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Section 3
Special Cements
Contents
Delayed-Set Cementing .................................................................................................................. 3-3 Delayed-Set Cements ..................................................................................................................... 3-4 EPSEAL Sealant .......................................................................................................................... 3-8 Cal-Seal ........................................................................................................................................ 3-10 Cal-Seal and Cal-Seal-Portland Cement Blends .................................................................... 3-11 Cal-Seal .................................................................................................................................. 3-11 Field Control ............................................................................................................................ 3-11 Factors Affecting the Setting Time ......................................................................................... 3-11 Cal-Seal-Portland Cement Mixtures ....................................................................................... 3-12 Cal-Seal Cement Mixtures with Sodium Chloride Accelerator ............................................... 3-12 Hydromite ...................................................................................................................................... 3-19 Field Procedures for Hydromite .............................................................................................. 3-20 Physical Properties ........................................................................................................... 3-20 Setting Time ...................................................................................................................... 3-20 Mixing ................................................................................................................................ 3-20 Placing in Well .................................................................................................................. 3-21 The Use of Hydromite in Deep Wells ............................................................................... 3-21 PERMAFROST Cement ............................................................................................................. 3-24 Halliburton Light Cement (HLC).................................................................................................... 3-28 High Temperature Low Density Cement (HTLD) ......................................................................... 3-36 Matrix Cement............................................................................................................................... 3-39 Micro Matrix Cement ..................................................................................................................... 3-43 Refractory Cements ...................................................................................................................... 3-49 Silicalite ......................................................................................................................................... 3-50 Silicalite Physical Properties ................................................................................................... 3-51 Silicalite Blend ................................................................................................................... 3-51 Compacted Silicalite .......................................................................................................... 3-51 Liquid Silicalite .................................................................................................................. 3-51 THIX-SET A .................................................................................................................................. 3-58 THIX-SET 31A .............................................................................................................................. 3-63 THIX-SET 31B .............................................................................................................................. 3-64 THIXOMIX Cement ....................................................................................................................... 3-66 MY-T-LITE 1200 ........................................................................................................................... 3-71
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3-1
3-2
January 1996
Section 3
Special Cements
Delayed-Set Cementing
Delayed-set cementing is a technique used to obtain a better primary cementing job in tubingless completion and liner cementing applications. This system was initially designed to cement tubingless completions. The slurry was pumped down one string of tubing always in plug flow then additional tubing strings (bullnose) were lowered into the slurry. This eliminated, to a great extent, the problem of removing drilling mud from the area within the confines of multiple strings of tubing. Later, the technique was successfully adapted to liner cementing operations where the annulus was not sufficient to allow pipe centralization. Delayed-set cementing involves placing a retarded cement slurry containing a filtration-control (fluidloss) additive in a wellbore before running the tubing or liner. The cement is placed by pumping it down the drillpipe and up the annulus. The drillpipe is then removed from the well, and the liner (sealed at the bottom) is lowered into the unset cement slurry. After the cement slurry sets, the well can be completed using conventional methods. An advantage to using this delayed-setting system is that when the tubing strings or liner are lowered into the slurry, there is a tendency for the cement and any bypassed drilling fluid to mix or commingle. This could decrease the compressive strength, but this is better than leaving a channel or mud pocket in the annulus. A disadvantage of the method is that the cement slurry requires a somewhat longer waiting-oncement time than conventional slurries. This could be expensive if a drilling rig is kept on location while the cement sets and gains strength. If the drilling rig can be moved off location and a workover rig used to complete the well, the cost can be reduced. Delayed-set cementing slurries are designed for bottomhole static temperatures from 100F to 230F (38C to 110C) and possibly higher with the proper retarders. They usually contain 6 or 8% bentonite, by adding SSA-1 or SSA-2 and HALAD-9 or CFR dispersant to control filtration, enough retarder to delay setting for 18 to 36 hours. It is best to keep the fluid loss as low as possible, or filter cake can build up and obstruct the proper placement of the pipe. Although delayed-set slurries can be designed for many well conditions, each situation should be handled individually. Tests should be conducted on the specific materials used on each well.
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3-3
Delayed-Set Cements
Description and Primary Function: Delayed-set systems are usually composed of Portland cement, bentonite, HALAD-9, CFR-2 and HR retarders. They are designed to be placed in wellbore through tubing and then casing tubingless completion strings or liners, then lowered into unset cement. Normal fluid time is 8 to 24 hours, however, longer fluid times can be obtained through testing. The system is used in tight annular clearance areas or where a uniform cement sheath is required. Secondary Effects: The slurry is severely overretarded. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting cements into eyes and inhaling the dust. Flush exposed area with large amounts of water. Properties: Additive: blend of cement and additives Form: powder Color: gray Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 80F to 230F (27C to 110C) Concentration: Normally cement or POZMIX A cement with 6 to 8% bentonite, HALAD-9, CFR-2 retarder. Usage Restrictions: Each application should be tested with materials used on the job, and every job should be treated separately. Special Information: Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. 2. decreases viscosity, density, and strength increases thickening time and the amount of water needed for mixing
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January 1996
Water gal/sk (L/sk) 10.40 (39.37) 9.09 (34.41) 7.66 (29.00) 6.62 (25.06) (ft /sk) 1.39 1.22 1.02 0.89
3
Slurry Weight lb/gal (kg/L) 13.10 (1.57) 13.60 (1.63) 13.30 (1.60) 13.80 (1.66) lb/cu ft 3 (kg/m ) 98 (1,570) 102 (1,634) 99 (1,586) 103 (1,650)
Slurry Volume ft /sk (L/sk) 1.92 (54.0) 1.74 (49.0) 1.53 (43.0) 1.40 (40.0)
3
January 1996
3-5
Table 3-2: Estimated Amount of HR -7 Retarder Required for Specified Fluid Time
% HR-7 to Achieve a Minimum Fluidity HALAD-9 % CFR-2 % Temperature F C 12 hr 18 hr Time of 24 hr 30 hr
Cement with 8% bentonite Slurry Weight: 13.10 lb/gal; 1.57 kg/L 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 125 140 170 200 230 43 52 60 77 93 110 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.25 1.25
Cement with 8% bentonite Slurry Weight: 13.60 lb/gal; 1.63 kg/L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 110 125 140 170 200 230 43 52 60 77 93 110 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.25 1.25
Cement with 6% bentonite Slurry Weight: 13.80 lb/gal; 1.65 kg/L 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110 125 140 170 200 230 43 52 60 77 93 110 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cement with 6% bentonite Slurry Weight: 13.80 lb/gal; 1.65 kg/L 0 0 0 0 0 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 110 125 140 170 200 43 52 60 77 93 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
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January 1996
Compressive Strength after Curing for 3 Days HALAD -9 % 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1,155
7.96
170F (77C) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.25 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 1,220 1,350 1,065 N.S. 8.41 9.31 7.34 N.S.
200F (93C)
230F (110C)
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3-7
EPSEAL Sealant
Description and Primary Function: EPSEAL sealant is a low-viscosity resin composition designed for high strength consolidating and plugging applications. It has a high compressive strength and resists chemical attack. Application areas include fluid shutoff, casing repair, liner cementing, and remedial cementing. Secondary Effects: EPSEAL bonds strongly to sand, cement, steel, aluminum, salt, and calcareous rock particles. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid skin and eye contact. Wear goggles. Avoid breathing vapors. If contact with eyes, skin or clothing occurs, flush with water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention for eyes. Properties: Additive: EPSEAL Sealant Part No.: See Table 3-4 for properties. Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 60F to 245F (16C to 117C) Special Information: Usage Restrictions: Make sure no water contacts the EPSEAL during mixing. Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. reduces pump time
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January 1996
WAC-9
70.15622 2.63 solid white 50-lb bag lb
EPSEAL RE
516.00191 1.076 liquid yellow 55-gal drum gal
EPSEAL Catalyst LC
516.00083 1.001 liquid brown 5-gal pail gal
Bulk Density
8.12 lb/gal 8.12 lb/gal 8.01 lb/gal 0.973 0.973 kg/L 0.96 kg/L kg/L slightly -25F (-32C) slightly -25F (-32C) slightly 30F (-1C) 166F TCC (74C) 148F COC (64C) amine foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, & water spray
8.974
8.33
soluble 40F
Flash Point
146F
ND
Odor
amine
amine
odorless
odorless
aromatic
amine
Extinguishing Media
foam, foam, foam, dry dry dry chemical, chemical, chemical, carbon carbon & dioxide, & dioxide, & carbon water water dioxide spray spray
foam
foam
January 1996
3-9
Cal-Seal
Description and Primary Function: Cal-Seal is primarily a hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate. It is used in remedial work. Cal-Seal controls lost circulation, acts as an expanding aid, accelerates Portland cement, and imparts thixotropic properties to cement slurries. Secondary Effects: Cal-Seal has a rapid initial cement set at low temperatures. Interaction with Other Additives: Sodium chloride can be used to accelerate Cal-Seal. Sodium citrate, HALAD-9, or HR retarders can be used to retard the set. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Avoid creating and inhaling the dust. Flush exposed areas with water. Properties: Additive: Cal-Seal Part No.: 890.50131, sk; 516.00335, bulk Specific Gravity: 2.70 Form: solid powder Color: white How Packaged: 100-lb sack Bulk Density: 75 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: 4.8 gal/sk Absolute Volume: 0.0444 gal/lb Solubility in Water: @20C, 0.2 to 0.8 g/100 ml H2O Odor: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 40F to 170F (4C to 77C) Concentration: 5 to 90% bwoc Usage Restrictions: For most Cal-Seal-cement blends, placement at temperatures higher than 60F result in short pumping times.
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January 1996
for this reason that dump bailer units are equipped with a tank to carry water of acceptable purity to the location. The following materials function as accelerators and will shorten the setting time of Cal-Seal: 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. Salt or seawater Soda water Salt at low concentrations Baking soda Portland cement
Field Control
A field setting-time test can be made as follows: 1. 2. 3. Use a waxed paper cup or a clean can for a mixing container. Pour about 1 in. of water into the container. Take a Cal-Seal sample equal to about twice the volume of water from the center of the bag with a bag thief, or cut the bag. Note the time before adding the Cal-Seal to water. Gradually sift the Cal-Seal into the water until all the water is absorbed. Allow Cal-Seal to stand undisturbed until it is hard enough to support a sharp pencil or stick under slight pressure. The elapsed time from the start of the mixing until the sample is hard is the setting time.
The following waters and materials function as retarders and will lengthen the setting time of CalSeal: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Sodate retarder Sulfide waters Swamp water containing tannic acid Sodium hexa meta phosphate or calgon Quadrafos HR retarders
4. 5. 6.
To accelerate Cal-Seal so that 60-minute Cal-Seal will set in approximately 30 minutes, add 1 lb (454 g) of salt/100 lb (45.4 kg) of Cal-Seal. The concentration of salt required to give an accelerated setting time can be determined by adding varying amounts of salt ( to 2 lb) (0.227 to 1.13 kg) to 5 gal (18.9 L) of water and making a setting time test for each concentration of salt until the correct setting time is obtained. Ocean water will usually cause 60-minute Cal-Seal to set in about 25 minutes. The resultant set material is not as strong or as satisfactory when salt is used and is not recommended except in cases of necessity. NOTE: Do not use MORE THAN 2 lb (1.13 kg) of salt/sk. It will retard the setting time of Cal-Seal. Baking soda can also be used in the ratio of 1 lb (454 g)/sk of Cal-Seal which makes any Cal-Seal set in 15 to 20 minutes. NOTE: Do not use MORE THAN 1 lb (454 g) because the Cal-Seal will be full of holes and lack strength. In using all these accelerators, place the correct amount of mixing water in the mixer, and add the proper amount of accelerator to the water. Mix until
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3-11
all the accelerator is in solution. Then add the CalSeal for further mixing.
January 1996
240 (1.7)
6,000 (41.4)
160 (1.1)
4,000 (27.6)
200 (1.4)
5,000 (34.5)
120 (.83)
3,000 (20.7)
Bonding Strength
80 (.55)
2,000 (13.8)
Compressive Strength
40 (.28)
1,000 (6.9)
Fig. 3-1: Bonding and Compressive Strength of Cal-Seal vs. Water Cal-Seal Ratio
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3-13
Water Ratio /100 lb (45.36 kg) of blend gal 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.8 4.8 L (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (20.82) (18.17) (18.17) cu ft 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.54 0.64 lb/gal 15.6 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.8 15.4 15.3
Slurry Weight lb/cu ft 117 116 115 114 114 113 111 111 115 114 kg/L 1.87 1.86 1.85 1.83 1.82 1.81 1.79 1.27 1.85 1.83
3
Slurry Volume b ft /100 lb 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.31 1.32 1.22 1.23 L/45.36 kg 35.4 35.7 36.0 36.2 36.2 36.5 37.4 37.4 34.6 34.8
Water and slurry volume based on 100 lb (45.36 kg) of Cal-Seal-Cement blend. 100 lb (45.36 kg) sk of Cal-Seal /94 lb (42.64 kg) sk of cement.
b c
90 lb (40.82 kg) of Cal-Seal/10 lb (4.45 kg) of cement or 80 lb (36.29 kg) of Cal-Seal/20 lb (9.07 kg) of cement.
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January 1996
43 31 29 21
44 43 39 33
25 28 21 18
Water ratio in gal/sk for blend; 90% means 90 lb (40.82 kg) of Cal-Seal/10 lb (4.54 kg) of cement and 80% means 80 lb (36.29 kg) of Cal-Seal/20 lb (0.07 kg) of cement.
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3-15
24
Compressive Strength - 40F (4C) 5/100 10/100 25/100 40/100 60/100 100/100 90%-5.5 80%-5.5 90%-4.8 80%-4.8
b a
N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.
N.S. N.S. 50 (0.34) 140 (0.97) 320 (2.2) 565 (3.9) 1,015 (7.0) 565 (3.9) 1,195 (8.2) 1,080 (7.4)
N.S. N.S. 130 (0.90) 290 (2.0) 465 (3.2) 770 (5.3) 1,640 (11.3) 1,585 (10.9) 2,460 (17.0) 1,080 (7.4)
N.S. 10 (0.07) 115 (0.79) 280 (1.90) 495 (3.4) 835 (5.8) 1,885 (13.0) 1,815 (12.5) 3,030 (20.9) 2,190 (15.1)
5 (0.3) 80 (0.55) 95 (0.66) 230 (1.60) 410 (2.8) 700 (4.8) 1,800 (12.4) 1,555 (10.7) 2,820 (19.4) 2,310 (15.9)
135 (0.93) 150 (1.0) 270 (1.90) 400 (2.80) 605 (4.2) 830 (5.7) 2,310 (15.9) 1,810 (12.5) 3,075 (21.2) 2,735 (18.9)
Compressive Strength - 60F (16C) 5/100 10/100 25/100 40/100 60/100 100/100 90%-5.5 80%-5.5 90%-4.8 80%-4.8
a a
N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.
N.S. N.S. 100 (0.69) 270 (1.9) 245 (1.7) 735 (5.1) 1,150 (7.9) 1,180 (8.1) 1,730 (11.9) 1,870 (12.9)
N.S. 10 (0.07) 80 (0.55) 215 (1.5) 420 (2.9) 695 (4.8) 2,030 (14.0) 1,580 (10.9) 2,135 (14.7) 3,085 (21.3)
N.S. 10 (0.07) 105 (0.72) 220 (1.5) 305 (2.1) 770 (5.3) 2,070 (14.3) 1,810 (12.5) 2,550 (17.6) 22,65 (15.6)
25 (.17) 46 (0.32) 100 (0.69) 190 (1.3) 410 (2.8) 680 (4.7) 2,050 (14.1) 1,820 (12.5) 1,780 (12.3) 2,850 (19.6)
60 (.41) 705 (4.9) 640 (4.4) 760 (5.2) 915 (6.3) 1,130 (7.8) 1,960 (20.4) 1,960 (13.5) 2,960 (20.4) 2,830 (19.5)
Water/solids ratio for blend, 90 lb (40.82 kg) of Cal-Seal/10 lb (4.54 kg) of cement and 80 lb (36.29 kg) CalSeal/20 lb (9.07 kg) of cement. N.S. Not Set.
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January 1996
Compressive Strength - 80F (27C) 5/100 10/100 25/100 40/100 60/100 100/100 90%-5.5 80%-5.5 90%-4.8 80%-4.8
a a
N.S. N.S. 60 (0.42) 140 (0.97) 250 (1.7) 350 (2.4) 185 (1.3) 535 (3.7) 1,185 (8.2) 635 (4.4)
N.S. 5 (0.03) 65 (0.45) 215 (1.5) 280 (1.9) 585 (4.0) 1,500 (10.3) 1,835 (12.7) 2,250 (15.5) 2,230 (15.4)
N.S. 5 (0.03) 70 (0.48) 230 (1.6) 340 (2.3) 590 (4.1) 2,055 (14.2) 2,200 (15.2) 2,635 (18.2) 2,260 (15.6)
5 (0.03) 15 (0.01) 65 (0.45) 180 (1.2) 335 (2.3) 590 (4.1) 2,110 (14.5) 2,285 (15.8) 2,630 (18.1) 2,285 (15.8)
130 (0.90) 175 (1.2) 270 (1.9) 350 (2.4) 385 (2.7) 665 (4.6) 2,155 (14.9) 1,920 (13.2) 2,610 (18.0) 2,540 (17.5)
1,370 (9.4) 1,305 (9.0) 1,320 (9.1) 1,305 (9.0) 1,355 (9.3) 1,225 (9.2) 2,070 (14.3) 1,875 (12.9) 2,560 (17.7) 2,680 (18.5)
Water/solids ratio for blend, 90 lb (40.82 kg) of Cal-Seal/10 lb (4.54 kg) of cement and 80 lb (36.29 kg) CalSeal/20 lb (9.07 kg) of cement. N.S. Not Set.
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% by Weight of Blend Compressive Strength - psi (mPa) 2.0% a 1,920 (13.2) (25) (0.17) 1.75% 825 (5.7) 1.25% 215 (1.5) 2.0% 1,180 (8.1) 1.5% 155 (1.1) 4.0% 1,055 (7.3)
b
Value in this parenthesis is only for calcium chloride. Pronounced gelation of slurry.
Table 3-9: Cal-Seal Standard Cement Mixtures with Sodium Chloride Accelerator
30-min Compressive Strength - psi (mPa) Blend Cal-Seal lb (kg) 80 (36.29) 80 (36.29) 70 (31.75) 70 (31.75) 50 (22.68) 50 (22.68) Cement lb (kg) 20 (9.07) 20 (9.07) 30 (13.61) 30 (13.61) 50 (22.68) 50 (22.68) Salt % by weight of Blend 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 0.75 0.75 Water /100 lb (45.36 kg) of Blend gal (L) 5.5 (20.82) 5.5 (20.80) 5.1 (19.30) 5.1 (19.30) 4.8 (18.17) 4.8 (18.17) CFR-2 % by weight of Blend 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Comp. Stg. - psi (mPa) 50F 640 (5.5) 720 (5.0) 235 (1.6) 100 (0.69) 240 (1.7) 60 (0.41) 80F 1,250 (8.6) 990 (6.8) 1,125 (7.8) 940 (6.5) 780 (5.4) 575 (4.0)
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January 1996
Hydromite
Description and Primary Function: Hydromite is a combination of synthetic resin and gypsum cement. Hydromite is suitable for use in any formation. It is used for squeezing or bottom plugs to control formation water or gas. Secondary Effects: Hydromite sets quickly and forms a strong, durable plug that bonds to the formation. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhaling the dust. Flush the exposed area with plenty of water. Properties: Additive: Hydromite Part No.: 890.50451 Specific Gravity: 2.15 Form: powder Color: pink How Packaged: 50-lb drum Bulk Density: 68 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: 3 gal/100 lb Absolute Volume: 0.0558 gal/lb Odor: pungent Flash Point: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 40F to 170F (4C to 77C) Concentration: See following usage instructions. Special Information: Usage Restrictions: Never use salt or salt water. Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. increases strength and durability
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6. 7. 8. 9.
Physical Properties
Some of the physical properties of Hydromite (mixed with 3 gal of water/100 lb) are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Slurry volume/100 lb Hydromite - 8.4 gal Slurry weight 14.9 lb/gal (111.5 lb/cu ft) Compressive strength 4,000 psi or more in 24 hours Expansion 0.3% at initial set
Set Hydromite is a hard, impermeable material which expands as it takes its initial set. This property helps give the plug a tight bond to the formation. Hydromite is composed of two phases, a gypsum phase and a resin-water phase. When pressure is applied to Hydromite or it is squeezed, the resinwater phase is forced into the permeable formation where it sets into a hard, impermeable mass.
Mixing
Hydromite is mixed by using 3 gal of water/100 lb of Hydromite. Do not use excess water. The mixing water should be clean and fresh. Never use salt water for mixing Hydromite. The temperature of the mixing water should never exceed the bottomhole temperature of the well and should preferably not exceed 85F. Using cold water in mixing Hydromite gives a thickening of the
Setting Time
The setting or hardening of Hydromite proceeds in two stages. Both stages depend on the temperature and the amount of catalyst used. The gypsum cement portion of the Hydromite usually hardens or sets before the resin portion reaches its final hardening point. While Hydromite takes its initial set in about 90 minutes or less after mixing, the material
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January 1996
Placing in Well
Hydromite is usually placed in a well by using the Halliburton dump bailer equipment. The dump bailer, filled with fresh water, is run to the bottom of hole and dumped to help ensure the bailer goes freely to bottom and to flag the bailer line. After the Hydromite is mixed, it is poured into the bailer and run to bottom. The bailer should be set on the bottom with enough force to shear the bailer disc only once. It is then picked up about a foot, held for a minute, picked up to the calculated height of the dump, held for a minute, and then brought up and out of the hole. Any unnecessary fluid agitation by the bailer while on the bottom increases the chances of contamination of the Hydromite. A squeeze pressure of not less than 100 psi should be applied immediately to the Hydromite in the well. High squeeze pressures will not damage Hydromite, so 100 psi is the minimum to use. The maximum can be any pressure. In general, squeeze pressures from 800 to 1,000 psi (5.50 to 6.90 mPa) are preferred. If the well is full of fluid, this squeeze pressure should be applied with a pressure pump. If the fluid level is low, quickly loading the hole with fluid should give the necessary pressure head. This pressure should be applied before the Initial Hardening Time has elapsed. When loading the hole, 100 psi (0.690 mPa) requires an increase in the fluid level of the well of about 250 ft (76 m) when using water or about 350 ft (107 m) when using oil. It is advisable to catch a sample of the Hydromite slurry as it is dumped into the bailers. This sample indicates when the material in the well is set.
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Table 3-10: 60F to 120F (16C to 49C) Catalyst A/100 lb (45.4 kg) Hydromite
Bottomhole Temperature F (C) 60 (16) 65 (18) 70 (21) 75 (24) 80 (27) 85 (29) 90 (32) 95 (35) 100 (38) 105 (41) 110 (43) 115 (46) 120 (49)
a
Catalyst A /100 lb oz 24 21 18 15 12 9 6 5 4 3 3 2 2
a
Note: It is permissible to use either volume or weight measurements for the amount of catalyst required.
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January 1996
Table 3-11: 120F to 180F (49C to 82C) Catalyst A-120/100 lb (45.4 kg) Hydromite
Bottomhole Temperature F (C) 120 (49) 125 (52) 130 (54) 135 (57) 140 (60) 145 (63) 150 (66) 155 (68) 160 (71) 165 (74) 170 (77) 175 (79) 180 (82)
a
Catalyst A-120/100 lb oz 20 16 12 10 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1
a
Note: It is permissible to use either volume or weight measurements for the amount of catalyst required.
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PERMAFROST Cement
Description and Primary Function: PERMAFROST is a special blend of cementing materials formulated for setting surface casing and conductor pipe where the formation temperatures are as low as 15F. It is used in permafrost areas where washouts, fractures, and ice lenses are encountered. Secondary Effects: PERMAFROST's low heat of hydration develops strength rapidly at subfreezing temperatures. Interaction with Other Additives: Retard permafrost with sodium citrate. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in the eyes. Avoid inhaling the dust. Flush the exposed areas with water. Properties: Additive: PERMAFROST Cement Form: powder Color: gray How Packaged: 75-lb sack or bulk Bulk Density: 75 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: 3.5 gal/75-lb sk Solubility in Water: @20C, insoluble Odor: none Flash Point: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 15F to 120F (-9C to 49C) Concentration: 41 lb Cal-Seal, 26 lb Class G, 3 lb salt, 4.6 lb Gilsonite, 0.33 lb CFR-2 Special Information: Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. 2. decreases thickening time increases early strength
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January 1996
20 2 0 4 8
24
28
20
18
16
14
12
10
January 1996
12
16
3-25
Sodium Citrate Concentration lb/sk 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.00 20 (-7) 7:28 8:00 9:57 0:40
Circulating Temperature, F (C) 30 (-1) 4:41 6:14 7:21 0:35 40 (4) 3:38 4:32 5:21 0:25
3-26
January 1996
20
16
12 8
4 0 12 (-11) 14 (-10) 16 (-9) 18 (-8) 20 (-7) 22 (-6) 24 (-4) 26 (-3) 28 (-2) 30 (-1) 32 (0)
January 1996
3-27
3-28
January 1996
Table 3-15: Halliburton Light Cement with Salt and HR -4 for High Temperature Conditions
Cement Slurry Properties Water gal/sk 10.9 10.9 10.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 13.4 16.4 11.9 14.2 L/sk 41.3 41.3 41.3 37.5 37.5 37.5 50.7 62.1 45.0 53.8 Salt % 0 18 Saturated 0 18 Saturated 18 Saturated 18 Saturated
a
Slurry Weight lb/gal 12.4 12.9 13.3 12.7 13.2 13.5 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7 kg/L 1.49 1.55 1.60 1.52 1.58 1.62 1.49 1.49 1.52 1.52
3
Slurry Volume ft /sk 1.97 2.07 2.19 1.84 1.92 2.03 2.41 3.00 2.19 2.67 m /sk 0.0558 0.0586 0.0620 0.0521 0.0544 0.0575 0.0682 0.0849 0.0620 0.0756
3
If mixed at these slurry weights with salt saturation, 8% bentonite is recommended to prevent excessive free-water separation.
January 1996
3-29
Water gal/sk 7.7 8.8 9.9 10.9 L/sk 29.0 33.0 37.5 41.0 lb/gal
Weight kg/L
a
Volume ft /sk
a 3
4,000 ft
a
12.4 (12.1) a
1.49 (1.45) a
1.97 (2.12) a
0.0558 (0.060) a
Compressive Strength - psi (mPa) Weight lb/gal 13.6 13.1 12.7 12.4 kg/L 1.63 1.57 1.52 1.49 495 320 235 165 95F (35C) - 800 psi (5.50 mPa) 24 hr (3.41) (2.21) (1.62) (1.14) 1,050 745 485 315 72 hr (7.24) (5.14) (3.34) (2.17) 110F (43C) - 1,600 psi (11.00 mPa) 24 hr 645 435 330 225 (4.45) (4.36) (2.28) (1.55) 1,340 820 570 485 72 hr (9.24) (5.65) (3.93) (3.34)
Light Cement with 2.0% Calcium Chloride, Compressive Strength - psi (mPa) Curing Conditions Curing Time hr 80F (27C) ATM Pressure 97F (35C) 800 psi (5.52 mPa) 110F (43C) 800 psi (5.52 mPa)
Slurry Weight - 13.1 lb/ gal (1.57 kg/ L) 12 18 24 150 (1,030) 230 (1,590) 310 (2,140) 225 (1.55) 410 (2.83) 630 (4.34) 520 (3.59) 320 (2,210) 335 (2,310) 770 (5.31) a 700 (4.83)
Slurry Weight - 12.7 lb/gal (1.52 kg/L) 12 18 24 90 (620) 120 (830) 235 (1,620) 130 (0.90) 260 (1.79) 425 (2.93) a 405 (2.79) 175 (1.21) 370 (2.25) 520 (3.59) a 490 (3.38)
Slurry Weight - 12.4 lb/gal (1.49 kg/L) 12 18 24 55 (380) 115 (790) 200 (1,380) 105 (0.72) 160 (1.10) 275 (1.90) a 245 (1.69) 85 (0.59) 240 (1.65) 380 (2.62) a 315 (2.17)
3-30
January 1996
Table 3-17: Halliburton Light Cement Pressure-Temperature Thickening Time and Compressive Strength Tests
Cement Slurry Weight lb/gal kg/L Salt % HR -4 %
BHST - 170F (8,000 ft) 77C (2,438 m) 12.4 12.9 13.3 12.7 13.2 13.5 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7 1.49 1.55 1.59 1.52 1.58 1.62 1.49 1.49 1.52 1.52 0 18 Saturated 0 18 Saturated 18 Saturated 18 Saturated
a a a a
0.20 0.20 0.00 0.30 0.30 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.30 0.00
4:30 4:30+ 4:00+ 3:00 3:30+ 3:30+ 4:30+ 4:00+ 3:30+ 3:00+
1,100 950 830 1,185 1,005 910 720 510 860 740
7.58 6.55 5.72 8.17 6.93 6.27 4.96 3.52 5.93 5.10
BHST - 230F (10,000 ft) - 110C (3,048 m) 12.4 12.9 13.3 12.7 13.2 13.5 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7
a
1.49 1.55 1.60 1.52 1.58 1.62 1.49 1.49 1.52 1.52
0 18
a
4:55 3:37 3:30+ 3:08 4:15 4:00+ 4:30+ 3:30+ 5:54 3:30+
1,305 1,250 850 1,490 1,460 870 935 555 940 410
9.00 8.62 5.86 10.27 10.07 6.00 6.45 3.83 6.48 2.83
If mixed at these slurry weights with salt saturation, 8% bentonite is recommended to prevent excessive free-water separation.
January 1996
3-31
Water gal/sk 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6 L/sk 36.3 40.1 43.0 47.7
Weight lb/gal 12.8 (12.5) 12.5 (12.2) 12.2 (12.0) 12.0 (11.8) kg/L 1.53 (1.50) 1.50 (1.46) 1.46 (1.44) 1.44 (1.41) ft /sk
3
Volume m3/sk 0.051 (0.055) 0.055 (0.059) 0.058 (0.063) 0.062 (0.066)
24-hr Compressive Strength - psi (mPa) 95F (35C) - 800 psi (5.50 mPa) Weight 12.8 12.5 12.2 12.0 kg/L 1.53 1.50 1.46 1.44 psi 470 365 265 205 mPa 3.24 2.52 1.83 1.41 110F (43C) - 1,600 psi (11.00 mPa) psi 605 440 300 245 mPa 4.17 3.03 2.07 1.69
3-32
January 1996
Slurry Volume ft /sk 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.02 2.20 2.23 2.27 2.30 m3/sk 0.055 0.056 0.056 0.057 0.062 0.063 0.064 0.065
January 1996
3-33
Salt %
113 (45) 113 (45) 113 (45) 113 (45) Water Requirement - 10.6 gal/sk
0 6 12 18
0 6 12 18
3-34
January 1996
Water Requirement - 10.6 gal/sk 0 6 12 18 315 345 220 210 (2.17) (2.38) (1.52) (1.45) 375 405 310 305 (2.59) (2.79) (2.14) (2.10) 430 495 390 340 (2.96) (3.41) (2.69) (2.34)
January 1996
3-35
3-36
Thickening Time
(From pressure temperature thickening-time tests) Water: 7.8 gal/sk (29.5 L/sk) Slurry Weight: 12.9 lb/gal (1.55 kg/L) 3 Yield: 1.61 ft /sk (0.046 m 3/sk) Bottomhole Temperature Time to Reach BHCT min
Well Depth ft m F
Static C
Circulating F C
HR -4 %
HR-12 %
API Casing-Cementing Schedules 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 16,000 3,048 3,658 4,267 4,877 4,877 230 260 290 320 320 110 127 143 160 160 144 172 206 248 248 52 78 97 120 120 36 44 52 60 60 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 5:00+ 5:00+ 3:30 1:50 4:37
52 78 97 120
19 24 29 34
With higher slurry weights, the thickening times will be longer, and the compressive strengths will be lower.
January 1996
3-37
3-38
January 1996
Matrix Cement
Description and Primary Function: Matrix cement is designed to penetrate gravel packs, very small channels, and some formations. Its primary application is to squeeze off water in gravel packs and slotted liners. With an average particle size 10 times smaller than standard cement, Matrix can penetrate openings as narrow as 0.05 mm. Secondary Effects: It can also be used to shut off gas or steam production. Interaction with Other Additives: Because of its small particle size, Matrix has a water requirement of 100 to 200% (by weight of cement). It is compatible with most additives. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in the eyes. Avoid inhaling the dust. Wash the affected area with plenty of water. Wear particle mask and eye protection. Properties: Additive: Matrix cement Part No.: 516.00500 Specific Gravity: 2.91 Form: powder Color: light gray How Packaged: 44-lb sk Bulk Density: 50 to 60 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: 100 to 200% Absolute Volume: 0.0413 gal/lb Solubility in Water: @ 20C, insoluble Odor: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 60F to 350F (16C to 176C) Concentration: Mix at densities between 11.3 and 12.5 lb/gal. Special Information: Usage Restrictions: At temperatures higher than 230F, an ultra-fine silica flour should be used.
January 1996
3-39
Water (gal/100 lb) (% bwoc) Slurry Density (lb/gal) Yield (ft3/100 lb) Rheological Properties @ 75F (0.2 Fann data) 3 rev/min 6 rev/min 100 rev/min 200 revmin 300 rev/min 600 rev/min UCA Set Times (hr:min @ 75F) 50 psi 500 psi Compressive Strengths @ 75F (psi) 24 hr 72 hr 7 days 7-day Air Permeability (md)
15:18 41:23
18.26 69:59
Properties of 20/40 Sand, permeated with Matrix Cement Slurry Compressive Strength @ 75F (psi) 24 hr 72 hr 7 Days 7-day Air Permeability (md) 210 1,270 2,030 0.011 125 650 1,260 0.18
3-40
January 1996
Matrix Cement + 1% CFR-3 and Matrix Cement + 35% SSA-1 and 1% CFR-3 Matrix Cement 1% CFR-3 Water Requirement, % gal/sk Density, lb/gal Yield, ft3 /sk Free Water, % Fluid Loss, cc/30 min Rheology 1 min 20 min Thickening Times at: BHST 250F 180F 140F 100F Compressive Strengths at: 250F Initial set 500 psi 8 hr 12 hr 24 hr 48 hr 64 hr 3:02 3:44 750 psi 700 psi 500 psi 450 psi 3:19 4:15 1,300 psi 1,450 psi 1,650 psi BHCT 170F 133F 112F 90F 3:40 5:20 4:00+ 4:00+ 3:15 4:30 4:00+ 4:00+ 11/6/4/2 18/11/8/6 18/10/8/5 28/18/15/11 125 6.59 11.9 1.11 5.6 >1,400 Matrix Cement 35% SSA-1 1% CFR-3 125 6.59 12.7 1.20 1.6 1,525
January 1996
3-41
3-42
January 1996
Usage Restrictions: MICROSAND must be added when Micro Matrix is used at temperatures higher than 140F. Do not mix 100% Micro Matrix at a density greater than 12 lb/gal because severe gelation problems will occur. To overcome gelation problems, use Micro fly ash (FDP-C512) at a 50:50 ratio. Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. difficult to retard at temperatures higher than 140F without using Micro Matrix Cement Retarder
January 1996
3-43
Water % bwoc
Other Additives
lb/gal
47 65 74
79 126 139
None None
11.1 11.5
167 141
158 247
140 262
223 334
None
11.5
1.41 160F
141
242
435
440
11.5
1.07
100
612
860
725
180F (cured at 3,000 psi) 1.0% CFR-2 + 1.0% HR-12 1.0% CFR-2 + 50% MICROSAND 12.0 12.0 1.21 1.21 117 117 720 970 780 960 815 1,060
3-44
January 1996
Dispersant % 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Type CFR-3 CFR-3 None CFR-3 None CFR-2 % 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0
Defoamer Type NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Thickening Time hr:min 70 Bc/100 Bc 3:25/3:29 2:26/2:28 1:32/1:40 1:35/1:53 1:57/2:05 1:11/1:17
1.0% HALAD-413
January 1996
3-45
Retarder Type SCR-100 % 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 HR -7 HR-15 Fe-2 Sodium citrate HR-25 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Diacel LWL 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 CFR-1 0.5 3.0 1.0 0.5 HR-5 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0
a
Dispersant Type CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-2 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-2 % 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0
Defoamer Type D-AIR 1 D-AIR 1 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 2 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 % 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
a a a a a a
1.0 a 0.5 0.5 a 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
a a a a a a a a
Defoamer added half to mix water; half to slurry after mixing. Experimental copolymer. January 1996
3-46
Expansion (%) Slurry Density Other Additives 1.0% HALAD -9 20% Cal-Seal lb/gal 11.5 11.5 Yield ft /50 lb 1.41 1.67
3
hr:min % 0.5 1.0 -0.5 --1.0 Type NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 % 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0% HALAD-413
January 1996
3-47
Retarder Type SCR-100 % 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 HR -7 HR-15 Fe-2 Sodium Citrate HR-25
Dispersant Type -----CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 ----CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-2 ---CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 CFR-3 -CFR-2 % -----0.5 0.5 0.5 ----1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 ---0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -1.0
Defoamer Type D-AIR 1 D-AIR 1 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 2 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 D-AIR 1 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 NF-3 % 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0
a a a a a a a a a
Other Type -----------CFR-1 CFR-1 -Caustic Lignite ----HR-5 -HR-25 Comp. R HR-25
a
Diacel LWL
CFR-1
HR-5
1.0 1.0
HR-25
3-48
January 1996
Refractory Cements
Description and Primary Function: Refractory cement (Ciment Fondu made in France by the Lafarge Cement Company) is a high calcium aluminate cement which is resistant to high temperatures (2,000F). It is primarily used in fireflood and thermal recovery wells. Secondary Effects: It achieves strength rapidly. Interaction with Other Additives: Forty to 100% silica flour is used as a filler. Retard the slurry with HR-4 or HR-12. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting cement in the eyes. Avoid inhaling the dust. Flush exposed areas with water. Properties: Additive: Ciment Fondu Part No.: none Specific Gravity: 3.23 Form: powder Color: gray How Packaged: 94-lb sk Bulk Density: 90 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: 4.5 gal/sk Absolute Volume: 0.0375 gal/lb Solubility in Water: @ 20C, insoluble Odor: none Flash Point: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 40F to 170F (4C to 77C) Special Information: Usage Restrictions: Behavior of these cements with and without retarder is erratic. Tests should first be conducted with the materials used on the specific job. Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. 2. decreases thickening time increases early strength and final strength 3-49
January 1996
Silicalite
Description and Primary Function: Silicalite is a high surface area silica used in a variety of applications. It can be used as an extender for lightweight cement, a compressive strength enhancer, thixotropic additive, and in gas migration control. It was originally developed to provide a lightweight cement composition with optimum compressive strength development. Secondary Effects: It is a low-temperature accelerator and provides minor fluid-loss control. It viscosifies compositions. Interaction with Other Additives: Silicalite is compatible with most additives. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in the eyes. Avoid inhaling the dust. Wash affected area with plenty of water. Wear particle masks and eye protection. Properties: Additive: Silicalite Part No.: See following physical property page Form: powder or liquid Color: gray How Packaged: 50-lb bag or bulk Bulk Density: varies Water Requirement: varies Absolute Volume: 0.0476 gal/lb Solubility in Water: @ 20C, insoluble Odor: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 60F to 350F (16C to 175C) Concentration: For lightweight cement, the normal concentration range is 18.5 lb Silicalite, 18.5 lb POZMIX A, and 47 lb cement (1:1:2.54)
3-50
January 1996
Silicalite Blend
50:50 POZMIX: Silicalite Part No.: 516.00443, bulk Specific Gravity: 2.49 Absolute Volume: 0.0482 gal/lb Bulk Density: 35 lb/cu ft
Compacted Silicalite
Part No.: 516.00444, 50-lb sk Part No.: 516.00442, bulk Specific Gravity: 2.52 Absolute Volume: 0.0476 gal/lb Bulk Density: 44 lb/cu ft Compacted Silicalite does not have the same performance properties (i.e., viscosity, thixotropy) as the regular powdered or liquid material. The designs using compacted material should be tested in the laboratory before use to ensure the necessary properties can be achieved.
Liquid Silicalite
Part No.: 516.00514, bulk Activity: 50% Density: 11.6 lb/gal
January 1996
3-51
Water gal/sk
60F (Atmospheric) 12.0 12.5 1.97 1.74 11.19 9.42 4% CaCl 2 4% CaCl 2 0.5% CFR-2 80F (Atmospheric) 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.3 12.6 12.0 12.1 12.4 2.71 2.29 1.97 1.83 1.70 1.97 1.92 1.78 16.72 13.52 11.19 10.08 9.18 11.19 10.80 9.74 None None 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl 2 0.5% CaCl 2 0.5% CaCl 2 Standard Standard Standard Standard Standard Premium Plus Premium Plus Premium Plus 30 80 180 285 360 170 240 350 95 195 ---455 700 960 Standard Standard 60 115 130 300
90F (Atmospheric) 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.75 11.75 11.75 2.29 2.24 2.29 2.40 2.12 2.12 2.24 13.52 13.52 13.52 14.20 12.27 12.27 13.10 None 0.5% CaCl 2 1.0% CaCl 2 5.0% Salt 0.5% CaCl 2 1.0% CaCl 2 5.0% Salt Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) Premium (4.3) -------295 320 420 515 300 370 680
95F (Atmospheric) 12.0 12.2 12.4 12.0 1.97 1.87 1.78 1.97 11.19 10.43 9.74 11.19 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl 2 1% CaCl2 Standard Standard Standard Premium Plus ----1,585 1,735 1,525 1,520
3-52
January 1996
Table 3-33: Compressive Strength Development of Blends Containing POZMIX :Silicalite:Cement (cont.)
Silicalite Base: 1:1:2.54 POZMIX:Silicalite:Cement (84-lb sk) Slurry Density lb/gal Slurry Volume ft /sk
3
Water gal/sk
100F (Atmospheric) 11.0 12.0 13.7 2.71 1.97 1.35 16.72 11.19 6.52 None None 0.75% CFR-2, 2% CaCl 2 140F (Atmospheric) 10.0 11.0 12.0 12.5 11.5 4.34 2.71 1.97 1.74 2.40 28.88 16.72 11.19 9.42 14.20 4% Gel 2% Gel None 0.5% CFR-2 5% Salt 150F (Atmospheric) 11.5 12.0 2.29 1.97 13.52 11.19 None None 230F (3,000 psi) 12.0 12.5 13.7 1.97 1.74 1.35 16.72 9.42 6.52 None 0.5% CFR-2 0.75% CFR-2, 2% CaCl 2 Standard Standard Standard 2,380 2,750 5,265 1,960 2,825 5,600 Premium Plus Premium Plus 580 900 675 1,010 Standard Standard Standard Standard Premium 160 1,115 1,290 1,825 825 200 1,440 1,455 2,335 -Premium Plus Premium Plus Standard 60 135 1,835 330 925 4,615
January 1996
3-53
Compressive Strength 8 hr 24 hr
Composition
Standard Cement + 2% CaCl 2 + 10% Silicalite Premium Plus Cement + 2% CaCl2 + 10% Silicalite Standard Cement + 2%CaCl 2
-25 --
60F (Atmospheric) Standard Cement + 2% CaCl2 + 10% Silicalite Premium Plus Cement + 2% CaCl 2 + 10% Silicalite Standard Cement + 0.5% CFR-2 + 10% Silicalite Standard Cement + 3% CaCl 2 14.9 15.0 15.8 15.6 6.58 6.42 5.30 5.20 1.42 1.40 1.25 1.18 610 775 -950 1,975 2,065 2,140 2,735
3-54
January 1996
Standard Cement Standard Cement + 0.7% CFR-3 + 6% Silicalite Standard Cement +1.0% CFR-3 + 9% Silicalite
18 3 4
18 8 8
Standard Cement + 10% Silicalite Standard Cement +1.4% CFR-3 + 10% Silicalite
14.9 15.8
6.58 5.30
1.42 1.25
13 3
22 5
355 165
January 1996
3-55
Slurry Volume
3
NOTE: All other additives will be based on 84 lb except KCl and salt, which will be based on total weight of water.
47.0 lb 18.5 lb 3.19 gal/sk Water gal/sk 11.75 10.98 7.48 6.94 Volume
3
Based on 84 lb.
3-56
January 1996
Compressive Strength 72 hr (psi) 95F - Atm. 115F - 3,000 psi 765 969 1,345 1,763 709 1,366 1,123 2,154
January 1996
3-57
THIX-SET A
Description and Primary Function: THIX-SET is a thixotropic cement consisting of cement, THIX-SET Component A, THIX-SET Component B, and mixing water. It is used primarily for cementing in shallow applications, for remedial work, and for cementing in areas of lost returns. Secondary Effects: THIX-SET is designed to gel after 5 minutes of static time and still be moved if required. Interaction with Other Additives: HR-12 and dispersants should not be used with THIX-SET because they destroy its thixotropic properties. At temperatures higher than 160F, HR-4 should be used. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in the eyes and inhaling the dust. Wash affected areas with plenty of water. Properties: Additive: Component A; Component B Part No.: 70.15347; 70.15299 Specific Gravity: 1.97; 1.37 Form: granules; powder Color: pale yellow; white How Packaged: 50 lb; 50 lb Bulk Density: 68.5; 36.5 lb/cu ft Absolute Volume: 0.0609; 0.0876 gal/lb Odor: acidic Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 60F to 320F (16C to 160C) Concentration: 94 lb cement, 0.5 to 1% Component A, 0.2 to 5% Component B mixed from 12 to 15.6 lb/ gal. Special Information: Usage Restrictions: For best results, the slurry weight should range from 14 to 15.6 lb/gal.
3-58
January 1996
All tables are based on premium cement, 1.0% THIX-SET Component A, and 0.25% THIX-SET Component B.
Slurry Volume ft /sk 1.18 1.51 1.83 2.33 ft /sk 0.033 0.043 0.052 0.066
3
January 1996
3-59
3-60
Temperature lb/gal 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.0 13.0 12.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 14.0 13.0 12.0 1.44 2.33 0.066 20 (340) 1.56 1.83 0.052 280 (485) 1.68 1.51 0.043 375 (680) 1.87 1.18 0.033 2,235 15.41 2.59 (4.69) 1.93 (3.34) 0.14 (0.23) 1.87 1.18 0.033 1,485 10.24 1.87 1.18 0.033 295 2.03 2,440 2,545 3,650 770 (1,030) 555 (570) 590 (560) 1.44 2.33 0.066 ( 60)
a
Water Required 24 hr mPa 65 300 430 785 1,520 (2,125) 580 (725) 410 (360) 305 (330) 5.41 10.48 (14.65) 4.00 (5.00) 2.83 (2.48) 2.10 (2.28) 16.82 17.55 25.17 5.31 (7.10) 3.83 (3.93) 4.07 (3.86) 2.97 2.07 1,580 2,000 2,275 ----------0.45 925 psi mPa psi mPa 6.38 10.89 13.79 15.69 ----------72 hr kg/L 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.68 1.56 (0.41)
a
Slurry Weight ft /sk 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.51 1.83 0.052 (145)
a 3
Slurry Volume m /sk 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.043 (1.00)
a a a a a 3
Section 3
gal/sk
L/sk
Special Cements
60
15.6
5.2
19.7
70
21
5.2
19.7
80 35 89 (1,075) (155)
a
5.2
19.7
90
32
5.2
19.7
100
38
5.2
19.7
100
38
7.7
29.1
100
38
10.1
38.2
100
38
13.8
52.2
100
43
5.2
19.7
140
60
5.2
19.7
200
93
5.2
19.7
200
93
7.7
29.1
200
93
10.1
38.2
200
93
13.8
52.2
January 1996
Slurry Volume ft /sk 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 m /sk 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.033
3
January 1996
3-61
Slurry Number 1 2
SSA-1 % 35 -
SSA-2 % 35
HR -4 % 0.6 0.5
Compressive Strength at Curing Pressure of 3,000 psi (20.68 mPa) and Temperature of: 260F (127C) After 8 hr Number 1 2 psi 1,125 780 mPa 7.76 5.38 After 24 hr psi 2,025 705 mPa 13.96 4.86 After 8 hr psi 1,030 630 mPa 7.10 4.34 psi 5,475 1,630 320F (160C) After 24 hr mPa 37.75 11.24
3-62
January 1996
THIX-SET 31A
Description and Primary Function: THIX-SET 31 is a two-component system comprised of THIX-SET 31A and THIX-SET 31B (or Diacel LWL). This thixotropic additive system can be used for conventional thixotropic applications, such as lost circulation and squeezing, and it can be used to combat annular fluid migration problems. Secondary Effects: Because of thixotropic nature, static shutdown times should be avoided. Interaction with Other Additives: It cannot be used with a dispersant. If retarded with HR-type retarders, additional THIX-SET 31A must be used. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in eyes and inhaling the dust. Wash affected areas with plenty of water. Properties: Additive: THIX-SET 31A Part No.: 516.00151 Specific Gravity: 1.45 Form: powder Color: white How Packaged: 50 lb Bulk Density: 66 Water Requirement: varies Absolute Volume: 0.0828 Odor: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 80F to 400F (27C to 204C) Concentration: 0.3 to 1.0% bwoc; Diacel LWL - 0.2 to 0.5% Special Information: Usage Restrictions: Density ranges of 12 to 16.5 lb/ gal. Use Diacel LWL at elevated temperatures.
January 1996
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THIX-SET 31B
Description and Primary Function: THIX-SET 31 is a two-component system comprised of THIX-SET 31A and THIX-SET 31B (or Diacel LWL). This thixotropic additive system can be used for conventional thixotropic applications, such as lost circulation and squeezing, and it can be used to combat annular fluid migration problems. Secondary Effects: Because of thixotropic nature, static shutdown times should be avoided. Interaction with Other Additives: It cannot be used with a dispersant. If retarded with HR-type retarders, additional THIX-SET 31B must be used. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in eyes and inhaling the dust. Wash affected areas with plenty of water. Properties: Additive: THIX-SET 31B Part No.: 516.00152 Specific Gravity: 1.37 Form: powder Color: white How Packaged: 50 lb Bulk Density: 32 lb/cu ft Water Requirement: varies Absolute Volume: 0.0876 gal/lb Odor: none Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 80F to 400F (27C to 204C) Concentration: 0.2 to 0.4%; Diacel LWL - 0.2 to 0.5% Special Information: Usage Restrictions: Density ranges of 12 to 16.5 lb/ gal. Use Diacel LWL at elevated temperatures.
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January 1996
Compressive Strengths Density lb/gal Water gal/sk THIX-SET 31A % Depth ft BHCT F Thickening Curing Temp Time Strength Time hr:min F hr psi Fluid Loss cc/30 min
Premium + 3% KCl + 0.25% THIX-SET 31B 15.6 5.2 0.5 -91 3:40 112 24 1,655 42
Premium + 0.3% THIX-SET 31B 14.8 6.3 0.6 -90 4:00+ 110 24 900 --
Premium Plus + 40% SSA-2 + 0.4% Diacel LWL + 0.5% HR -4 + 0.5% Component R 15.8 5.0 0.5 11,300 202 4:47 280 12 24 200 12 24 150 12 24 600 2,000 1,400 2,600 500 2,100 --
65% Premium + 35% POZMIX + 17.5% SSA-1 + 0.5% THIX-SET 31B + 0.8% HR-4 + 0.8% Component R 13.4 9.0 1.0 21,300 298 5:54 320 24 48 72 150 24 48 72 Premium + 0.4% Diacel LWL + 1.2% HR-4 + 1.2% Component R 15.8 5.0 0.5 -300 6:00+ 300 12 24 250 12 24 200 12 24 150 12 350 1,500 2,000 2,100 1,000 1,500 900 -600 1,000 1,700 400 500 700 --
January 1996
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THIXOMIX Cement
Description and Primary Function: THIXOMIX is a thixotropic cement consisting of cement, salt, sodium hydroxide, INJECTROL A, and mixing fluid. It is used in combating lost circulation and squeezing highly fractured or vugular zones. Because it gels rapidly, THIXOMIX can usually achieve results where other slurries have failed. Secondary Effects: The mixing tank must be clean, and the water pH must be 7.0. In mixing the slurry, the salt should be added to the mixing water to prevent high mixing viscosity. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in eyes and inhaling the dust. Wash the affected areas with plenty of water Properties: Additive: THIXOMIX Cement Form: powder Color: gray How Packaged: bulk blended Water Requirement: varies Solubility in Water: @ 20C, insoluble Normal Range of Use in Wells:: Temperature: 50F to 120F (10C to 49C) Concentration: Mix at 12.5 to 14.0 lb/gal Formulation: 94 lb cement, 2 to 18% salt (bwow), 1 to 1.5 lb caustic/gal INJECTROL A. Mixing fluid: 80 parts water, 20 parts INJECTROL A. Special Information: Usage Restrictions: To avoid premature gelling, the THIXOMIX slurry must be kept in motion until it has been pumped to the necessary depths. Effect on Slurry Properties: 1. 2. decreases density, thickening time, and strength increases viscosity and water for mixing
3-66
January 1996
Salt - 18 % bwow (total) 16.8 12.6 9.7 63.6 47.7 36.7 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 2.85 2.24 1.84 0.081 0.063 0.052
January 1996
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NOTE: Slurries were pumped 1 hour on the Halliburton Consistometer then allowed to remain static for indicated periods of time. Pumping was then resumed and continued for a total time of 2 hours. Slurry Weight: 14 lb/gal (1.68 kg/L) Amount of Salt: 2% by weight of water Static Period After 1 Hour Pumping 5 min 10 min 20 min 30 min Viscosity (Bc) Immediately after Static Period and at End of Test Period 80F (27C) Initial 16 23 100+ 100+ 2 hr 8 6 6 5 140F (60C) Initial 21 37 100 100+ 2 hr 16 18 27
b
Slurry could not be pumped after static period. Slurry had hardened around the paddle.
3-68
January 1996
Salt - 2 % bwow After Curing for 1 Day 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 125 90 105 8.62 6.21 7.24 180 145 180 1.24 1.00 1.24 85 115 175 0.59 0.79 1.21 170 185 675 1.17 1.28 4.65 205 235 705 1.41 1.62 4.86 120 155 285 0.83 1.07 1.97
After Curing for 7 Days 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 100 195 190 6.89 1.34 1.31 145 255 270 1.00 1.76 1.86 160 230 275 1.10 1.59 1.90 425 475 795 2.93 3.28 5.48 60 75 250 0.41 0.52 1.72 30 70 150 0.21 0.48 1.03
After Curing for 14 Days 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 200 265 4.85 1.38 1.83 3.34 215 350 560 1.48 2.41 3.86 335 315 500 2.31 2.17 3.45 225 310 330 1.55 2.14 2.28 70 115 225 0.48 0.79 1.55 15 50 150 0.10 0.35 1.03
After Curing for 28 Days 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 155 275 550 1.07 1.90 3.79 205 335 610 1.41 2.31 4.21 345 200 540 2.38 1.38 3.72 170 150 205 1.17 1.03 1.41 45 90 185 0.31 0.52 1.28 N.S. 65 180 N.S. 0.45 1.24
35 45 60
55 80 145
50 85 105
85 125 215
75 115 180
January 1996
3-69
Salt - 18 % bwow After Curing for 7 Days 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.57 35 80 295 0.24 0.55 1.41 60 120 259 0.41 0.83 1.63 95 180 269 0.56 1.24 1.75 95 265 525 0.56 1.83 3.62 30 65 195 0.21 0.45 1.34 25 45 135 0.17 0.31 0.93
After Curing for 14 Days 12.50 13.25 14.00 1.50 1.59 1.68 80 165 335 0.55 1.14 2.31 100 185 305 0.69 1.28 2.10 125 205 410 0.96 1.41 2.83 145 250 345 1.00 1.72 2.38 45 80 190 0.31 0.55 1.31 2 15 100 0.01 0.10 0.69
80 165 400
80 185 350
20 80 195
N.S. 15 105
3-70
January 1996
MY-T-LITE 1200
Description and Primary Function: MY-T-LITE 1200 is a blend of cement, SPHERELITE, and Silicalite. The system is designed as a low-cost, lightweight cement that can be used to prevent lost circulation, provide optimum compressive strength, and aid in controlling fluid migration. Interaction with Other Additives: Use dispersants with caution. Safety and Handling Procedures: Avoid getting it in eyes and inhaling the dust. Wear protective gear. Wash the affected areas with plenty of water Properties: Additive: MY-T-LITE 1200 Form: powder Color: gray How Packaged: bulk blended Normal Range of Use in Wells: Temperature: 130F to 200F (54C to 93C)
January 1996
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Fluid Loss, Thickening Time, and Rheology Additives % HR-5 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 HALAD -344 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 Test Temperature F 131 158 176 158 185 180 194 194 Fluid Loss ND ND ND 126 146 94 ND ND Compressive Strengths Additives % HR-5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7
a
Thickening Time hr:min 3:00 3:30 3:30 5:00 4:00 ND 3:45 5:30 n' 0.4775 0.3267 ND 0.8543 0.8860 0.8972 0.5639 ND K'
a
Time to 500 psi hr:min 83:00 44:00 23:00 9:19 5:26 52:00
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January 1996
January 1996
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