steel 316L 77. AM355 (active) 78. Stainless steel 202 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
(passive)
(active) Bronze 220 Copper 110 Red Brass Stainless steel 347 (active) Molybdenum, Commercial pure Copper-nickel 715 Admiralty brass Stainless steel 202 (active) Bronze, Phosphor 534 (B-1) Monel 400 Stainless steel 201 (active) Carpenter 20 (active) Stainless steel 321 (active) Stainless steel 316 (active) Stainless steel 309 (active) Stainless steel 17-7PH (passive) Silicone Bronze 655 Stainless steel 304 (passive) Stainless steel 301 (passive) Stainless steel 321 (passive) Stainless steel 201 (passive) Stainless steel 286 (passive)
(passive) Carpenter 20 (passive) AM355 (passive) A286 (passive) Titanium 5A1, 2.5 Sn Titanium 13V, 11Cr, 3Al (annealed) Titanium 6Al, 4V (solution treated and aged) Titanium 6Al, 4V (anneal) Titanium 8Mn Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al (solution heat treated and aged) Titanium 75A AM350 (passive) Silver Gold Graphite
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]
RF Cafe - Galvanic Series
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/galvanic_series.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM]
RF Cafe - General Constants
GENERAL CONSTANTS
* : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2
Symbol c c2 G G R N0 k h me mp aB V s Value 2.9979 * 108 m/s 8.9876 * 1016 J/kg 6.6720 * 10-11 N*m2/kg2 3.4490 * 10-8 lb * ft2/slug2 8.3144 J/(mol * K) 6.0220 * 1023 molecules/mol 1.3807 * 10-23 J/K 6.6262 * 10-34 J * s 9.1095 * 10-31 kg 1.6726 * 10-27 kg 0.52918 2.2414 * 10-2 m3/mol 5.6703 * 10-8 W/(m2 * K4)
Name Speed of light (in vacuum) Mass-energy ratio Gravitational constant " Universal gas constant Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant Planck constant* Electron rest mass Proton rest mass Bohr radius Volume of ideal gas (@STP) Stefan Boltzmann constant
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_constants.htm [4/1/02 1:17:02 AM]
RF Cafe - General Units
GENERAL UNITS
Name Enthalpy Entropy Heat capacity Internal energy Luminous intensity Quantity of heat Radiant energy Radiant intensity Radiant power (flux) Sound intensity Sound energy flux Specific heat capacity Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Time Constant Base Unit joule joule/Kelvin joule/Kelvin joule candela joule joule watt/steradian watt watt/meter watt joule/(kilogram * Kelvin) meter/second watt/(meter * Kelvin) s Symbol H S C U I Q W I P I W c n l
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/general_units.htm [4/1/02 1:19:48 AM]
RF Cafe - Greek Alphabet
GREEK ALPHABET
Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upislon Phi Chi Psi Omega
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM]
RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit
HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:26:38 AM]
RF Cafe - Lifetime Acceleration of Integrated Circuit
LIFETIME ACCELERATION OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Arrhenius Model for Integrated Circuits F= x1 x2 = e {Lifetime Acceleration Factor}
Where:
x1 = Failure rate at junction temperature T1 x2 = Failure rate at junction temperature T2 T = Junction temperature in degrees K E = Thermal activation energy in eV k = Boltzmann's constant
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM]
RF Cafe - Laws of Motion
LAWS OF MOTION
Translational motion with constant acceleration in the x-plane.
Rotational motion with constant acceleration in the -plane.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/law_of_motion.htm [4/1/02 2:30:02 AM]
RF Cafe - Laws of Thermodynamics
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the field of physics that describes and correlates the physical properties of macroscopic systems of matter and energy by relating such qualities temperature, pressure, and volume. It also takes in energy, heat, and work. When a physical system moves from one state of equilibrium to another, a thermodynamic process is said to take place. The laws of thermodynamics were discovered in the 19th century through painstaking experimentation. Zeroth Law When each of two systems is in equilibrium with a third, the first two systems must be in equilibrium with each other. This shared property of equilibrium is the temperature. The concept of temperature is based on this Zeroth Law. First Law Because energy cannot be created or destroyed (with the special exception of nuclear reactions) the amount of heat transferred into a system plus the amount of work done on the system must result in a corresponding increase of internal energy in the system. Heat and work are mechanisms by which systems exchange energy with one another. Second Law Entropythat is, the disorderof an isolated system can never decrease. Therefore, when an isolated system achieves a configuration of maximum entropy, it can no longer undergo change (it has reached equilibrium). Third Law The Third Law of thermodynamics states that absolute zero cannot be attained by any procedure in a finite number of steps. Absolute zero can be approached arbitrarily closely, but it can never be reached.
Additionally, it is not enough to conserve energy and thus obey the First Law. A machine that would deliver work while This First Law of violating the second law is thermodynamics identifies called a "perpetual-motion caloric, or heat, as a form machine of the second of energy. kind." In such a system, energy could then be continually drawn from a cold environment to do work in a hot environment at no cost.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermodynamics.html [4/1/02 2:34:40 AM]
RF Cafe - Length Conversion
LENGTH CONVERSIONS
Standard units = Meter (m).
inch 1 in = 1 ft = 1 mi = 1 cm = 1m= 1 km = 1 12 6.336 * 104 0.393 7 39.37 3.93 7 * 104 foot 8.333 * 1 5 280 3.281 * 10-2 3.281 3 281 10-2 mile 1.578 * 1 6.214 * 10-6 6.214 * 10-4 0.621 4 10-5 1.894 * 10-4 centimeter 2.540 30.48 1.609 * 105 1 100 105 meter 2.540 * 10-2 0.304 8 160 9 10-2 1 1 000 kilometer 2.540 * 10-5 3.048 * 10-4 1.609 10-5 10-3 1
Non-Standard Length Units Conversions 1 cable = 720 ft = 219.456 m 1 cable (U.K.) = 608 ft = 185.318 m 1 chain (engineers') = 100 ft = 30.48 m 1 chain (surveyors') = 66 ft = 20.117 m 1 fathom = 6 ft = 1.829 m 1 fermi = 10-15 m 1 furlong = 660 ft = 201.168 m 1 hand = 4 in = 0.101 6 m 1 league (nautical) = 3 nmi = 5 556 m 1 league (statute) = 3 stat mi 1 light year = 9.460 895 2 * 1015 m 1 link (engineers') = 1 ft = 0.304 8 m 1 link (surveyors') = 7.92 in = 0.201168 m 1 myriameter = 10 000 m 1 nautical mile (nmi) = 1 853.184 m 1 pale = 1 perch (linear) = 1 rod = 5.029 2 m 1 pica = 1/6 in (approx.) = 4.217 518 * 10-3 m 1 point = 1/72 in (approx.) = 3.514 598 * 10-4 m 1 span = 9 in = 0.228 6 m 1 astronomical unit (au) = 92 957 130.3 mi = 1.496 * 108 km 1 parsec = 1.917 378 44 * 1013 mi = 3.085 721 50 *1013 km
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/length.htm [4/1/02 2:35:35 AM]
RF Cafe - Mass Conversion
MASS CONVERSIONS
Standard units = Kilogram (kg).
ounce 1 16 3.200 * 104 3.527 * 10-2 35.27 514.8 5.855 * 10-26 pound 6.250 * 10-2 1 2000 2.205 * 10-3 2.205 32.17 3.660 * 10-27 ton 3.125 * 10-5 0.0005 1 1.102 * 10-6 1.102 * 10-3 1.609 * 10-2 1.829 * 10-30
* = atomic mass unit.

kilogram 2.835 * 10-2 0.4536 907.2 0.001 1 14.59 1.660 * 10-27 slug 1.942 * 10-3 3.108 * 10-2 62.16 6.852 * 10-5 6.852 * 10-2 1 1.137 * 10-28 u* 1.708 * 1025 2.732 * 1026 5.465 * 1029 6.024 * 1023 6.024 * 1026 8.789 * 1027 1
1 oz = 1 lb = 1 ton = 1g= 1 kg = 1 slug = 1u=
gram 28.35 453.6 9.072x105 1 1000 1.459 * 104 1.660 * 10-24
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mass.htm [4/1/02 2:38:06 AM]
RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants
MECHANICAL CONSTANTS
Name Horsepower Atmosphere Pi Natural log base Square root of 2 Euler's constant Golden Ratio 1 of latitude at 40 latitude Acceleration of gravity Knot Speed of sound @ 0C Water heat of fusion @ 0C Water heat of vaporization @ 0C Acre
Symbol HP Atm P e 2 g f g kt Hfus Hvap
Value 745.7 W 14.70 lb/in2 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 46 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 36 1.414 213 562 372 095 048 80 0.577 215 664 901 532 860 61 1.618 033 988 749 894 848 20 69 mi 32.1726 ft/s2 1.1508 mi/hr 1087.1 ft/s 79.71 cal/g 539.55 cal/g 43 560 ft2
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_contants.htm [4/1/02 2:39:05 AM]
RF Cafe - Mechanical Units
MECHANICAL UNITS
Name Length Area Volume Mass Density Time Speed Force Pressure Plane Angle Solid Angle Momentum Torque Young's modulus Kinetic energy Potential energy
Base Unit meter square meter cubic mete kilogram kilogram/cubic meter second kilometer/second newton pascal radian steradian kilogram*meter/second newton/meter pascal joule joule
Symbol m m2 m3 kg kg/m3 s km/s N P rad ster t E K U
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/mechanical_units.htm [4/1/02 2:40:03 AM]
RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements
Periodic Table of the Elements

Legend Alkali metals Alkali earth metals Transition metals Lanthanide series WebElements - a great online source. 1 Ia H Li Na K Rb Cs Fr 2 IIa Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra 3 IIIb Sc Y * ** 4 IVb Ti Zr Hf Unq 5 Vb V Nb Ta Unp 6 VIb Cr Mo W Unh 7 VIIb Mn Tc Re Uns 8 VIIIb Fe Ru Os Uno 9 VIIIb Co Rh Ir Une 10 VIIIb Ni Pd Pt Uun 11 Ib Cu Ag Au Uuu 12 IIb Zn Cd Hg 13 IIIa B Al Ga In Tl 14 IVa C Si Ge Sn Pb 15 Va N P As Sb Bi 16 VIa O S Se Te Po 17 VIIa F Cl Br I At 18 0 He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Actinide series Other metals Nonmetals Noble gases
* **
La Ac
Ce Th
Pr Pa
Nd U
Pm Np
Sm Pu
Eu Am
Gd Cm
Tb Bk
Dy Cf
Ho Es
Er Fm
Tm Md
Yb No
Lu Lr
Name actinium aluminum americium antimony argon arsenic astatine barium berkelium beryllium bismuth boron
Sym Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi B
# 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 5
Wt (227) 26.98 (243) 121.7 39.94 74.92 (210) 137.3 (247) 9.012 209.0 10.81 gold
Name hafnium helium holmium hydrogen indium iodine iridium iron krypton lanthanum lawrencium
Sym Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr
# 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 56 103
Wt 197.0 178.4 400.3 164.9 1.008 114.8 126.9 192.2 55.84 83.80 138.9 (257)
Name potassium praseodymium promethium protactinium radium radon rhenium rhodium rubidium ruthenium samarium scandium
Sym K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Sm Sc
# 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 62 21
Wt 39.10 140.9 (147) 231.0 226.0 (222) 186.2 102.9 85.47 101.0 150.4 44.96
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]
RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements

bromine cadmium calcium californium carbon cerium cesium chlorine chromium cobalt copper curium dysprosium einsteinium erbium europium fermium fluorine francium gadolinium gallium germanium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Unq Unp Unh 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 104 105 106 79.90 112.4 40.08 (249) 12.01 140.1 132.9 35.45 52.00 58.93 63.54 (245) 162.5 (254) 167.2 152.0 (255) 19.00 (223) 157.2 69.72 72.5 261 262 263 lead lithium lutetium magnesium manganese mendelevium mercury molybdenum neodymium neon neptunium nickel niobium nitrogen nobelium osmium oxygen palladium phosphorus platinum plutonium polonium bohrium hassium meitnerium Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po Uns Uno Une 82 3 71 12 25 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 107 108 109 207.2 6.940 175.0 24.31 54.94 (256) 200.5 95.90 144.2 20.17 237.0 58.70 92.91 14.01 (254) 190.2 16.00 106.4 30.97 195.0 (244) (210) 264 265 266 selenium silicon silver sodium strontium sulfur tantalum technetium tellurium terbium thallium thorium thulium tin titanium tungsten uranium vanadium xenon ytterbium yttrium zinc ununnilium unununium kirtium Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W U V Xe Yb Y Zn Uun Uuu Ukb 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 92 23 54 70 39 30 110 111 999 78.90 28.08 107.9 23.00 87.62 32.06 180.9 98.91 127.6 158.9 204.3 232.0 168.9 118.6 47.90 183.8 238.0 50.94 131.3 173.0 88.91 65.38 269 272 999
Man-Made Elements
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/periodic_table.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 2:43:01 AM]
RF Cafe - International Phonetic Alphabet
PHONETIC ALPHABET
International (ITU) A B C D E F G H I J K L M Alfa (Al Fah') Bravo (Brah' Voh) Charlie (Char' Lee) Delta (Dell' Tah) Echo (Eck' Oh) Foxtrot (Foks' Trot) Gulf (Golf) Hotel (Hoh' Tell) India (In' Dee Ah) Juilette (Jew' Lee Ett) Kilo (Key' Loh) Lima (Lee' Mah) Mike (Mike)
Police
Adam Baker Charlie David Edward Frank George Henry Ida John King Lincoln Mary N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
International ITU) November (No Vem' Ber) Oscar (Oss Cah') Papa (Pah' Pah) Quebec (Keh' Beck) Romeo (Row' Me Oh) Sierra (See Air' Rah) Tango (Tang' Go) Uniform (You Nee' Form) Victor (Vik Tah') Whiskey (Wiss' Key) X-ray (Ecks' Ray) Yankee (Yang' Key) Zulu (Zoo' Loo)
Police
Nancy Otto Peter Queen Robert Susan Thomas Union Victor William X-Ray Young Zebra
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/phonetic_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 2:45:53 AM]
RF Cafe - Pressure Conversion
Pressure Conversions
Standard units = Pascal (P).
1 atm = 1 in water = = 1 1 lb/ft2 = 1 cm Hg = 1 dyn/cm2 1 Pa = = lb/in2
atmosphere 1 2.458 6.805 4.725 1.316 9.869 9.869 * * * * * * 10-3 10-2 10-4 10-2 10-7 10-6
inch of water 406.8 1 27.68 0.1922 5.353 4.015 * 4.015 * 10-3 10-4
lb per sq in 14.70 3.613 * 10-2 1 6.944 * 10-3 0.1934 1.450 * 1.450 * 10-4 10-5
lb per sq ft 2116 5.202 144 1 27.85 2.089 * 2.089 * 10-2 10-3
cm of Hg 75.99 0.1868 5.171 3.591x10-2 1 7.501 * 7.501 * 10-4 10-5
dyn/cm2 1.013 * 106 2491 6.895 * 104 478.8 1.333 * 104 1 10
pascal 1.013 * 105 249.1 6.895 * 103 47.88 1333 0.1 1
in of water @ 4 C cm of Hg @ 0 C
1 bar = 106 dyn/cm2 1 atm = 29.92 in of Hg
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/pressure.htm [4/1/02 2:47:56 AM]
RF Cafe - Psychometric Chart
Psychometric Chart This slide set is accessed directly from the Techtrol Psychometrics web site. It is an excellent primer on the use of the psychometric chart. Here is a link for free ET_AEE software that performs calculations for you. Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/psychometric_chart.htm [4/1/02 2:49:00 AM]
RF Cafe - P-T Diagram
Pressure-Temperature (P-T) Diagram

P-T Diagram for a Substance That Expands On Freezing From Liquid Liquid Solid Solid Vapor Vapor To Solid Vapor Vapor Liquid Liquid Solid Phase Changes Fusion Vaporization Sublimation Melting Condensation Deposition
. Critical Point:
* Triple Point:
Pure vapor phase has same properties as pure liquid phase at same temperature and pressure. Possible to maintain equilibrium mixture of all three phases.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/p-t_diagram.htm [4/1/02 2:50:37 AM]
RF Cafe - Relativity
RELATIVITY
c = speed of light. Primed quantities are moving at speed "v".
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/relativity.htm [4/1/02 2:52:59 AM]
RF Cafe - Solar System
SOLAR SYSTEM
Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto
Max Radius (106 km) 69.7 109 152.1 249.1 815.7 1507 3004 4537 7375
Min Radius (106 km) 45.9 107.4 147.1 206.7 740.9 1347 2735 4456 4425
Revolution 88 d 224.7 d 365.26 d 687 d 11.86 y 29.46 y 84.01 y 164.8 y 247.7 y
Rotation 59 d (-)243 d 23h,56m,4s 24h,37m,23s 9h,50m,30s 10h,14m (-)11 h 16 h 6d,9h
Speed (km/s) 47.9 35 29.8 24.1 13.1 9.6 6.8 5.4 4.7
Axis/Orbit (*) 28/7 3.0/3.4 23 27'/0 23 59'/1.9 3 5'/1.3 26 44'/2.5 82 5'/0.8 28 48'/1.8 ---/17.2
Mass (**) 0.055 0.815 1 0.108 317.9 95.2 14.6 17.2 0.1
* : inclination to ecliptic (Earth's orbital plane) ** : Mass relative to earth (-) : retrograde motion
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical/solar_system.htm [4/1/02 3:08:44 AM]
RF Cafe - Sound Level Chart
Sound Level Chart

Min (dBA) 25 35 75 65 55 75 55 65 100 55 70 95 40 25 45 50 85 100 65 85 65 80 120 75 80 110 60 35 Max
Location Inside Home Inside Office Inside Airplane Cabin Inside Factory Talking @ 3 ft Shouting @ 3 ft Clothes Dryer @ 3 ft Vacuum @ 3 ft Chain Saw @ 3 ft Clothes Washer @ 3 ft Car @ 25 ft @ 65 mph Airplane @ 1000 ft Traffic @ 300 ft Rural Ambient
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_level.htm [4/1/02 3:12:19 AM]
RF Cafe - Sound Power
Sound Power
Sound powers in dBA units are referenced to a picowatt.
Where: W1, W2 = sound power in similar watt units
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/sound_power.htm [4/1/02 3:21:58 AM]
RF Cafe - Speed Conversion
Speed Conversions
Standard units = Meters per second (m/s).
foot per s 1 1.467 3.281 * 10-2 3.281 0.9113 1.688 mile per h 0.6818 1 2.237 * 10-2 2.237 0.6214 1.151 cm per s 30.48 44.70 1 100 27.78 51.44 meter per s 0.3048 0.4470 0.01 1 0.2778 0.5144 km per h 1.097 1.609 3.600 * 10-2 3.600 1 1.852 knot 0.5925 0.8689 1.944 * 10-2 1.944 0.5400 1
1 ft/s = 1 mi/h = 1 cm/s = 1 m/s = 1 km/h = 1 knot =
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/speed.htm [4/1/02 3:24:23 AM]
RF Cafe - SAE Tap & Drill Chart
SAE Tap & Drill Chart

Drill Diameter (in) Coarse Thread 1-64 2-56 3-48 4-40 5-40 6-32 8-32 10-24 12-24 1/4-20 5/16-18 3/8-16 7/16-14 1/2-13 9/16-12 5/8-11 3/4-10 7/8-9 1"-8 .0595 .0700 .0785 .0890 .1015 .1065 .1360 .1495 .1770 .2010 .2570 .3125 .3680 .4219 .4844 .5312 .6562 .7656 .8750 No. 53 No. 50 No. 47 No. 43 No. 38 No. 36 No. 29 No. 25 No. 16 No. 7 'F' 5/16 'U' 27/64 31/64 17/32 21/32 49/64 7/8 0-80 1-72 2-64 3-56 4-48 5-44 6-40 8-36 10-32 12-28 1/4-28 5/16-24 3/8-24 7/16-20 1/2-20 9/16-18 5/8-18 3/4-16 7/8-14 1"-14 Drill Diameter (in) Fine Thread .0469 .0595 .0700 .0820 .0935 .1040 .1130 .1360 .1590 .1820 .2130 .2720 .3320 .3906 .4531 .5156 .5781 .6875 .8125 .9375 3/64 No. 53 No. 50 No. 45 No. 42 No. 37 No. 33 No. 29 No. 21 No. 14 No. 3 'I' 'Q' 25/64 29/64 33/64 37/64 11/16 13/16 59/64
Thread Size
Tap Drill Size
Thread Size
Tap Drill Size
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/tap_drill.htm [4/1/02 3:27:28 AM]
RF Cafe - Temperature Conversion
Temperature Conversions
Celsius to Fahrenheit C = F - 32 1.8 Fahrenheit to Rankine R = F + 459.67 -40C = -40F Fahrenheit to Celsius F = (1.8 C) + 32 Celsius to Kelvin K = C + 273.15
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/temperature.htm [4/1/02 3:38:05 AM]
RF Cafe - Thermal Conductivity
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Substance Aluminum Copper Gold Iron Nickel Silver Steel, carbon Air Glass, Pyrex Ice Wood, oak Water Brass Solder, 63Sn/37Pb Silicon Kevlar Alumina Beryllium oxide RT/Duriod 5880 Epoxy glass
Thermal Conductivity (J/smC) 238 397 316 78.2 88.5 425 43 0.024 0.78 1.70 0.17 0.556 110 50 138 0.12 17 250 0.26 0.16
Approximate values from 0 C to 100 C.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/thermal_conductivity.htm [4/1/02 3:40:04 AM]
RF Cafe - Time Conversion
Time Conversions
Standard units = Second (s).
1s= 1 min = 1h= 1d= 1 yr =
second 1 60 3600 8.640 104 3.156 107
minute 1.667 10-2 1 60 1440 5.259 105
hour 2.778 10-4 1.667 * 10-2 1 24 8.766 103
day 1.157 10-5 6.944 10-4 4.167 10-2 1 365.2
year 3.169 10-8 1.901 10-6 1.141 10-4 2.738 10-3 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time.htm [4/1/02 3:40:55 AM]
RF Cafe - Torx Bits
TORX BITS
"A" Dimension Across Points (in.) .055 .065 .077 .090 .097 .107 .128 .151 .173 .195 .216 .260
Driver Size
T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 T-9 T-10 T-15 T-20 T-25 T-27 T-30 T-40 Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use
Visitors since May 2000
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/torx_bits.htm [4/1/02 3:42:14 AM]
RF Cafe - Visible Light
VISIBLE LIGHT
Since a lot of work these days involves light properties (displays, LEDs, Emitter/detectors, etc.), this visible light spectrum chart should be useful. Information on light addition and subtraction is included.
Gamma X-Rays Rays
Ultra Violet
Infrared
TV
Radio
Wavelength (nanometers) Additive Color System

(adding colors to ultimately make white)
Subtractive Color System

(subtracting colors to ultimately make black)
Primary additive colors for light are Red, Green and Blue
Color Wheel
Primary subtractive colors for light are Magenta, Yellow and Cyan
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]
RF Cafe - Visible Light
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/visible_light.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:45:11 AM]
RF Cafe - Volume Conversion
Volume Conversions
Standard units = Cubic meters (m3).
cubic in 1 1728 6.102 * 10-2 6.102 * 104 61.02 cubic ft 5.787 * 10-4 1 3.531 * 10-5 35.31 3.531 * 10-2 cubic cm 16.39 2.832 * 104 1 106 1000 cubic m 1.639 * 10-5 2.832 * 10-2 10-6 1 10-3 liter 1.639 * 10-2 28.32 10-3 1000 1
1 in3 1 ft3 = 1 cm3 = 1 m3 = 1 li =
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/volume.htm [4/1/02 3:49:45 AM]
RF Cafe - Work-Energy-Heat Conversion
Work-Energy-Heat Conversions
Standard units = Joule (J).
1 eV = 1 kWh = 1 cal = 1J= 1 ft*lb = 1 erg = 1 Btu =
electron V 1 2.247 2.613 6.242 8.464 6.242 6.585 * * * * * * 1025 1019 1018 1018 1011 1021
kW*hour 4.450 * 10-26 1 1.163 * 10-6 2.778 * 10-7 3.776 * 10-7 2.778 * 10-14 2.930 * 10-4
calorie 3.827 * 10-20 8.601 * 105 1 0.2389 0.3239 2.389 * 10-8 252.0
joule 1.602 * 10-19 3.6 * 106 4.186 1 1.356 10-7 1055
ft*pounds 1.182 * 10-19 2.655 * 106 3.087 0.7376 1 7.376 * 10-8 777.9
ergs 1.602 * 10-12 3.6 * 1013 4.186 * 107 107 1.356 * 107 1 1.055 * 1010
Btu 1.519 * 10-22 3413 3.968 * 10-3 9.481 * 10-4 1.285 * 10-3 9.481 * 10-11 1
1 hp * hr = 2545 Btu 1 MeV = 106 eV
1 kg = 8.987 * 1016 J (from e=mc2)
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/work-energy-heat.htm [4/1/02 3:50:39 AM]
RF Cafe - World Time Zone Map
World Time Zone Map

This page is retrieved directly from the U.S. Navy's web site.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/time_zones.htm [4/1/02 3:52:07 AM]
USB.org - Welcome
Do you know how to identify products that have passed USB-IF Compliance Testing? Look for the USB logo
USB Remains King of PC and Peripheral Interfaces

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) will continue its reign as the most successful interface in the history of PCs, with USB 2.0 completely penetrating the PC market over the next two to three years and PC peripherals and consumer electronics following closely behind, according to In-Stat/MDR (pdf, 152k)
Hi-Speed USB 2.0 Has Strong Presence at Intel Developer Forum

Check the usb.org product search Both of the above Availability of USB 2.0 drivers for Microsoft Windows XP, first-time demonstrations, certified packaging and other displays of broad industry support of Hi-Speed USB 2.0 highlighted at IDF (pdf, 16k)
'Year of USB 2.0' Starts Out Strong With Key Milestones Reached
View Results Windows XP Support, Gateway PC, Intel Desktop Boards Launched on Cusp of Broad Deployment (pdf, 96k)
Vote!
Winner: Hi-Speed USB 2.0 for Technical Excellence

PC Magazine has bestowed the Eighteenth Annual Award for Technical Excellence to Hi-Speed USB 2.0 in the Specifications category. This award is given to innovators who have found new solutions to old problems. USB 2.0 was selected for this honor because of the common interface it provides and the high data transfer rate.
PC Magazine Award
CNET's 'Best Emerging Technology' award goes to USB 2.0 at PC Expo

In the area of Best Emerging Technology,
http://www.usb.org/ (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]
USB.org - Welcome
CNET's award goes to USB 2.0. This award does not go to any one company but to all of the industry pioneers that recognize the value of this new standard. The factors that make USB 2.0 so promising are its speed, its backward compatibility with USB 1.1, and its broad industry support.
About USB
Universal Serial Bus (USB) connects more than computers and peripherals. It has the power to connect you with a whole new world of PC experiences. USB is your instant connection to the fun of digital photography or the limitless creative possibilities of digital imaging. You can use USB to connect with other people through the power of PC-telephony and video conferencing. Once you've tried USB, we think you'll grow quite attached to it! Having trouble downloading or printing the pdfs on this page? Download the latest version of the free Acrobat Reader.
Site sponsored by USB Implementers Forum, Inc., creators of USB technology.
Learn more about USB-IF Read the Privacy Statement
http://www.usb.org/ (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:04:56 AM]
RF Cafe - Noise Figure
Noise Figure
Noise figure is the increase in noise power of a device from the input to the output that is greater that the signal gain. In effect, it is the amount of decrease of the signal-to-noise ratio. Like gain, noise figure can be expressed either as a ratio or in decibels. Cascade noise figure calculation is carried out by dealing with gain and noise figure as a ratio rather than decibels, and then converting back to decibels at the end. As the following equation shows, cascaded noise figure is effected most profoundly by the noise figure of components closest to the input of the system as long as some positive gain exists in the cascade. If only loss exists in the cascade, then the cascaded noise figure equals the magnitude of the total loss. The following equation is used to calculate cascaded noise figure as a ratio based on ratio values for gain and noise figure (do not use decibel values)
nfcascade =
, where N = number of stages
Click here to view an example cascaded system.
Conversion to decibels: NF (dB) = 10 * log10 (nf)
Noise Temperature (K) = 290 * Noise Figure (dB) = 10 * log10
Click here to see Agilent's online App Note 1303 on using a spectrum analyzer to measure noise figure.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]
RF Cafe - Noise Figure
The following table lists a few conversion. See the "Noise Conversions" tab of the online calculator for calculating other values. NF(dB) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Tn (K) 7 14 21 28 35 43 51 59 67 75 84 92 101 110 120 129 139 149 159 170
NF(dB) 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
Tn (K) 180 191 202 214 226 238 250 263 275 289 302 316 330 344 359 374 390 406 422 438
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_figure.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:08:56 AM]
RF Cafe - Example system cascade
EXAMPLE SYSTEM CASCADE
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/cascade_screen.htm [4/1/02 4:13:41 AM]
RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)
2-TONE, 2ND-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP2)

When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 2nd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore not very likely to fall inband at the output in a narrow band system. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output. Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 2nd-order gain line would be 2:1. The slope of the 2nd-order product line is 1:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 2nd-order products increase in power at the same rate as the input tones and are always twice times farther away from the IP2 than the input tones when not near saturation. The power of the 2nd-order products can be predicted when the IP2 is known, or the IP2 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 2nd-order tones and the input tones are known. P2nd-order products = 2 Pinput tones@output - IP2 {dBm} IP2 =2 Pinput tones@output - P2nd-order products {dBm}
Calculating the cascaded values for IP2 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP2 (do not use decibel values):
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/ip2.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:17:11 AM]
RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 2nd-Order Compression Point (IP2)
Click here to view an example cascaded system.
Finally, convert to decibels IP2 = 10 log10 [ip2] {dB}
Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations:
or
http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif
http://www.rfcafe.com/business/software/images/rfwb_system_screen_rfcafe.gif [4/1/02 4:18:46 AM]
RF Cafe - 2-Tone, 3rd-Order Compression Point (IP3)
2-TONE, 3RD-ORDER COMPRESSION POINT (IP3)
Here's a great link to a paper on intermod frequency prediction for any number of tones.
When two or more tones are present in a nonlinear device, intermodulation products are created as a result. A power series describes all of the possible combinations of generated frequencies. 3rd-order products lie near in frequency to the two input tones and are therefore very likely to fall inband at the output. As a device is driven farther into its nonlinear region, the amplitudes of the third order products increase while the powers of the input tones decrease. If the device was not limited in output power, then the powers of the intermodulation products would increase in power until they were eventually equal in power with the input tones at the output. Assuming a gain of 1 (0 dB) the slope of the fundamental gain line would be 1:1; the slope of the 3rd-order gain line would be 3:1. The slope of the 3rd-order product line is 2:1 relative to the fundamental gain line. Accordingly, the 3rd-order products increase in power at twice the rate of the input tones and are always three times farther away from the IP3 than the input tones when not near saturation. The power of the 3rd-order products can be predicted when the IP3 is known, or the IP3 can be predicted when the relative amplitudes of the 3rd-order tones and the input tones are known. Equal Input Powers
(see below for unequal powers)
P3rd-order products = Pinput tones@output - 2 (IP3 - Pinput tones@output) {dBm} P3rd-order products = 3 Pinput tones@output - 2 IP3 {dBm} IP3 =3/2 Pinput tones@output - 1/2 P3rd-order products {dBm}
Calculating the cascaded values for IP3 requires the following operation based upon ratios for gain and IP3 (do not use decibel values):
Click here to view an example cascaded system. Finally, convert to decibels IP3 = 10 log10 [ip3] {dB} The following equation is a series expansion of the mixing (multiplying) of two pure tones:
Conversion of the IP3 and IP2 reference may be accomplished with the following equations: IP3/IP2OUTPUT = (IP3/IP2INPUT + Gain) {dBm} or IP3/IP2INPUT = (IP3/IP2OUTPUT - Gain) {dBm}
Unequal Input Powers PL = P2 - 2*(IP3 - P1) PU = P1 - 2*(IP3 - P2) Where power units are kept constant in dBm or dBW
RF Cafe - Frequency Modulation
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
Bessel functions of the first kind are shown in the graph below. In frequency modulation, the carrier and sideband frequencies disappear when the modulation index () is equal to a zero crossing of the function for the nth sideband. For example, the carrier (0th sideband) disappears when the Jn(0,) plot equals zero. The 1st sideband disappears when the Jn(1,) plot equals zero. See FM. Sample of Bessel Function Zero Crossings J0() = = = = 2.40 5.49 8.65 11.8 J1() = 3.83 = 7.05 = 10.2 J2() = 5.14 = 8.42 = 11.6 J3() = 6.38 = 8.42 = 11.6 J4() = 7.59 = 11.1 = 14.4 J5() = 8.77 = 12.3 = 15.7 J6() = 9.94 = 13.6 = 17.0
Note: Graph generated using Mathcad 4.0.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/bessel.htm [4/1/02 4:25:59 AM]
RF Cafe - VSWR to Return Loss Conversion
VSWR - Return Loss - Conversions See the VSWR Calculator page.

Return Loss Voltage Standing Wave Ratio Reflection Coefficient
RL = -20*log|| dB
VSWR =
RL(dB) 46.0 40.0 37.0 34.0 32.0 30.4 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.4
VSWR 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10
0.00498 0.00990 0.0148 0.0196 0.0244 0.0291 0.0338 0.0385 0.0431 0.0476
RL(dB) 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.5 23.0 22.0 21.5 20.7 20.0 19.0
VSWR 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.25
0.0521 0.0566 0.0610 0.0654 0.0698 0.0783 0.0826 0.0909 0.100 0.112
RL(dB) 17.7 17.0 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0
VSWR 1.30 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.50 1.58 1.67 1.78 1.92 2.10
0.130 0.141 0.158 0.178 0.200 0.224 0.250 0.282 0.316 0.355
RL(dB) 8.0 7.0 6.02 5.0 4.0 3.01 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.0
VSWR 2.32 2.61 3.01 3.56 4.42 5.85 8.72 17.39 34.75 Infinity
0.398 0.445 0.500 0.562 0.631 0.707 0.794 0.891 0.944 1.00
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/vswr.htm [4/1/02 4:27:37 AM]
RF Cafe - Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
SPURIOUS-FREE DYNAMIC RANGE

Spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is two-thirds the difference between the 2-tone, third-order intercept point (IP3) and the minimum discernible signal (MDS). Referring back to Figure 1, it can be seen that the 3rdorder product line has a 3:1 slope while the fundamental output line has a 1:1 slope. Therefore, the 3rd-order products are always twice as far from the IP3 as the fundamental output. If you use the SFDR as the power of the output tones (dBm) and plug it into the equation for IP3 calculation from the Intercept Points (IP3 & IP2) section of the RF Cafe web site, the power of the 3rd-order products will be right at the MDS power level.
Figure 1
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/sfdr.htm [4/1/02 4:28:43 AM]
RF Cafe - Noise Power
Noise Power
Noise power is based on the thermal noise power at the input of the system, along with system gain and noise figure:
PThermalNoise = k * T * B (Watts), where
Multiply by 1000 to obtain milliwatts and then convert to dBm units or convert to dBW units and add 30 dB: PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (1000 * k * T * B) or PThermalNoise (dBm) = 10 * log10 (k * T * B) + 30 Now that we have the thermal noise at the input, add the system gain and the additional noise added by the system (the NF) to get the noise power at the output:
PNoise@Output (dBm) = PNoise@Input + GainSystem + NFSystem
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/noise_power.htm [4/1/02 4:30:55 AM]
RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron
TOROIDS - POWDERED IRON
Use the table below to calculate inductance and number of turns per the following formulas. where: L = inductance in H AL = H per 100 turns N = number of full turns
AL Values Mix Type Size T-12 T-16 T-20 T-25 T-30 T-37 T-44 T-50 T-68 T-80 T-94 T-106 T-130 T-157 T-184 T-200 26 n/a 145 180 235 325 275 360 320 420 450 590 900 785 870 1640 895 3 60 61 76 100 140 120 180 175 195 180 248 450 3350 420 720 425 15 50 55 55 85 93 90 160 135 180 170 200 345 250 360 n/a n/a 1 48 44 52 70 85 80 105 100 115 115 160 325 200 320 500 250 2 20 22 27 34 43 40 52 49 57 55 84 135 110 140 240 120 7 18 n/a 24 29 37 32 46 43 52 50 n/a 133 103 n/a n/a 105 6 17 19 22 27 36 30 42 40 47 45 70 116 96 115 195 100 10 12 13 16 19 25 25 33 31 32 32 58 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 12 7.5 8.0 10 12 16 15 18.5 18 21 22 32 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 17 7.5 8.0 10 12 16 15 18.5 18 21 22 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.5 6.0 4.9 6.5 6.4 7.5 8.5 10.6 19 15 n/a n/a n/a
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/toriod.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 4:34:15 AM]
RF Cafe - Toroids - Powdered Iron
Mix 26 3 15 1 2 7 6 10 12 17 0
Color Yellow/White Gray Red/White Blue Red White Yellow Black Green/White Blue/Yellow Tan
Material Hydrogen Reduced Carbonyl HP
75 35
Iron Powder Magnetic Core Properties Temp f Stability (MHz) (ppm/C) 825 370 190 280 95 30 35 150 170 50 0 DC -1 0.05 0.50 0.10 - 2 0.50 - 5 2 -30 3 - 35 10 -50 30 - 100 50 - 200 EMI filters, DC chokes
Uses
Exc. stability, good Q at low freq.
Carbonyl GS6 25 Carbonyl C 20 Carbonyl E 10 Carbonyl TH 9 Carbonyl SF 8 Powdered Iron W 6 Synthetic Oxide 4 Carbonyl Phenolic 4 1
Exc. stability, good Q Exc. stability, good Q at low freq. High Q Similar to mix 2 and mix 6, exc. temp stability Very good Q and temp. stability for 20-50 MHz Good Q and stability for 40-100 MHz Good Q, moderate temp. stability Similar to mix 12, better temp. stability, Q drops about 10% 40 - 180 above 50 MHz, 20% above 100 MHz 100 - 300 L varies greatly with winding technique
Iron Powder Magnetic Core Dimensions Size T-200-2 T-94-2 T-80-2 T-68-2 T-50-2 T-37-2 T-25-2 T-12-2 T-50-10 T-37-10 T-25-10 T-12-10 T-94-9 T-80-6 T-68-6 T-50-6 T-26-6 T-12-6 Color Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Red Black Black Black Black Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow Yellow O.D. 2.00 0.94 0.80 0.68 0.50 0.37 0.25 0.125 0.50 0.37 0.25 0.125 0.94 0.80 0.68 0.50 0.25 0.125 Dimensions (in) I.D. 1.25 0.56 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.30 0.21 0.12 0.06 0.56 0.50 0.37 0.30 0.12 0.06 Height 0.55 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.19 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.19 0.09 0.05
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/toriod.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 4:34:15 AM]
RF Cafe - Detectors
DETECTORS
This page is retrieved directly from the Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook web site.
http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/detectors.htm [4/1/02 4:36:48 AM]

Mechanical Conversions, Formulas &amp; References

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RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

General Conversions, Formulas & References

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

A/D Converter Parameters ABCD, S, H, Y, Z Parameters

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM]

RF Cafe - Mathematical References

Trigonometry Laws Uncertainties Vector, Curl Vector, Divergence Vector, Gradient

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM]

RF Cafe - Area Conversion

1 in2 = 1 ft2 = 1 cm2 = 1 m2 = 1 cir mil =

square in 1 144 0.1550 1550 7.854 10-7

square ft 6.944 10-3 1 1.076 10-3 10.76 5.454 10-3

square cm 6.452 929.0 1 104 5.067 10-6

square m 6.452 10-4 9.290 10-2 10-4 1 5.067 10-10

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM]

RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set

ASCII CHARACTER SET

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM]

RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts

Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers

Size M1 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M3.5 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM]

RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

RF Cafe - SAE Bolts

3 3/4-4 3 3/4-8 4-4 4-8

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM]

RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

The Carnot Cycle

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle

(4) Heat source is removed and isolated. Adiabatic

(3) Isothermal compression of gas in cylinder as

Isothermal: Process in which no temperature change occurs in a closed system.

Adiabatic: Process in which no heat is transferred into or out of a closed system.

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

3.9 3.41 3.6 3.7 3.75 3.9 3.89 3.96 2.6

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (1 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (2 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (3 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Properties of Materials

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/materials_properties.htm (4 of 4) [4/1/02 12:51:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Density Conversion

1 lb/in3 1 lb/ft3 1 slug/ft3 1 g/cm3 1 kg/m3

lb per ft3 1728 1 32.17 62.43 6.243 * 10-2

slug per ft3 53.71 3.108 * 10-2 1 1.940 1.940 * 10-3

g per cm3 27.68 1.602 * 10-2 0.5154 1 0.001

kg per m3 2.768 * 104 16.02 515.4 1000 1

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/density.htm [4/1/02 12:53:17 AM]

RF Cafe - Lettered Drill Sizes

DRILL SIZES: LETTERED

http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/drill_sizes_lettered.htm [4/1/02 1:00:04 AM]

RF Cafe - Numbered Drill Sizes

DRILL SIZES: NUMBERED

Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References

Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References