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Rtr: U0S2SP0
No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form, by any means, without the prior written permission of Airbus SAS.
1, rond-point Maurice Bellonte 31707 Blagnac Cedex France AIRBUS S.A.S 2005. All rights reserved..
U0S2SP0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
1. COURSE CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. 1 2. OPERATIONS DOCUMENTS .................................................................................................... 5 3. FCOM 2 EXTRACTS.................................................................................................................. 13 4. FCOM 3 EXTRACTS.................................................................................................................. 35 5. QRH EXTRACTS........................................................................................................................ 67 6. GUIDED EXAMPLES ................................................................................................................ 71 7. TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE REMINDER ........................................................................ 103 8. LANDING PERFORMANCE REMINDER ........................................................................... 139
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ZUAD101
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ZUAD101
1. COURSE CONTENTS
CONTENTS:
1.1. Schedule of the Course..................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. Course Objectives..........................................................................................................................................................3
Page 1
ZUAD112
Flight Preparation
RTOW Calculation Flexible Temperature Fluid Contaminated RWY
Flight Operations
Fuel Calculation Cruise Optimization Approach and Landing Go-Around Single Engine Operations
Loading
Load and Trim Sheet
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ZUAD112
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ZUAD112
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ZUAD112
2. OPERATIONS DOCUMENTS
CONTENTS:
2.1. Computerized Flight Planning Paris/Cairo/Louxor.......................................................................................................6 2.2. Take-Off Charts (RTOW) .............................................................................................................................................7 2.3. Paris Orly Airport Chart ..............................................................................................................................................13 2.4. Cairo Airport Chart .....................................................................................................................................................14
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ZUAD122
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ZUAD122
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ZUAD122
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ZUAD122
3. FCOM 2 EXTRACTS
CONTENTS:
3.1. Loading........................................................................................................................................................................16 3.2. Take Off ......................................................................................................................................................................17 3.3. Landing Performance ..................................................................................................................................................25 3.4. Special Operations.......................................................................................................................................................27 3.5. Flight Planning ............................................................................................................................................................32
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ZUAD132
3.1. Loading
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
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ZUAD132
4. FCOM 3 EXTRACTS
CONTENTS:
4.1. Operating Limitations..................................................................................................................................................38 4.2. Supplementary Techniques .........................................................................................................................................48 4.3. In Flight Performance..................................................................................................................................................52 4.4. Single Engine Operation .............................................................................................................................................60
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
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ZUAD142
5. QRH EXTRACTS
CONTENTS:
5.1. Abnormal Procedures ..................................................................................................................................................70
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ZUAD152
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ZUAD152
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ZUAD152
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ZUAD152
6. GUIDED EXAMPLES
CONTENTS:
6.1. Example 1: MTOW .....................................................................................................................................................75 6.2. Example 2: MTOW .....................................................................................................................................................76 6.3. Example 3: MTOW .....................................................................................................................................................78 6.4. Example 4: Determination of Flexible Temperature...................................................................................................81 6.5. Example 5: Determination of Flexible Temperature...................................................................................................82 6.6. Example 6: Determination of Flexible Temperature...................................................................................................84 6.7. Example 7: Determination of Flexible Temperature...................................................................................................86 6.8. Example 8: Determination of Flexible Temperature...................................................................................................88 6.9. Example 9: Contaminated Runway.............................................................................................................................90 6.10. Example 10: Go-Around Weight ..............................................................................................................................92 6.11. Example 11: Go-Around Temperature ......................................................................................................................93 6.12. Example 12: Flight Planning.....................................................................................................................................94 6.13. Example 13: Actual Landing Distance......................................................................................................................96 6.14. Example 14: Determination of Vapp.........................................................................................................................97 6.15. Example 15: Abnormal Procedure ............................................................................................................................98 6.16. Example 16: Single Engine Strategy.......................................................................................................................100 6.17. Example 17: Take-Off: Use of Quick References Tables.......................................................................................101 6.18. Example 18: Load and Trim Sheet..........................................................................................................................103
Page 73
ZUAD162
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 51C : 1003 hPA : 08 : DRY
Answer
MTOW = 73 400 kg in configuration 1 + F. Speeds: 156 - 156 - 157.
Page 75
ZUAD162
PURPOSE
What is the maximum permissible takeoff weight and associated speeds?
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 51C : 1003 hPa : 08 : WET
VR=-2-0=-2 V2=-2-0=-2
VR=0 V2=0
VR=0 V2=0
Answer
MTOW = 73 100 kg in configuration 3 V1 = 149 kt, Vr = 152 kt, V2 = 155 kt NOTE: As two corrections are applied, speeds must be checked against minimum speeds (first on RTOW and secondly in FCOM 2.02.25).
Page 77
ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : WET
Step 3 - Refer to RTOW, find new speeds with the corrected weight.
Conf 1+F: 81.9-0.95=80.95 T Interpolated Speeds: 158/58/60 Conf 2: 81.9-0.95=80.95 T Interpolated Speeds: 155/55/60 Conf 3: 82-0.95=81.05 T Speeds: 156/56/59
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ZUAD162
Exercise 1:
LFPO ATIS provides the following data: take off runway 08, runway condition WET, wind -10 kt, temperature 47 C, QNH 1023 hPA,
Aircraft status: Answer: MTOW = 74 400 kg V1 = 133 kt Vr = 141 kt V2 = 144 kt A 320-214 MTOW structure 75.5 t air conditioning ON, anti-icing OFF Take off configuration : optimum.
Exercise 2:
LFPO ATIS provides the following data: take off runway 08, Caution: runway length reduced to 1500 m due to work in progress. runway condition WET, wind calm,
Page 79 ZUAD162
Aircraft status: Answer: MTOW = 53 400 kg Conf 1+F. V1 = 115 kt Vr = 128 kt V2 = 131 kt A 320-214 MTOW structure 75.5 t air conditioning ON, anti-icing OFF Take off configuration : optimum.
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : DRY
Answer:
Tflex: 57C in Conf 1+F Speeds: 153 - 153 154. NOTE: Check that corrected temperature: CT <= T flex max CT > OAT CT > T ref
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : WET
Answer:
Tflex=56C in Conf 1+F Speeds = 147 - 151 - 152 NOTE: As two corrections are applied, speeds must be checked against minimum speeds (first on RTOW and secondly in FCOM 2.02.25). Check that corrected temperature: CT <= T flex max CT > OAT CT > T ref
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : WET
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ZUAD162
Answer
Tflex: 54C in Conf 1+F Speeds: 147 - 151 - 152. NOTE: As two corrections are applied, speeds must be checked against minimum speeds (first on RTOW and secondly in FCOM 2.02.25). Check that corrected temperature: CT <= T flex max CT > OAT CT > T ref
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : WET
Answer
Tflex: 64C in Conf 1+F Speeds: 127 - 131 - 131.
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ZUAD162
NOTE: As two corrections are applied, speeds must be checked against minimum speeds (first on RTOW and secondly in FCOM 2.02.25). Check that corrected temperature: CT <= T flex max CT > OAT CT > T ref
Page 87
ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Takeoff runway Runway condition Wind calm Temperature QNH : 3C : 1003 hPA : 08 : DRY
Answer
Tflex: 57C in Conf 3 Speeds: 117 - 117 - 121. NOTE: Check that corrected temperature: CT <= T flex max CT > OAT CT > T ref
Page 88
ZUAD162
Exercise:
LFPO ATIS provides the following data: take off runway 08, runway condition DRY, wind +10 kt, temperature 35 C, QNH 1023 hPA,
Aircraft status: Answer: CONF 3 T Flex = 51 C V1 = 153 kt Vr = 153 kt V2 = 156 kt A 320-214 MTOW structure 75.5 t air conditioning ON, anti-icing OFF Take off configuration : Optimum
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ZUAD162
LFPO ATIS
Provides the following data: Take-off runway Runway condition Wind Temperature QNH : LFPO 08 : Covered by 7mm of Slush : calm : 3C : 1003 hPA
BLEEDS STATUS
Air conditioning : ON Total Anti-ice : ON
Step 2 - Corrections for Total Anti icing and QNH - Refer to 2.02.24 p 1 and RTOW
Corrections = BLEED + QNH W = - 950 kg - 800 kg = - 1750 kg
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ZUAD162
Exercise:
LFPO ATIS provides the following data: Answer: CONF 1, 61900 kg V1 = 122 kt Vr = 140 kt V2 = 143 kt take off runway 08, runway condition 5 mm water, MTOW DRY: Conf 1+F - 72000 kg, Conf 2 71100 kg, Conf 3 71200 kg
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ZUAD162
Step 1
Determine Airport pressure altitude - table 3.05.05 p 3 corresponding to FLAPS configuration Table 3.05.05 p 3 : QNH correction = 700 ft Airport elevation = 1 300 ft Airport pressure altitude = 700 + 1 300 = 2 000 ft
Step 2
Enter column for airport pressure altitude, here 2 000 ft
Step 3
Enter line for OAT, here 46C
Step 4
At intersection read the maximum Go Around weight: 69 400 kg on CONF 2 68 200 kg on CONF 3
Step 5
If applicable, apply corrections for Air conditioning, anti-ice, at bottom of the page.
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ZUAD162
Step 1
Determination of the Pressure Altitude: Altitude correction: Airport elevation: Pressure Altitude: -300 ft +300 ft = 0 ft
Step 2
Enter column for airport pressure altitude, here 0 ft
Step 3
Try to find estimated landing weight value. In this case, last line reads 66 700 kg
Step 4
Read corresponding maximum Go-Around temperature in LH column. Check it is above the OAT. Here 55C is also T MAX.
Step 5
No Go around climb gradient limitation.
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ZUAD162
Alternate
Alternate route Distance Wind component Holding EZFW : Cairo - Luxor : 296 NM ( ISA ), FL 390 : + 30 kts : FL 15 ( ISA ) Green Dot Speed : 60700 kg
-----------------------
------------------------
Page 95
ZUAD162
Landing
GW Elevation Wind calm : 62 000 kg : 1000 ft
Answer
Actual Landing Distance = 865 m
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ZUAD162
Landing
GW Elevation Wind calm : 62 000 kg : 1 000 ft
Enter the table Weight 60-64 / Conf full Read VLS = 132 kt (with interpolation)
Step 2 - Correction
Wind calm, Add 5 kt
Answer
Vapp = 137 kt
Page 97
ZUAD162
Landing
GW Elevation Wind calm Green + Yellow Hyd out : 62 000 kg : 1 000 ft
Step 2 Corrections
Answer
Vapp = 157 kt Actual Landing Distance = 2 249 m
DATE: SEP 2006 Page 98 ZUAD162
Exercise 1:
Questions: 1- Determine Vapp, ALD, landing configuration. 2 - Is it possible to land the aircraft?
KEWR conditions:
Runway 011 Airport elevation 16 ft LDA 2072 m Runway condition DRY, Wind + 30 kt,
Aircraft status:
A 320-214 Landing weight 64 t Landing configuration 1 FLAPS < 2, SLATS 1
Answer:
1 - Vapp = 154 kt ALD = 1050 m Conf 3 2 - JAA : ALD LDA 1050 m 2072 m: Yes FAA : ALD x 1.15 LDA 1050 x 1.15 = 1208 m 2072 m: Yes
Page 99
ZUAD162
Answer
The drift down strategy has to be adopted. Drift down ceiling Initial speed = 25 100 ft = 226 kt
Page 100
ZUAD162
LFPO Data:
Airport elevation : 276 ft Runway length Runway slope QNH OAT Conf : 3 320 m : 0.07% : 989 hPA : 20C :1+F Take off conditions Air conditioning ON, Total Anti-ice OFF Obstacle: From BR 3 764 m 62 ft
Page 101
ZUAD162
Answer
MTOW = 70 000 kg Speeds V1 = 147 kt, Vr = 151 kt, V2 = 152 kt
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ZUAD162
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ZUAD162
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ZUAD162
Page 105
ZUAD172
Minimum Control speed on Ground from which a sudden failure of the critical engine can be controlled by use of primary flight controls only, the other engine remaining at TakeOff power.
Page 106
ZUAD172
The pilots action: recover control of the aircraft enable safe Take Off continuation
Page 107
ZUAD172
Minimum Control speed in the Air at which aircraft can be controlled either:
5max
Page 108
ZUAD172
Summary: Limiting speed: VMCA Definition: Minimum Control speed in the Air at which aircraft can be controlled either: with a 50 maximum bank angle, or with zero yaw. ... in case of failure of one engine, the other engine remaining at TakeOff power.
5 max
Page 109
ZUAD172
Insufficient lateral control, may cause engine or wing to hit the ground.
Limiting speeds : V MU
Page 110
ZUAD172
Speed
Page 111
ZUAD172
If I am aware of a failure after V1 I MUST follow on TakeOff 1. From that point, 35 ft I am sure to reach the TO limited height.
V1
Speed
If I am aware of a failure after V1 I MUST follow on TakeOff 2. I am too fast to brake safely before the end of the stopway.
Summary: Operating speed: V1 Definition: TakeOff decision speed chosen by the applicant. V1 is the speed limit at which the pilot can interrupt TakeOff in case of failure.
Page 112
ZUAD172
7.2.4. Limiting/Operating Speeds: Relative Positions 1.1 VMCA 1.05 VMCA 1.2 VS (or 1.13 VS1G)
V2
VMCG
V1
VR
35 ft
Page 113
ZUAD172
Rigid or flexible rectangular area made of concrete or asphalt used for TakeOff and landing
7.2.5.2. Stopway
Rectangular area beyond the TakeOff runway: Centered on the same (center)line, at least as wide as the runway, designated by the airport authorities for use in decelerating the aircraft in case of aborted TakeOff.
7.2.5.3. Clearway
500 ft min
1.25% max
Rectangular area beyond the runway, located on the same centerline, and under control of the airport authorities, featuring: Minimum width: 500 ft
Page 114
ZUAD172
500 ft min
1.25% max
TODA
Page 115
ZUAD172
TORA
ASDA
Page 116
ZUAD172
TODOEI = From BR to 35 ft
VEF
V1
VR
VLOF 35 ft
TODOEI
V1
VR
VLOF
35 ft
TODAEO
DATE: SEP 2006 Page 117 ZUAD172
VEF
V1
VR
VLOF 35 ft
TOROEI
//
//
V2 V1 VR VLOF
35 ft
//
TORAEO
//
Page 118
ZUAD172
VEF
V1
V=0
2s
V1
V=0
Wheel brakes, Spoilers, Reversers: . not on dry runways, . certified on wet runways, . mandatory on contaminated runways.
Page 119 ZUAD172
V2
V=0
V1
VR
VLO
RWY SWY
35 ft CWY
35 ft
B A
Page 120
ZUAD172
90 runway entry
aircraft model A320 minimum line up distance correction TODA (m) 12 ASDA (m) 26
T akeOff Distance (TOD) adjust ment Accelerate Stop Distance ( AS D) adjust ment
Page 121
ZUAD172
180 turnaround
aircraft model A320 minimum line up distance correction TODA (m) 18 ASDA (m) 32
Page 122
ZUAD172
TO dist.
End
Gradient > 1.2%
Green dot: 35 ft
Gradient > 0%
V1 Segments: 1 2 3 final
Page 123
ZUAD172
Page 124
ZUAD172
7.7.1.1. Headwind
Headwind
Headwind shortens TO distances Only 50 % must be taken into account, according to regulation.
ground speed
Page 125
ZUAD172
7.7.1.2. Tailwind
Tailwind
air speed
wind
Tailwind increases TO distances Regulation prescribes that 150 % should be taken into account.
ground speed
35 ft
15 ft
TOROEI
DATE: SEP 2006
//
//
Page 126
TOROEI
ZUAD172
2%
Flaps increase lift... TO distances are reduced. Flaps increase drag... TO gradient decreases.
CL
CD
CL CD
Page 127
ZUAD172
Long TOD
VEF
V1
VR
VLOF
35 ft
Short ASD
Short TOD
VEF
V1
VR
VLOF
35 ft
Long ASD High V1 means long acceleration with All Engines Operating.
DATE: SEP 2006 Page 128 ZUAD172
7.7.1.7. V2 / Vs Ratio
Being limited by VS, V2 is set through the V2/VS ratio. V2 is the speed required when reaching 35 ft height. V2 is determined by VR, as no TO parameters can be changed after lift off: high V2
high VR
High V2 / VS V2/VS influence: High ratio Low ratio long TOD short TOD high 2nd segment slope low 2nd segment slope
Long TOD
VEF
V1
VR
VLOF
35 ft
Page 129
ZUAD172
Page 130
ZUAD172
7.8.3. Obstacles:
To avoid an obstacle, you have different possibilities:
0.8%
35 ft
Net trajectory
Page 131
ZUAD172
7.8.4. Result
Optimization Limitations for given: runway, wind, temperature, pressure, flaps setting, V2/Vs ratio. At a given V2/Vs ratio, we have an optimum weight. Just explore all the range of V2/Vs to have the MTOW.
V2/Vs = 1.27
2nd
Optimum weight
Page 132
ZUAD172
weight
When your Actual TakeOff Weight is lower than the Maximum TakeOff Weight, you can perform a TakeOff with less than the max TakeOff thrust. This thrust reduction improves engine life and reduces maintenance costs.
Page 133
ZUAD172
engine
aerodynamics
Thrust
EGT limit
Tref
OAT
Page 134
ZUAD172
Trust levers Five positions on Airbus aircraft: TOGA: TakeOff - Go Around Maximum thrust available. Its use cant exceed 10 min. MCT: Maximum Continuous Thrust FLX: Flex TO Thrust... Maximum thrust for long use. CL: Climb Thrust. Idle: No power. Max reverse.
Power
Weight
Thrust
N1
EGT limit
Tref
OAT
Page 135
ZUAD172
Thrust reduction must not exceed 25%, to quickly recover full available TOGA thrust if necessary.
Flat rated Thrust EGT Limit
Max TOW
Actual TOW
Needed Thrust
25%
reduction max
T Flex max OAT Flex TakeOff: what for ? TakeOff without using full thrust reduces: the probability of a failure (safety aspect), the engine deterioration rate and associated maintenance costs (economic aspect). Flex TakeOff: The pilot types the Flex. Temp. in the MCDU: Setting thrust levers on FLX will provide the necessary thrust for TakeOff. Tref Flex Temp OAT
Page 136
ZUAD172
35ft
ACC STOP
The present take off weight is VMCG limited, because of a short ASD and a high V1 min. We can observe a large excess of thrust after lift off. This excess of performance (thrust) is penalizing on ground and not necessary after lift off.
V1=VMCG
VR
35ft
ACC STOP
If, for the same TO weight, the maximum TO thrust is reduced or derated by a given percentage of X%, the associated VMCG is decreased. Consequently: V1 may be reduced, ACC/STOP distance is decreased accordingly, climb out performance may still be met.
Page 137
ZUAD172
The Derated TO thrust is therefore to be considered as the maximum TO thrust rating available for a given take off. It determines the new VMCG and the new VMCA applicable during that take off. The use of Derated take off thrust: increases payloads when operating on: - short runways, - contaminated runways. also saves engine life.
Each derate level is certified and is associated to a new set of performance data
Certified -4%
Certified -8%
Certified -12%
Certified -16%
Certified -20%
Certified -24%
engine
engine
engine
engine
engine
engine
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ZUAD172
TOGA Thrust
significant reduction of engine stress (like Flex TO), decreasing TOGA will also decrease VMCG, and the available value of V1, which enables short TO, allowed on contaminated Runways.
!
Flexible thrust
Thrust level is less than TOGA
6 level of derate available: 4%,8%,12%,16%,20%,24%. The original TOGA will never be available during TO.
Derated thrust
Thrust level is less than TOGA A new set of performance data is provided in the Flight Manual for each derate level. TOGA selection is not possible during Take-Off. Thrust setting parameters are considered as an operating limit for Take-Off. Derated Take-Off is allowed on contaminated runways.
Performance for a flex Take-Off is computed by adjusting the max Take-Off thrust performance. At any moment it is possible to recover TOGA. Thrust setting parameters for flex Take-Off are not considered as Take-Off operating limits. Flex Take-Off cannot be performed on contaminated runways.
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ZUAD172
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ZUAD172
Page 141
ZUAD182
8.1. Definitions
8.1.1. Landing Distance Available
LDA
GS = 0 kt ALD The Actual Landing Distance (ALD) is the distance required to land and bring the aircraft to a complete stop from a height of 50 ft above the runway
DATE: SEP 2006 Page 142 ZUAD182
50 ft
GS = 0 kt
Actual Landing Distance: factors of influence Landing distance calculation is made for :
Page 143
ZUAD182
50 ft
GS = 0 kt ALD
ALDDRY 0.6
= 1.667 x ALDDRY
50 ft
GS = 0 kt ALD
Wet Runway (No reversers): RLDWET = 1.15 x RLDDRY RLDWET = 1.15 x 1.667 x ALDDRY RLDWET = 1.917 x ALDDRY
Page 144
ZUAD182
50 ft
GS = 0 kt ALD
Contaminated Runway (With or without reversers): RLDCONTA = MAX (1.15 x ALDCONTA ; RLDWET ) JAR-OPS only
Page 145
ZUAD182
In all cases, and for both regulations ( JAR and FAR ), the requirement is:
RLD LDA
On Dry Runways:
On Wet Runways:
For contaminated runways, the manufacturer must provide landing performance data and detailed instructions about the use of antiskid, reverse, airbrake or spoilers.
Page 146
ZUAD182
JAR
FAR
The 1.15 factor is not requested in case of emergency (to be evaluated by the flight crew). NEW RULE ( Safety Alert For operators from 31st Aug 2006 ) ALD must account for: - Pressure altitude - Wind - Surface condition (dry, wet or contaminated) - Approach speed - Landing weight & configuration - Planned use of airplane ground deceleration devices (brakes, spoilers, antiskid, reversers)
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ZUAD182
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ZUAD182