Fig.

23 shows a typical synthesizer setup using three low frequency oscillator produces a frequency 455
oscillators. Two of the oscillators produce the on- I(LIz below the carrier frequency for use as the
channel frequency needed by the transmitter. The receiver'slocal oscillator.
same high frequency oscillator used with a different

tl
5.715
tl I
5.725
Il- I 27.W5=
5.735
l- T
I
(32.7- 5.695) I
6.1504
l
I
I Receive I
out
6.1704
tl I
6.1804
Il- I 26.996 =
6.1904
trtJ I
I
(32.7- 6.1W41=
(Orannel4-455KHz)
I
32.7W l I
I
32.7W
Il-
Il-
0l-
l- I
nr' I
Fig. 2?--Oscillator setup for 14 crystal synthesizer.

PHASE- LOCKEDLOOP
Some 23 channel transceiversand many 40 channel
transceivers use Programmable Phase-Locked Loop,
(PPLL) circuits to produce the necessaryinternal fre-
quencies. This system usually requires only one or
two crystals for transmit and receive frequencies.
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
output frequency is controlled by an input voltage.
In addition to the two oscillators, the PPLL consists
of several digital countdown stages,and a phase com-
parator. The amount of countdown is controlled by
external programming lines connected to the channel
selector switch. The phase comparator.generatesa
correction voltage output if the phase of the two
input signalsis not the same.
In operation, a DC voltage is applied to the VCO
which causesit to operate at a frequency close to the
desired output frequency. The digital countdown cir- t
cuits are set so that the output of the countdown is
the same as the frequency of the master oscillator tt
when the VCO is exactly on frequency. I

If the two inputs to the phase comparator are out of

Fig. 24-Programmable Phase-Loched Loop bloch
diagram.
A typical PPLL is shown in Fig.24 .It consistsof a
crystal controlled master oscillator and a voltage con-
trolled oscillator (VCO). The VCO is designed to
operate at the desired output frequency. Its exact
phase, an error in the VCO frequency is indicated.
This phase error results in a correction voltage output
from the phase comparator which is applied to the
VCO. This correction voltage causesthe VCO to shift
frequencies until VCO is operating at the desired fre-
quency.

26