Cellular Respiration Notes- Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (7.

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Anaerobic = _____________ During Glycolysis, energy is obtained without oxygen. This type of energy production is called _________________ Fermentation occurs ___________ oxygen. Bacteria species engage in a host of specific fermentation processes. Eukaryotic organisms engage in 2 types of fermentation. (Eukaryotes: have a nucleus) Both methods of eukaryotic fermentation have 2 steps. Step 1: Glycolysis. Step 2: fermentation (accomplished by recycling the products of glycolysis). Alcohol Fermentation Common in ___________. Acetaldehyde is produced when carbon dioxide was removed from pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase. NADH (product of glycolysis) passes Hydrogen Atoms to acetaldehyde. This generates carbon dioxide, ____________, and NAD+. The alcohol ethanol is produced as a result (alcohol found in alcoholic drinks.) The process recycles NAD+, therefore, _________ can continue. _____ ATP produced in glycolysis satisfy energy needs. Ethanol and Carbon dioxide are released as wastes. Alcohol Fermentation is commonly used to produce breads, pastries, beer, liquor and soy sauce. Bread Yeast is added which will undergo fermentation. The bread will rise due to the release of __________. Alcohol is also produced Wine Yeast ferments sugar of fruit juice (Grape juice). Mixture bubbles due to carbon dioxide. At 12% alcohol concentration yeast cells die.

Lactic Acid Fermentation During ________________, the muscles energy demands are greater than aerobic respiration can supply. Additional ATP is supplied by lactic acid fermentation NADH made in glycolysis transfers H atoms to pyruvate to make __________ and NAD+ Formation of NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue. Accumulation of lactic acid leads to muscle stiffness/ soreness, and fatigue.

Lactic acid is transported to the liver and converted to pyruvate when vigorous exercise ceases. Pyruvates then go through ______________. Extra oxygen in necessary to process lactic acid. (oxygen debt) ___________ accompanying hard exercise is the bodies way to pay off the oxygen debt.

Exercise Physiology The branch of biology that studies the bodies biological responses to exercise. Most common problem encountered by athletes? ___________

___________- Maximum volume of oxygen that the cells can remove from the bloodstream in 1 min/kg of body mass at maximum exertion. (Measured in mL/kg/min) High VO2 max = better ______________. 2 components- Exercise and Genetics (age to some extent). Lactic Acid Threshold Value of exercise intensity at which lactic acid production __________. Leads to sore muscles, increased pain, and fatigue. Exercising below lactic acid threshold = longer duration of exercise Untrained person has a lactic acid threshold at about _____% of VO2 max Trained person has a lactic acid threshold at about ______% of VO2 max.

Environmental Factors (Supplements and Toxins) ___________: counteract the acidic nature of lactic acid and will allow an athlete to have enhanced performance for a short period of time. ___________: contains a phosphate that is donated to ADP to allow for the creation of more ATP. Net effect: more energy available for the muscles to use. ________________ binds at the oxygen receptor sites of the bodies hemoglobin, so oxygen is not available to drive the ETC. Cell Death follows. Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide act directly on a specific reaction within the respiration pathway. Summary