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EXAMPLE 6-008
LINK PLASTIC WEN LINK PROBLEM DESCRIPTION This example uses a single degree of freedom structure to test the behavior of a plastic Wen link element. Bilinear force-deformation characteristics are defined for the link element along with an exponent that defines the sharpness of the transition from the initial stiffness to the yielded stiffness. A nonlinear static analysis is used to push the link element to a positive 10 inch displacement. Then a second nonlinear analysis case is started from the final conditions of the first analysis case and used to push the link element to a negative 10 inch displacement, a 20 inch push. The resulting link force at various deformations is compared with the defined link force-deformation characteristics. The SAP2000 model consists of a single joint, labeled joint 1, and one link element. The model is created in the XZ plane. Only the Uz degree of freedom is active for the analysis. The plastic Wen link element is modeled as a single-joint link element at joint 1. This means that one end of the link element is connected to the ground and the other end is connected to joint 1. The link element is oriented such that its positive local 2 axis is parallel to the positive global Z axis. This is not the default orientation of single joint link elements so SAP2000s advanced local axes assignment feature for link elements is used to orient the local axes as desired. Only U2 degree of freedom properties are defined for the link element. Only the nonlinear properties of the link element are relevant for this example because the only analysis cases used are nonlinear analysis cases. The stiffness of the link element is 100 k/in. The yield force is 50 kips. The ratio of initial stiffness to yielded stiffness is 0.1; in other words, the yielded stiffness is 10 k/in. The yielding exponent, which controls the sharpness of the transition from the initial stiffness to the yielded stiffness, is 1. The weight of the link is 1 kip. This is the only load acting on the link, and it is applied as a gravity load acting in the Z direction. Two displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis cases are used in this example. They are named NLSTAT1 and NLSTAT2. NLSTAT1 starts from zero initial conditions and pushes the link to a positive 10 inch deformation. NLSTAT2 starts from the conditions at the end of NLSTAT1 and pushes the link from a positive 10 inch deformation to a negative 10 inch deformation.

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GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Link local axes orientation 1 1 Z Plastic Wen link oriented with local 2 axis in global Z direction. Self weight of link is 1 kip. Loading Self weight is applied as a gravity load Active Degrees of Freedom Uz only Link Properties (U2 DOF) Linear Properties Not used Shear Distance Not used for zero length link Nonlinear Properties Stiffness, k = 100 k/in Yield force, y = 50 k Yield ratio, r = 0.1 Yield exponent, e = 1 The link force-deformation characteristics are controlled by the following equation: f = r k d + (1 r) y z r*k yield, y Link Force, f 1 Yield exponent, e, controls sharpness of transition from initial stiffness to yielded stiffness k 1 where k, r and y are defined above f = force d = deformation z = hysteretic variable where -1 <= z <= 1, the initial value of z is zero and z evolves according to the following differential equation: k y k = z y = z  (1 z e ) if d z > 0 d  otherwise d

k 1

Link Deformation, d

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TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAP2000 TESTED Plastic Wen links Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis Link local axis assignments Link gravity load RESULTS COMPARISON Independent results are hand calculated from the defined link force-deformation characteristics shown in the figure on the previous page.

Output Parameter

Link Deformation 0.20 in

Analysis Case NLSTAT1 NLSTAT1 NLSTAT1 NLSTAT2 NLSTAT2 NLSTAT2

SAP2000 16.836 43.915 141.000 105.000 48.438 -141.000

Independent 16.836 43.915 141.000 105.000 48.438 -141.000

Percent Difference 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Link force at specified deformation for specified analysis case kips

0.80 in 9.60 in 9.60 in 8.60 in -9.60 in

The figures on the following page show a plot of link deformation versus the hysteretic variable, z, and a plot of link deformation versus link force. Data is plotted for both analysis case NLSTAT1 and analysis case NLSTAT2.

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1.2

0.8

Hysteretic Variable Z (unitless)

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1 NLSTAT1 NLSTAT2 -1.2

Link Deformation (inches)

150

100

50

Link Force (kips)

0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

-50

-100 NLSTAT1 NLSTAT2 -150

Link Deformation (inches)

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COMPUTER FILE: Example 6-008 CONCLUSION The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.

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HAND CALCULATION

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 7

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 8

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 15

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 16

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 17

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EXAMPLE 6-008 - 18